US3921177A - Microstrip antenna structures and arrays - Google Patents

Microstrip antenna structures and arrays Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3921177A
US3921177A US352005A US35200573A US3921177A US 3921177 A US3921177 A US 3921177A US 352005 A US352005 A US 352005A US 35200573 A US35200573 A US 35200573A US 3921177 A US3921177 A US 3921177A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
radiator
feedline
conducting
area
array
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US352005A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Robert E Munson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp
Original Assignee
Ball Brothers Research Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ball Brothers Research Corp filed Critical Ball Brothers Research Corp
Priority to US352005A priority Critical patent/US3921177A/en
Priority to GB1351274A priority patent/GB1470884A/en
Priority to CA196,242A priority patent/CA1031856A/en
Priority to DE2418506A priority patent/DE2418506C2/de
Priority to FR7413231A priority patent/FR2226760B1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3921177A publication Critical patent/US3921177A/en
Priority to US05/852,730 priority patent/USRE29911E/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0428—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna radiating a circular polarised wave
    • H01Q9/0435—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna radiating a circular polarised wave using two feed points
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/065—Patch antenna array

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A microstrip antenna structure formed from a unitary conducting surface separated from a ground plane by a dielectric film where the r.f. radiator and feedlines form a generally planar arrangement of unitary integrally formed electrical conductors.
  • the r.f. radiators are fed from an outside edge to selectively produce linearly and/or circularly polarized radiation at a selected resonant frequency(s).
  • Necessary fixed phase shifting circuits are integrally formed by printed circuit techniques in the generally planar arrangement of electrical conductors for the circularly polarized radiators.
  • phase shifting networks may be integrally formed within the generally planar array of electrical conductors in combination with switchable diode elements to achieve any desired relative phase shifts between the array elements and thus to steer the array beam in a desired direction.
  • This invention generally relates to microstrip antenna structures and to phased arrays formed from a plurality of such structures.
  • antenna structures In designing antenna structures it is attempted to make such antennas perform a desired electrical function such as transmitting/receiving linearly polarized, right-hand circularly polarized, left-hand circuitry polarized, etc., r.f. signals with appropriate gain, bandwidth, etc., electrical characteristics. Yet it is also necessary for these structures to remain mechanically light, simple, cheap and unobtrusive since such antennas are often required to be mounted upon other structures such as high velocity aircraft, missiles, and rockets which cannot tolerate excessive deviations from aerodynamic shapes. Of course, it is also sometimes desirable to hide the antenna structures so that its presence is not readily apparent for aesthetic and/or security reasons. Accordingly, the ideal electrical antenna should physically be paper thin and protrude on neither side of a mounting surface (such as an aircraft skin or the like) while yet still exhibiting all the requisite electrical features.
  • a desired electrical function such as transmitting/receiving linearly polarized, right-hand circularly polarized, left-hand circuitry polarized, etc., r
  • a microstrip printed circuit board antenna formed by etching a single side of a unitary metallically clad dielectric sheet or film using conventional photo resistetching techniques potentially presents the closest approximation to these ideal requirements.
  • the entire antenna structure may possibly be only 1/32 inch to /8 inch thick while minimizing cost and maximizing manufacturing/operating reliability and reproducibility.
  • the cost to the customer is minimized since single antenna elements and/or arrays of such elements together with appropriate r.f. feedlines, phase shifting circuits and/or impedance matching networks may all be manufactured as integrally formed electrical circuits along using low cost photo resist-etching processes commonly used to make electronic printed circuit boards. This is to be compared with many complicated costly prior art techniques for achieving polarized radiation patterns as, for instance, a turnstile dipole array, the cavity backed turnstile slot array, etc.
  • microstrip antenna radiators are advantageously suited to transmit/receive r.f. radiation having predetermined polarizations such as linear polarization and left-hand or right-hand circular polarization.
  • microstrip antenna structures have been discovered to be especially well suited for use in an overall array comprising a plurality of such individual elements where the individual elements are phased relative to one another to provide high gain fan beam or pencil beam radiation patterns 2 when disposed in a flat or even curved array of such microstrip antenna structures.
  • phase shifting circuitry that is integrally formed by printed circuit board techniques wherein the r.f. feedline, impedance matching, etc., circuits are included within a generally planar arrangement of elec- 0 trical conductors comprising both r.f. radiators, r.f.
  • the fan or pencil beam of radiation may also be controllably steered by controlling switchable diodes or other controlled elements mounted directly on the microstrip structure in combination with appropriate integrally formed phase shifting circuits, etc., as will be explained in more detail below.
