US3923091A - Method of supervising skin thickness in a solidifying body such as a continuously cast ingot - Google Patents

Method of supervising skin thickness in a solidifying body such as a continuously cast ingot Download PDF

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Publication number
US3923091A
US3923091A US456899A US45689974A US3923091A US 3923091 A US3923091 A US 3923091A US 456899 A US456899 A US 456899A US 45689974 A US45689974 A US 45689974A US 3923091 A US3923091 A US 3923091A
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United States
Prior art keywords
mold
skin
coolant
providing
temperature
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US456899A
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English (en)
Inventor
Wolfgang Dorr
Hartwig Matzner
Tilman Noska
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Vodafone GmbH
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Mannesmann AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B22D11/18—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for pouring
    • B22D11/188—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for pouring responsive to thickness of solidified shell
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B22D11/20—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock
    • B22D11/207—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock responsive to thickness of solidified shell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
    • G01B7/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B7/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/18—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating thermal conductivity

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An early indication of skin separation and expected thinning of the skin in a mold for continuous casting is provided by detecting the ratio of heat flow into the mold in two zones of limited width of the mold wall. one above the other and located where the skin is most likely to begin to separate.
  • the resulting parameter K in conjunction with total heat flow 0 into the zone is related to skin thickness 5, generally, by the relation wherein A, B and C are constant parameters for the mold when operated at a constant casting speed.
  • the total heat flow Q into the two zones is either determined directly by measuring temperature and coolant flow or indirectly by the relation log Q B wherein A, B and C are additional parameters and T is the measured surface temperature of the ingot at the mold bottom opening.
  • the heat flow ratio is determined by temperature measurements in one cooling duct. traversing the mold side vertically.
  • the present invention relates to a method and equipment for ascertaining, supervising and controlling the thickness of the skin of a solidifying body. More particularly but not exclusively the present invention relates to the supervision of the growth of the skin of a continuously cast ingot as extracted from a liquid cooled mold which is open at top and bottom.
  • the ingot as withdrawn from a mold is by no means solidified all the way through. Rather, the ingot has a liquidous core which extends inside of the ingot for a distance much longer than the height of the mold; the skin is still quite thin at the bottom of the mold.
  • a significant aspect of continuous casting is to be seen in the desirability of obtaining a skin of adequate and uniform thickness over the entire circumferences,right at the bottom exit of the mold so that the withdrawn ingot has at least some strength at that point. This particular area is most critical and disturbances are most likely to occur here unless duly prevented.
  • Adequate skin thickness at the mold bottom is obtained by appropriately proportioning the interrelating casting speed, rate of cooling and mold contour (e.g. conicity).
  • Empirical data have been acquired here over long periods of time devoted to experiments and practice, and as a result one can predetermine these parameters today so as to obtain an adequate skin thickness with sufficient certainty, whereby adequate is to mean a skin thickness that will hold and will not rupture or the like, with a considerable margin of safety.
  • the problem is simulated on the basis of a mathematical model by means of which one can attempt to investigate mathematically the processes and phenomena inside of the mold.
  • a kind of iteration and/or approximation process one can attempt here to gain information on the inside events using the externally accessible data as boundary conditions. It is possible in this manner to obtain some information on the limitations of the casting process as to speed.
  • some measurements can be made with regard to the process.
  • one can measure the heat through-put of the mold possibly in relation to poured-in molten steel per unit time and for a temperature of the molten material which can likewise be measured, at least on the surface.
  • the thermal energy is specifically measured by determining the amount of water passing through the mold (per unit time), and by determining its temperature differential at input and output. The data gained here become more meaningful if measured and recorded separately for the different sides of the mold. On the basis of data gained here, variations in removed thermal energy can be used for control of the casting process.