  • microstrip antenna structures described herein require only one printed circuit board for an entire antenna radiator, associated feedlines, impedance matching networks and phase-shifting networks which printed circuit board is photo-etched on only one side, there is no requirement for front to back registration of plural photo-etched patterns nor are board alignments required as when two or more separate printed circuit boards are utilized.
  • linearly polarized radiation may be produced by simply feeding one point along one side of a square shaped or rectangularly shaped microstrip radiator.
  • the approximate resonant frequency of this type of linearly polarized radiator is determined by the radiator dimension perpendicular to the side on which the r.f. energy is input. Accordingly, in the case of the square radiator, the resonant frequency is determined by the length of any one of the sides while in the rectangular radiator the resonant frequency may be one of two frequencies. Namely, a first frequency determined by the shorter dimension when r.f. energy is fed into the longer dimensioned side and, correspondingly, a second frequency determined by the longer dimension when r.f. enenrgy is fed into the shorter side of the rectangular radiator.
  • the relevant dimension in both cases is substantially equal to one-half wavelength of the anticipated operating or resonant frequency when proper account is taken of the dielectric constant for the dielectric material utilized in the microstrip structure. That is, the relevant dimension should be approximately equal to the relevant free space wavelength divided by two times the square root of the relative permittivity for the dielectric material.
  • the necessary r.f. feedlines are preferably also formed using integrated circuit or photo etching techniques to be included as a part of the generally planar arrangement of electrical conductors comprising r.f. feedline and r.f. radiators.
  • the dimensions of the r.f. feedline should be designed according to conventional impedance matching techniques to match the antenna impedance to the impedance of the anticipated coaxial cable or other r.f. conduit connected to the r.f. feedlines on the microstrip structure.
  • Circularly polarized radiation fields may be transmitted by driving adjacent sides of a square microstrip radiator with signals having relative phasing of 90 to produce the required conjugate phasing of the radiated fields. Either left-hand or right-hand circularly polarized signals may be produced.
  • Circular polarization may also be achieved by driving the corner of a square microstrip patch radiator.
  • the microstrip radiator does not need to be an exact square since it has also been discovered that other shapes (for instance, a circularly shaped microstrip radiator driven at points separated by 90 about its circumferential edge with signals having 90 relative phase angles) will also produce the desired circularly polarized radiation.
  • the necessary r.f. feedlines, phase shifters and/or impedance matching networks are also preferably integrally formed by the same printed circuit board etching techniques with the microstrip radiator(s) thus minimizing the cost and complexity of the overall device.
  • microstrip radiators perform exceptionally well known a plurality of radiators are utilized in a linear or two-dimensional array to achieve a high gain fan or pencil beam radiation pattern. Such arrays exceed the performance of conventional arrays and very nearly approach the maximum theoretical gainlimits for such an array. In part, it is believed that this unexpected and exceptional performance of microstrip antenna arrays is due to the greatly increased uniformity of large area sheet currents generated thereby.
  • microstrip radiators may be electronically steered using controllable phase shift circuits that are also integrally formed with the r.f. feedlin es, impedance matching networks and microstrip radiators.
  • switchable diodes are connected into such printed circuit phase shifters using conventional printed circuit board techniques whereby such switchable diodes may be controlled by an appropriately programmed mini-computer or other conventional control means to achieve required relative phase shifts between the driving currents supplied to the various elements of the microstrip antenna array thus steering the fan and/or pencil beam to any desired position as will be appreciated.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a linearly and/or circularly polarized microstrip antenna element according to this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of another exemplary embodiment of a linearly polarized microstrip antenna element according to this invention having two resonant frequencies;
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a circularly polarized microstrip antenna element according to this invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of another embodiment of a circularly polarized microstrip antennaelement according to this invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a plan view of schematic diagram of an exemplary linear array of microstrip antenna elements according to this invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of theoretical maximum and experimentally measured gains for arrays of microstrip antenna elements constructed according to this invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a polar plot of the gain pattern for a flat microstrip antenna array constructed according to this invention superimposed upon a reference gain pattern for a standard gain horn antenna;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of a two-dimensional microstrip antenna array according to this invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an electrically scanable phased array of microstrip antenna elements constructed according to this invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an array embodiment for achieving amplitude taper across the array aperture and hence reduced sidelobes.