  • the two zones are vertically separated.
  • the ratio of the heat flows in the two zones, from the mold wall into the coolant, is detected on a running basis as the primary parameter K.
  • the total heat transfer Q into the two zones is additionally determined, either directly or indirectly, and the values for K and Q are used to ascertain the thickness of the skin expected to emerge shortly thereafter from the mold bottom exit.
  • the direct determination of heat transfer involves the measurements of coolant flow, and of the coolant temperature before and after heat exchange with the mold wall in both of the two zones.
  • the indirect determination of Q involves measuring the surface temperature T of the skin where leaving the mold and relying on a functional relation between K, Q and T for determining Q.
  • the zones of detection are located in one of those portions of the mold wall which are predominantly prone to exhibit (or produce?) separation of the skin from the mold wall.
  • the supervision and indirect measurement of skin thickness is carried out separately in different areas of the mold, and the resulting skin thickness values are compared to ascertain uniformity or non-uniformity of the casting process.
  • the invention is based on the discovery that the particular parameter K as defined is a very valuable quantitive representation and indicator of skin separation.
  • a slice begins to cool in the mold and begins particularly to grow a solid skin adjacent the mold side as it progresses down in the mold; the heat transfer from that slice into the mold wall is not uniform as a function of mold height (i.e., distance from the bottom exit).
  • the growing skin as such i.e., the increasing thickness of the skin with reducing distance from the mold bottom is one factor for non-uniformity of the heat transfer, but separation when actually occurring is another one, having a rather pronounced effect on local heat transfer and on the subsequent growth of the skin. If one plots heat transfer density over distance (from bottom), there is a definite maximum in the upper mold portion i.e., at a relatively large distance from the bottom exit.
  • the invention utilizes this phenomenon.
  • the (local) skin thickness at the mold exit depends, on the one hand, on the entire heat flow into the mold portion and taken over the width of that mold section that contributed to the skin growth.
  • the skin thickness depends further on the relative distribution of heat flow, i.e., on the heat flow into the mold wall in the upper mold portion in relation to heat flow into the lower mold portion. This holds true with or without skin separation; the separation results in a material disturbance of these heat flow relations and is reflected in a reduced skin thickness. Hence, when the onset of such disturbance can be detected, the expected reduction in skin thickness can be deduced from such a detection.
  • the primary parameter in this method is K, as variations of K (in time) or more precisely the onset of a deviation of K from a constant value is already a indication that the normal heat transfer conditions in the supervised zones is disturbed.
  • the parameter Q will also vary in this instance, but changes in K are more pronounced.
  • the parameter K can already be used directly for control of the casting process.
  • the invention uses known mold sidings with vertical cooling channels, an inlet for the coolant in the upper mold portion, usually well above the surface level of molten material in the mold, and an outlet for the coolant adjacent the bottom opening.
  • a single, vertical cooling duct for example, is used to define the two cooling zones together, particularly as to their width and location in one mold side.
  • the temperatures at the upper and lower ends of the duct yield the needed information of total heat transfer in both zones, while the temperature in the center (vertical) of the duct when measured separately permits ascertaining of heat transfer into upper and lower zones individually; the location of this central temperature measurement defines the dividing line between the two zones.
  • the scope of the invention includes the provision of separate coolant circulations in upper and lower mold wall portions with inlet and outlet temperatures being determined separately to determine the heat transfer into upper and, lower mold portion.
  • it is mandatory to determine also the coolant flow in a two-circulation system, whereas no such determination needs to be made in the case of a signal coolant circulation.
  • FIG. 1 shows a mold, somewhat schematically and in an isometric view for demonstrating certains aspects of defining mold wall zones
  • FIG. 2a and 2b are two related graphs demonstrating functional relations as discovered and relevant for practicing the inventive method.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-section through a mold siding plus schematic representation of measuring instrumentation and probes for practicing the inventive method.
  • FIG. 1 shows a mold in which the inventive method can be practiced and which is comprised of four sides 1, 2, 3 and 4.
  • the particular mold serves for casting slab ingots and has wide sides 1 and 2, the narrow sides 3 and 4 accordingly.