  • FIG. 1 shows a plan view of one exemplary embodiment of linearly polarized microstrip antenna element according to this invention.
  • a uniformly dimensioned r.f. feedline 20 is shown in FIG. 1 although those in the art will appreciate that the dimensions of the feeline 20 should be appropriately designed to match the impedance of the antenna or microstrip radiator 22 with the impedance of a coax or other r.f. conduit which will be connected to the input of the r.f. feedline 20 at 24 to provide a source of the r.f. energy or to conduct r.f. en-
  • the r.f. feedline 20 and the r.f. radiator 22 are formed from a unitary sheet of conductive material that has been selectively etched away using conventional printed circuit board construction techniques from a substrate of dielectric material 26.
  • the bottom side of the substrate 26 is then positioned over a conducting ground plane surface 28 which may, in fact, be a copper (or other conductor) surface clad onto the bottom side of the dielectric substrate 26.
  • the microstrip structure on dielectric substrate 26 may be conformed to the electrically conducting skin of a vehicle or other conducting ground plane 28 as will be appreciated.
  • the square microstrip-radiator 22 should be dimensioned such that its sides are equal to approximately one-half wavelength (A,,/ 2) at the anticipated operating frequency when proper corrections are made for the dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate 26. Namely, when the free space wavelength has been divided by the square root of the relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate 26 as will be appreciated by those in the art.
  • the dimensions should be exactly one-half wavelength, in actuality, the dimensions should preferably be slightly less than onehalf wavelength to insure that the radiator input impedance is approximately or substantially all real. That is, to insure that the imaginary part of the slot reactance reflected from the far edge of the radiator substantially cancels out the imaginary part of the reactance from the slot located at the near edge of the radiator.
  • the square radiator 22 should have sides equal to approximately 0.49 of the free space wavelength divided by the square root of the relative permittivity as should now be apparent.
  • acceptable dimensions may range around 0.47 to 0.49 of the half wavelength lt /2 thus being substantially equal to the half wavelength but still slightly less as should now be apparent.
  • the relevant dimension should-preferably be slightly less than one-half wavelength to insure that the antenna input impedance is substantially resistive.
  • the microstrip radiator does not have to be square to produce linearly polarized radiation.
  • a rectangular microstrip radiator may be fed either from r.f. feedline 32 attached to the longer dimension h /2 of the rectangular area or from an r.f. feedline 34 attached to the shorter dimension It /2 of the rectangular area.
  • the electrical r.f. sheet currents passing alongthe surface of the microstrip radiator 30 will be substantially parallel to the corresponding r.f. feedline as shown by arrows 36, 38 in FIG. 2.
  • the r.f. feedlines are preferably located in the center of the respectively corresponding sides to achieve maximum uniformity of sheet current distribution, it is also considered feasible to connect the r.f. feedlines at other points along the same side of the radiator without seriously affecting the linear polarization characteristics of the element.
  • the reasonant frequency of the radiator 30 will be determined by the shorter dimension'when it is fed from the r.f. feedline 32 and it will be determined by the longer dimension when it is fed by the r.f. feedline 34.
  • the same radiator may be used to operate at two different selected frequencies.
  • the same considerations apply with respect to choosing the dimensions of the rectangular radiator area 30 as with the radiator area 22 shown in FIG. 1. Namely: the shorter dimension is approximately one-half wavelength of the desired resonant frequency when r.f. feedline 32 is used while the longer dimension is approximately one-half wavelength of the desired resonant frequency when the r.f. feedline 34 is utilized.
  • the square radiator 22 of FIG. 1 may also be used as a circularly polarized radiator when fed from a corner as shown at 21 in FIG. 1.
  • the left-to-right dimension of the square 22 should be slightly less than one-half wavelength while the top-tobottom dimension should be slightly greater than onehalf wavelength as necessary to obtain two orthogonal admittances such as 0.01 j.Ol and 0.0lj.0.l across the square patch 22.
  • the radiated fields will have conjugate phases or, in other words, the total radiated field will be circularly polarized.
  • Left or right-hand circular polarization can be achieved by choosing the r.f. input/output corner. As just described and shown in FIG. 1, right-hand circular polarization would result while lefthand circular polarization would result if feedline 21 were moved to one of the adjacent corners of square 22.
  • the square shaped r.f. radiator 40 shown in FIG. 3 also constitutes a circularly polarized microstrip antenna element when driven on the two adjacent sides 42 and 44 by r.f. currents having relative phase differences of 90.