  • the hatched wall portions refer to those portions of the mold adjacent to which most likely the skin may separate first.
  • a central area 5 on a narrow mold side, and zones 6 at a wide mold side are those where the danger of such separation is most prevalent.
  • zones 5 and 6 are not physical entities in the sense of inserts, but are defined by width sections taken over the entire height of the mold. Each such zone is divisible into an upper zone, such as 5a or 6a, and a lower zone such as 5b or 6b with a hypothetical (dashed) dividing line separating the zones.
  • the particular equipment shown in FIG. 3 can be used in any, some or all of these mold side portions.
  • the mold sides is identified here by reference numeral 7 to indicate that it can be any of the sides of the mold.
  • the mold contains predominantly molten steel 17 which is completely liquidous in the surface level 17a, while a narrowing, liquidous core 17b remains underneath and for a long distance from the mold.
  • Reference numeral 16 denotes the growing solidified skin.
  • a cooling duct 8 traverses the mold in direction of casting.
  • the mold side area in the immediate vicinity of that vertically running duct can be regarded as one of the zones 5 or 6.
  • the circumferential width of such a zone is in the essence defined by the width of that mold wall or side portion that is effectively cooled by this one duct 8.
  • the width dimension of the zone extends transversely to the plance of the drawing of FIG. 3, while a and b in conjunction with the dotted dividing line are the upper and lower zones to be considered. How the upper zone is actually separated from the lower zone will be described shortly.
  • a flow meter 9 is disposed in the inflow path for water as flowing into duct 8 (see arrows) to ascertain and to meter the amount of flow of cooling water (e.g. per unit time) into the cooling portion of duct 8.
  • the flow meter is, however, optional.
  • Thermo-elements 10, 11 and 12 are strategically located in duct 8 projecting into the duct with sensing ends or points 13. Particularly, element 10 has its sensing point disposed at a location where the coolant comes into first contact with wall portions of the duct, closest to the inner mold surface.
  • Thermo-element 11 is located in a central portion of duct 8 and element 12 monitors the water temperature where flowing away from the mold side interior.
  • the duct may contain baffles, or the like to enhance turbulent flow, particularly right at the thermo-elements where sensing the water temperature.
  • thermo-element 11 denotes for each thermo-element the end point as exposed most critically to the coolant water and defined therewith the point of measurement where the temperature reading is taken.
  • the thermo-element 11 defines the dividing line between upper and lower cooling and mold zones as governed for cooling action by the water in this particular duct 8.
  • thermo-elements furnish electrical output signals representing the initial coolant temperature T the temperature T in about the center (longitudinally) of the cooling duct and exit temperature T,, respectively.
  • the temperature differential T T is indicative of the amount of heat transferred from the upper mold zone (a) considered into the coolant, while the differential T T is indicative of the amount of heat transferred from the lower mold zone (b) into the coolant.
  • the temperature differential T T is proportional to the total heat transfer in both zones.
  • the amount of water and its heat capacity are additional parameters for determining these heats Qu, Qe and Q respectively.
  • the ratio Qu/Qe does not contain the amount of water flow and its heat capacity E. That ratio is merely equal to (1",, T )/(T T
  • a pyrometer 14 may be disposed under the mold, directly adjacent the withdrawing ingot where emerging from the mold. That instrument provides a measuring value representing the casting ingot surface temperature T at the mold exit.
  • Pyrometer 14 and flow meter 9 has been listed as optional, but one of them has to be provided for. Both of them may be needed for purposes of preparation for practicing the inventive method on a running basis during supervised. production.
  • the actual withdrawal speed of the ingot is measured by means of a friction contact roll 15 and its outout signal (suitably generated by an tachometer like device or the like), V represents the casting speed.
  • the purpose of the equipment as described is to provide for certain data which are inter-related in such a manner, that the skin thickness s can be determined.
  • FIG. 2a is a first graph showing a family of curves wherein a parameter K is plotted against the thickness of s of the skin at the mold exit point.
  • K is a dimensionless quantity and defines the'ratio of amount of heat transferred from the mold wall to the coolant in the upper zone (-a) over the amount of heat transferred from the mold into the coolant as flowing through the lower zone (-b).
  • the variable parameter of these curves is total quanity of heat Q fed into the zones, (-a and b), and removed by the coolant as flowing through duct 8.
  • FIG. 2 bis a second graph wherein the same parameter K is plotted against surface temperature T, of the ingot at the mold exit.