  • side 42 is fed from r.f. feedline 46 while side 44 is fed from the r.f. feedline 48 where both feedlines emanate from the integrally formed printed circuit phase-shifting arrangement 50 having an r.f. input/output 52 corresponding to lefthand circular polarization and r.f. input/output 54 corresponding to right-hand circular polarization.
  • the r.f. signals propagating to and along the r.f. feedline section 48 are 90 out of phase with similar r.f. signals propagated to and along the r.f. feedline section 46.
  • the same consideration apply when the input is at 54 except that the roles of the two r.f. signals are reversed and the one that was leading by 90 is now lagging by 90.
  • FIG. 4 shows another form of circularly polarized microstrip antenna element according to this invention wherein the radiator 66 is not square or diamond shaped as was the case in FIG. 3.
  • a square shaped phase shifting circuit 60 similar to the phase shifting circuit 50 previously described in FIG. 3 is here utilized together with r.f. feedline sections 62 and 64 conducting r.f. having relative phase angles of 17/2 to the feed points 68 and 70, which feed points are located at a 90 interval about the circumference of the circular radiating element 66.
  • the same kind of left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized radiation-patterns may be obtained using this arrangement.
  • the radiator 66 is symmetric with respect to each of two mutually perpendicular axes 72 and 74 intersecting at the center of'the circular area 66 also generally passing through the feed points 68 and located at apart about the circumference of the circular radiating element 66.
  • feed point(s) of the square or rectangular radiating areas already discussed wherein the two mutually perpendicular axes would have been parallel to the sides of the squares or rectangular area as should now be apparent.
  • circular polarization is only a special case of elliptical polarization and in actual practice, truly exact circular polarization is usually obtained if at all only in a portion of an antenna radiation pattern with the remainder of the pattern actually comprising elliptical polarization of an approximation of the desired circular polarization radiation. It will be understood that the term circular polarization is used here in that same conventional sense.
  • microstrip antenna structures previously described also make exceptionally good performing arrays when a plurality of such individual antennas are formed into a phased antenna array to generate fan or pencil beam radiation patterns.
  • One exemplary em- '7 bodiment of a steerable array of such radiators is depicted in FIG. 5. It should be understood that the entire array may be formed as an integral printed circuit together with any required phase shifting circuits, etc., to provide an extremely simple and cheap phased array having exceptional qualities.
  • the exemplary four element linear array is shown in FIG. comprises microstrip r.f. radiators 80, 82, 84 and 86 on dielectric sheet 88 over ground plane 90.
  • Each of these r.f. radiators is fed by respectively associated r.f. feedline segments 92, 94, 96 and 98 which receive the output of respectively associated controllable phase shifters 100, 102, 104 and 106.
  • these phase shifters receive equal power and equal phase r.f. inputs from the symmetric corporate structure r.f. feedline generally indicated by reference numeral 108
  • the outputs on r.f. feedline segments 92-98 have controlled relative phase differences as a function of the control input on line 110 to result in a controllably steerable fan beam of radiation.
  • similar controlled phase shifts could be incorporated in a two dimensional array to achieve a steerable pencil beam radiation pattern.
  • the microstrip feedline subtracts from this gain as a function of the frequency and relevant transmission line lengths. More particularly, the theoretical maximum gain G for an absolutely uniformly illuminated aperture is:
  • the microstrip feedline attenuation subtracts from this gain ActuuI g 04 Where Line a/IIICII X L"
  • the attenuation is dependent on frequency and line length.
  • the X-band for a l/32-inch microstrip line, (1 equals about 0.12 dB/in. Since for an equal power, equal phase feedline network the length of microstrip feedline is half of the height plus half of the width, therefore for such an arrangement a /z/inch (W H”)
  • W H /z/inch
  • An experimental model 3 inches X 5 inches X 1/32 inches has been built and tested and confirms a gain (FIG. 7) in excess of the theoretical predictions as shown in FIG. 6. The error is within a /2 dB expected error in the antenna gain measurement.
  • the controlled microstrip phase shifters 100106 as shown in FIG. 5 may, for instance, comprise conventional PIN diode(s) and printed circuit phase shifting circuits where the PIN diodes are controlled by a minicomputer or other appropriate control source to achieve a desired relative phase difference between the r.f. energies being fed to the several array elements as should now be apparent.
  • FIG. 7 reveals that experimentally measured plot of antenna gain for a 3 inches X 5 inches X 1/32 inches flat microstrip array at 9.92 GHz shows a gain of approximately 21 dB for the maximum center lobe which compares favorably with the superimposed (but rotated by 180) gain pattern of a standard gain horn.
  • each of the microstrip radiators is as disclosed in the earlier referenced related patent and- /or application and has a plurality of feed points fed from a corporate feed network designed to provide equal phase power r.f. currents to all feed points of all of the radiators.
  • the widths of the rectangularly shaped radiators in such an array are equal to approximately one-half wavelength at a desired operating frequency and they are also spaced by approximately one-half wavelength.
  • the one-half wavelengths here discussed are considered to have been corrected for the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric sheet involved in the microstrip array and to include appropriate allowances for making the actual dimensions slightly less than one-half of such a wavelength to insure substantially resistive input impedances for the several radiators involved.
  • FIG. 8 While the individual microstrip radiators as shown in FIG. 8 are similar to the elongated microstrip radiators previously disclosed in the earlier referenced related copending applications and/or patents having feed points at least once each wavelength along the length thereof it has now been discovered that an array of these elements as shown in FIG. 8 provides an unexpectedly high gain very nearly equal to the maximum possible theoretical gain for an aperture which is believed due to the extremely uniform sheet currents produced by such an array.
  • the array shown in FIG. 8 could be made steerable by appropriately controlling the relative phases of the driving signals to each of the radiator elements.
  • the array of FIG. 8 thus provides an extremely efficient antenna with a very high gain approaching of the theoretical maximum aperture efficiency. It is very reliable and rugged while at the same time being of minimum thickness and cost to provide a virtually ideal antenna array structure.
  • FIG. 9 Another electrically scanned phased array of microstrip antenna elements is shown in FIG. 9.
  • the exemplary array of four radiators 150, 152, 154 and 156 are fed from a corporate network structure having an input at 158 to provide equal power and equal phase r.f. inputs to the four printed circuit microwave phase shifters 160, 162, 164 and 166.
  • the relative phase of the output from these phase shifters will depend upon the location of the switchable diodes 168 in each of the various phase shifters and the on-off condition of these diodes.
  • the diodes may be turned on or off by supplying a control current and/or connection generated by an appropriately programmed mini-computer or other conventional control means thus controllably changing the relative phase delay of each hybrid phase shifter l60-l66 between 0 and 180.
  • the diodes 168 may be controlled by properly controlling the diodes 168, the microstrip radiators may be excited in any desired combination required to produce radiation patterns in any desired direction.
  • the number of diodes 168 may be increased to refine the possible relative phase shifts that may be 9 achieved with such phase shifters 160-166 as should be appreciated.
  • the number of radiating elements can be increased from the four shown in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 9 to further reduce the bandwidth and increase the gain of the overall array.
  • Undesirable array radiation pattern sidelobes may be reduced by using an r.f. feedline arrangement as shown in FIG. 10.
  • the array elements have been excited with equal power r.f. signals by a symmetrical corporate r.f. feedline network as shown, for instance, in FIGS. 5, 8 and 9.
  • the relative phases have also been nominally equal except for the effects of phase shifting circuits previously described.
  • the expected losses in the feedline network have been utilized to vary the r.f. power levels supplied to the various radiators. That is, the amplitude distribution has been tapered to reduce undesirable sidelobes in the overall array radiation pattern.
  • the feedline junction points 180, 182 have been offset by one-half wavelength from their usual points 184, 186.
  • the difference in total feedline length from the common input/output 188 to feed points 190, 192 and from input/output point 188 to feed points 194, 196 is one whole wavelength whereas it was previously zero.
  • the relative phases of the r.f. inputs to the array elements are unaffected.
  • the longer feedline lengths to points 190, 192 results in a reduced r.f. amplitude relative to the r.f. amplitude at points 194, 196 thus tapering the array aperture s amplitude distribution to reduce undesired sidelobes.
  • more detailed tapering or amplitude shaping could be achieved by this same technique with an array having larger numbers of elements.
  • this amplitude tapering can also be.
  • An antenna structure comprising:
  • a single layer electrically conducting surface comprising both an r.f. radiator conducting area and an r.f. feedline conducting area integrally connected thereto,
  • said r.f. feedline being connected at the outside edge of said r.f. radiator conducting area to at least one predetermined point on the periphery of said radiator conducting area to achieve an r.f. radiation pattern having predetermined polarization characteristics from said radiator,
  • said r.f. feedline conducting area including:
  • said first and second points being separated by a predetermined amount along the outside edge of said r.f. conducting area to define two intersecting axes of current flow, each such axis passing through a corresponding one of said first and second points, and
  • phase shifting means connected between said first and second sections and a common r.f. input/output point whereby the relative phases of r.f. signals on said first and second sections are controlled with respect to the phase at said common r.f. input/output to produce an r.f. radiation pattern having circular polarization characteristics.