  • the parameter of the plurality of curves is again Q.
  • FIG. 2b represents this formula.
  • the measuring equipment shown in FIG. 3 can be used to determined empirically the constants A, A, B, B, C and C.
  • the redundancy of equation (2) with regard to T, and Q permits readily the determination of the parameters A, B and C, while measuring the skin thickness with known techniques permits the determination of parameters A, B and C.
  • a particular set of these constant parameters has, of course, validity only for a speeds V,,, for a particular material that is being cast.
  • the equations as such and the numerical values for the parameters A, A etc can also be determined by way of mathematical analysis and simulation in conjunction with the measurements.
  • Equation 2 verifies the general statement made above, namely, once the parameters A, B and C have been determined for a particular mold, not all parameters K, T and Q have to be measured for purposes of running supervision of the casting process. Having measured either K and T or K and Q, the respective third parameter can be calculated.
  • measuring Q and T is feasible as per equation (2) to obtain K, which then could be used in equation (1).
  • FIG. 2b and equation (2) could be interpreted as obviating the need for measuring K, i.e., for separately determining the upper-to-lower heat flow ratio. That however, is a misleading assumption.
  • the measuring equipment as described has as its principle function, during actual casting, to ascertain the heat flow density into the mold in dependancy upon height, and here particularly in a manner permitting distinction between the heat flow into the upper mold part and into the lower mold part.
  • Readings can be taken on a continuous basis.
  • the temperature readings T and T are indicative of the heat exchange (0,) between mold and coolant in the upper mold half
  • the readings T and T are indicative of the heat exchange (0,.) between mold and coolant in the lower mold half.
  • Coolant flow determination is would be needed for determining these heats Q,,, Q, individually.
  • the ratio Qu/Qe K is actually needed for the relevant determination, and the same amount of coolant tranverses upper and lower zones due to the continuous configuration of duct 8.
  • the temperature readings taken with the instruments as described permit directly the derivation of parameter K:
  • This derived parameter can be calculated on a continuous basis if for example the measurements are inputted ina process controller.
  • known analog circuit networks can simply be used for generating the two differences, as well as the ratio to determine K directly as an electrical (analog) quantity.
  • This parameter K is referenced in time e.g. against the surface temperature of the ingot T, as measured by the pyrometer.
  • T and K are used to calculate, also on a running, on-line, real time basis, the parameter Q.
  • a computer may use the thus calculated parameter Q and the equation (I) to calculate the skin thickness or to find that value in a look-up table, stored in the computer as digital representation of the two families of curves of FIGS. 2a and 2b.
  • the value can be outputted for immediate reading by a (human operator) and/or can be used to control the casting process.
  • Equations (1), (2) and (3) can, therefor, be represented by a network of linear and non-linear resistance, receiving e.g. voltages representing T T,,-, T T, and producing an output voltage that is e.g. proportional to logs, or s directly, if one uses another non-linear resistance for extracting the output from the device.
  • the skin thickness ascertained in this manner is accurate only for the stationary case.
  • the parameter K will begin to change before the resulting thinner skin emerges from the bottom of the mold and one can indeed use the detection of the onset of a change in K to prevent possible disaster by increasing the coolant flow and/or lowering the casting speed.
  • a reference source providing eg a signal representing desired thickness so may be connected in opposision to the source providing the measured/calculated signal representing s, and an error signal may be produced and used further and/or indicated e.g. when a threshold value for such an error is exceeded.
  • the example above shows a common flow path for the coolant in upper and lower mold portions, and upper and lower heat flows are distinguished on the basis of temperature readings in the different portions of the coolant flow.
  • A, B and C are empirically ascertained pa- I rameters for the mold.
  • the heat ratio detecting step including measuring the temperature T of the coolant as fed to the mold in an upper wall portion thereof, the temperature T,, of the coolant as withdrawn from the mold in a lower wall portion thereof, and the temperature T of the coolant in a central wall portion of the mold, and providing the signal representing K by forming in a measuring circuit the ratio T T T T on the basis of the separate measuring of said temperatures.
  • thermo-elements projecting into the duct.
  • monitoring steps including measuring temperature of the cooling liquid at various points in said portions as well as the rate of flow of said coolant as effective in said portions;
  • A, B' and C are empirically ascertained parameters for the mold.