  • phase shifting means comprises means for introducing a relative phase shift thereby producing circular r.f. polarization.
  • phase shiftingmeans comprises:
  • said first and second sections being connected to respectively associated adjacent ones of said corners, and
  • said common r.f. input/output comprising one of the remaining two corners for right-hand circular r.f. polarization and comprising the other one of the remaining two corners for left-hand circular r.f. polarization.
  • said r.f. radiator conducting area is a square shaped area.
  • said r.f. radiator conducting area is a circularly shaped area.
  • An antenna array comprising:
  • each of said r.f. radiators comprising an elongated unitary conducting area separate from said dielectric sheet, each of said areas having a width substantially equal to one-half wavelength at an anticipated operating frequency and a length of more than one such wavelength with a plurality of spaced feed points along one of the longer sides located at intervals of no more than one such wavelength apart,
  • said plural r.f. radiators being spaced from one another by substantially one-half such wavelength in a direction perpendicular to the longer sides of the r.f. radiators, and
  • said corporate structure r.f. feedline being connected to said spaced feed points at the outer edge of said r.f. radiators.
  • An antenna array as in claim 6 wherein said corporate structure r.f. feedline comprises predetermined different r.f. transmission lengths between the common input/output and the various r.f. radiators to produce a tapered amplitude distribution over the aperture of the array thereby reducing sidelobes in the r.f. radiation pattern of the array.
  • a phased antenna array structure comprising:
  • each of said r.f. feedlines being connected at the outer edge of its correspondingly associated r.f. radiator to at least one predetermined point to achieve an r.f. radiation pattern from each r.f. radiator having predetermined polarization characteristics
  • controllable phase shifters being interposed in said r.f, feedlines to control the relative phase of r.f. energy associated with each r.f. radiator and thereby to control the beam direction of the overall radiation pattern of said array,
  • phase shifters being an integral part of said single layer arrangement of electrical conductors
  • each of said phase shifters including switchable diodes for controlling the phase shift to be produced thereby.
  • An antenna array comprising:
  • a single layer electrically conducting surface comprising both a plurality of r.f. radiator conducting areas and a plurality of r.f. feedline conducting areas integrally connected thereto,
  • each of said r.f. feedlines being connected at the outside edge of its correspondingly associated r.f. radiator conducting area to at least one predetermined point on the periphery of said radiator conducting area to achieve an r.f. radiation pattern having predetermined polarization characteristics from said radiator,
  • said plurality of separate r,f. radiators and respectively corresponding r.f. feedlines being arranged in a phased array including interconnections between said plurality of r.f. feedlines to connect all of the plurality of r.f. radiators with a common r.f. input/output point, and
  • interconnected r.f. feedlines comprise predetermined different r.f. transmission lengths between the common input/output and the various r.f. radiators to produce a tapered amplitude distribution over the aperture of the array thereby reducing sidelobes in the r.f. radiation pattern of the array.
  • An antenna structure comprising:
  • a single layer electrically conducting surface comprising both an r.f. radiator conducting area and an r.f. feedline conducting area integrally connecting thereto,
  • said r.f. feedline being connected at the outside edge of said r.f. radiator conducting area to at least one predetermined point on the periphery of said radiator conducting area to achieve an r.f. radiation pattern having predetermined polarization characteristics from said radiator,
  • said r.f. radiator being formed in a rectangular shaped area
  • the longer side of the rectangular area being substantially equal to but slightly less than one-half wavelength long at a first anticipated operating frequency when r.f. is to be fed into a shorter side of the area
  • the shorter side of the rectangular area being substantially equal to but slightly less than one-half wavelength long at a second anticipated operating frequency when r.f. is to be fed into a longer side of the area.
  • An antenna structure comprising:
  • a single layer electrically conducting surface comprising both an r.f. radiator conducting area and an r.f. feedline conducting area integrally connected thereto,
  • said r.f. feedline being connected at the outside edge of said r.f. radiator conducting area to at least one predetermined point on the periphery of said radiator conducting area to achieve an r.f. radiation pattern having predetermined polarization characteristics from said radiator,
  • said r.f. feedline being connected to only one point on the outside edge of said r.f. radiator conducting area to produce an r.f. radiation pattern having circular polarization characteristics
  • said r.f. radiator conducting area including means dimensioned differently in two mutually orthogonal directions, said means providing two corresponding complex-valued electrical impedances along said directions at the intended r.f. operating frequency, which two complex-valued impedances are complex conjugates of each other thus facilitating the desired circular r.f. polarization characteristic.
  • An antenna structure comprising:
  • a single layer electrically conducting surface comprising both an r.f. radiator conducting area and an r.f. feedline conducting area integrally connected thereto,
  • said r.f. feedline being connected at the outside edge of said r.f. radiator conducting area to at least one predetermined point on the periphery of said radiator conducting area to achieve an r.f. radiation pattern having predetermined polarization characteristics from said radiator,
  • said r.f. feedline conducting area comprising:
  • said r.f. radiator conducting area including means dimensioned differently in two mutually perpendicu- 3 ,9 2 1 l 7 7 13 14 lar directions, said means providing two correare complex conjugates of each other thus facilitatsponding complex-valued electrical impedances ing the desired circular r.f. polarization characteralong said directions at the intended r.f. operating istic. frequency, which two complex-valued impedances

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
US352005A 1973-04-17 1973-04-17 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays Expired - Lifetime US3921177A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US352005A US3921177A (en) 1973-04-17 1973-04-17 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays
GB1351274A GB1470884A (en) 1973-04-17 1974-03-27 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays
CA196,242A CA1031856A (en) 1973-04-17 1974-03-28 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays
DE2418506A DE2418506C2 (de) 1973-04-17 1974-04-11 Planarantenne
FR7413231A FR2226760B1 (de) 1973-04-17 1974-04-16
US05/852,730 USRE29911E (en) 1973-04-17 1977-11-18 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US352005A US3921177A (en) 1973-04-17 1973-04-17 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/852,730 Reissue USRE29911E (en) 1973-04-17 1977-11-18 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3921177A true US3921177A (en) 1975-11-18

Family

ID=23383388

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US352005A Expired - Lifetime US3921177A (en) 1973-04-17 1973-04-17 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays
US05/852,730 Expired - Lifetime USRE29911E (en) 1973-04-17 1977-11-18 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/852,730 Expired - Lifetime USRE29911E (en) 1973-04-17 1977-11-18 Microstrip antenna structures and arrays

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US3921177A (de)
CA (1) CA1031856A (de)
DE (1) DE2418506C2 (de)
FR (1) FR2226760B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1470884A (de)

Cited By (70)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3984834A (en) * 1975-04-24 1976-10-05 The Unites States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Diagonally fed electric microstrip dipole antenna
US3987455A (en) * 1975-10-20 1976-10-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Microstrip antenna
US4053895A (en) * 1976-11-24 1977-10-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Electronically scanned microstrip antenna array
US4054874A (en) * 1975-06-11 1977-10-18 Hughes Aircraft Company Microstrip-dipole antenna elements and arrays thereof
US4063245A (en) * 1975-02-17 1977-12-13 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Microstrip antenna arrays
US4072952A (en) * 1976-10-04 1978-02-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Microwave landing system antenna
US4117489A (en) * 1975-04-24 1978-09-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Corner fed electric microstrip dipole antenna
US4125839A (en) * 1976-11-10 1978-11-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Dual diagonally fed electric microstrip dipole antennas
US4170012A (en) * 1975-04-24 1979-10-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Corner fed electric microstrip dipole antenna
US4180817A (en) * 1976-05-04 1979-12-25 Ball Corporation Serially connected microstrip antenna array
US4191959A (en) * 1978-07-17 1980-03-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Microstrip antenna with circular polarization
US4259670A (en) * 1978-05-16 1981-03-31 Ball Corporation Broadband microstrip antenna with automatically progressively shortened resonant dimensions with respect to increasing frequency of operation
US4326203A (en) * 1975-04-24 1982-04-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Corner fed electric non rectangular microstrip dipole antennas