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US456899A 1973-04-17 1974-04-01 Method of supervising skin thickness in a solidifying body such as a continuously cast ingot Expired - Lifetime US3923091A (en)

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DE19732320277 DE2320277C3 (de) 1973-04-17 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung und Überwachung der Schalendicke und des Schalenwachstums eines Stranges

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3995490A (en) * 1974-10-11 1976-12-07 Centro Sperimentale Metallurgico S.P.A. Method and apparatus for the continuous monitoring of a continuous metallurgical process
US4006633A (en) * 1976-04-22 1977-02-08 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Method and apparatus for determining heat removal from a continuous caster
US4066114A (en) * 1974-08-20 1978-01-03 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Supervision and control of continuous casting
EP0196746A1 (de) * 1985-02-01 1986-10-08 Nippon Steel Corporation Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verhinderung von Giessfehlern bei einer Stranggiessanlage
WO1990011149A1 (de) * 1989-03-23 1990-10-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Geregelte form für das stranggiessen von stahl
WO1990011150A1 (de) * 1989-03-23 1990-10-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Regelungsverfahren für das stranggiessen von stahl
US6152209A (en) * 1997-05-31 2000-11-28 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for measuring and regulating the temperature and quantity of cooling water for water-coolable walls of a continuous casting mold

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS539923U (de) * 1976-07-07 1978-01-27
JPS54116604U (de) * 1978-01-19 1979-08-15
DE4117073A1 (de) * 1991-05-22 1992-11-26 Mannesmann Ag Temperaturmessung brammenkokille
US11027515B2 (en) 2016-04-20 2021-06-08 Scorrboard Llc System and method for producing multi-layered board having at least three mediums with at least two mediums being different

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3145567A (en) * 1958-11-17 1964-08-25 Nuclear Corp Of America Liquid level indicator
US3204460A (en) * 1962-08-13 1965-09-07 United States Steel Corp System for indicating the liquid level in a continuous-casting mold or the like
US3478808A (en) * 1964-10-08 1969-11-18 Bunker Ramo Method of continuously casting steel
US3502133A (en) * 1967-03-03 1970-03-24 Reynolds Metals Co Continuous casting method and apparatus for controlling freeze line location
US3745828A (en) * 1972-02-09 1973-07-17 United States Steel Corp Temperature sensing device for continuouscasting molds
US3797310A (en) * 1972-02-28 1974-03-19 Steel Corp Temperature sensing device

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3145567A (en) * 1958-11-17 1964-08-25 Nuclear Corp Of America Liquid level indicator
US3204460A (en) * 1962-08-13 1965-09-07 United States Steel Corp System for indicating the liquid level in a continuous-casting mold or the like
US3478808A (en) * 1964-10-08 1969-11-18 Bunker Ramo Method of continuously casting steel
US3502133A (en) * 1967-03-03 1970-03-24 Reynolds Metals Co Continuous casting method and apparatus for controlling freeze line location
US3745828A (en) * 1972-02-09 1973-07-17 United States Steel Corp Temperature sensing device for continuouscasting molds
US3797310A (en) * 1972-02-28 1974-03-19 Steel Corp Temperature sensing device

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4066114A (en) * 1974-08-20 1978-01-03 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Supervision and control of continuous casting
US3995490A (en) * 1974-10-11 1976-12-07 Centro Sperimentale Metallurgico S.P.A. Method and apparatus for the continuous monitoring of a continuous metallurgical process
US4006633A (en) * 1976-04-22 1977-02-08 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Method and apparatus for determining heat removal from a continuous caster
EP0196746A1 (de) * 1985-02-01 1986-10-08 Nippon Steel Corporation Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verhinderung von Giessfehlern bei einer Stranggiessanlage
WO1990011149A1 (de) * 1989-03-23 1990-10-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Geregelte form für das stranggiessen von stahl
WO1990011150A1 (de) * 1989-03-23 1990-10-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Regelungsverfahren für das stranggiessen von stahl
US6152209A (en) * 1997-05-31 2000-11-28 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for measuring and regulating the temperature and quantity of cooling water for water-coolable walls of a continuous casting mold

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JPS5010195A (de) 1975-02-01
ATA28474A (de) 1976-10-15
DE2320277A1 (de) 1974-11-07
FR2226660B1 (de) 1978-06-02
AT337381B (de) 1977-06-27
DE2320277B2 (de) 1976-07-15
FR2226660A1 (de) 1974-11-15

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