EP0055324A2 (de) * 1980-11-17 1982-07-07 Ball Corporation Integrierter monolithischer Mikrowellenschaltkreis mit integraler Antennenanordnung
US4360813A (en) * 1980-03-19 1982-11-23 The Boeing Company Power combining antenna structure
US4360741A (en) * 1980-10-06 1982-11-23 The Boeing Company Combined antenna-rectifier arrays for power distribution systems
US4383260A (en) * 1979-05-24 1983-05-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. Low profile electric field sensor
US4410891A (en) * 1979-12-14 1983-10-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Microstrip antenna with polarization diversity
US4421968A (en) * 1978-12-01 1983-12-20 Raytheon Company Microwave oven having rotating conductive radiators
EP0104536A2 (de) * 1982-09-24 1984-04-04 Ball Corporation In Streifenleitungstechnik ausgeführte Reflektorgruppenantenne für Satellitenverbindungen und zur Vergrösserung oder Verminderung der Zurückstrahlbarkeit von Radarwellen
US4454514A (en) * 1981-05-14 1984-06-12 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Strip antenna with polarization control
US4464663A (en) * 1981-11-19 1984-08-07 Ball Corporation Dual polarized, high efficiency microstrip antenna
US4475108A (en) * 1982-08-04 1984-10-02 Allied Corporation Electronically tunable microstrip antenna
US4477813A (en) * 1982-08-11 1984-10-16 Ball Corporation Microstrip antenna system having nonconductively coupled feedline
US4490721A (en) * 1980-11-17 1984-12-25 Ball Corporation Monolithic microwave integrated circuit with integral array antenna
EP0133317A2 (de) * 1983-08-02 1985-02-20 Ici Americas Inc. Elektronisches Warenüberwachungssystem
US4547779A (en) * 1983-02-10 1985-10-15 Ball Corporation Annular slot antenna
US4596915A (en) * 1985-05-07 1986-06-24 Amana Refrigeration, Inc. Microwave oven having resonant antenna
US4613868A (en) * 1983-02-03 1986-09-23 Ball Corporation Method and apparatus for matched impedance feeding of microstrip-type radio frequency antenna structure
FR2583927A1 (fr) * 1985-06-24 1986-12-26 Hurwic Aleksander Antenne reseau pour emission et/ou reception d'ondes electromagnetiques
USRE32369E (en) * 1980-11-17 1987-03-10 Ball Corporation Monolithic microwave integrated circuit with integral array antenna
US4709239A (en) * 1985-09-09 1987-11-24 Sanders Associates, Inc. Dipatch antenna
WO1988001062A1 (en) * 1986-08-08 1988-02-11 Hughes Aircraft Company Radar transceiver employing circularly polarized waveforms
US4866451A (en) * 1984-06-25 1989-09-12 Communications Satellite Corporation Broadband circular polarization arrangement for microstrip array antenna
FR2636780A1 (fr) * 1988-09-21 1990-03-23 Europ Agence Spatiale Antenne composite a diplexage a polarisation circulaire
US5128755A (en) * 1990-07-25 1992-07-07 Wireless Technology, Inc. Wireless real time video system and method of making same
US5165109A (en) * 1989-01-19 1992-11-17 Trimble Navigation Microwave communication antenna
US5182564A (en) * 1984-07-26 1993-01-26 The Boeing Company Guidance apparatus with dual mode sensor
US5216430A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-06-01 General Electric Company Low impedance printed circuit radiating element
EP0546901A1 (de) * 1991-12-13 1993-06-16 Thomson-Csf Mehrfach polarisierte leichte Antenne
US5223848A (en) * 1988-09-21 1993-06-29 Agence Spatiale Europeenne Duplexing circularly polarized composite
US5231406A (en) * 1991-04-05 1993-07-27 Ball Corporation Broadband circular polarization satellite antenna
US5307075A (en) * 1991-12-12 1994-04-26 Allen Telecom Group, Inc. Directional microstrip antenna with stacked planar elements
US5398035A (en) * 1992-11-30 1995-03-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Satellite-tracking millimeter-wave reflector antenna system for mobile satellite-tracking
US5572222A (en) * 1993-06-25 1996-11-05 Allen Telecom Group Microstrip patch antenna array
US5594461A (en) * 1993-09-24 1997-01-14 Rockwell International Corp. Low loss quadrature matching network for quadrifilar helix antenna
US5661494A (en) * 1995-03-24 1997-08-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High performance circularly polarized microstrip antenna
US5777584A (en) * 1993-12-01 1998-07-07 Pates Technology Gmbh Planar antenna
EP0887879A1 (de) * 1997-06-23 1998-12-30 Nec Corporation Phasengesteuerte Antennenvorrichtung
FR2794900A1 (fr) * 1999-06-09 2000-12-15 Valeo Electronique Dispositif formant antenne pour la reception et/ou l'emission de signaux radio-frequences par un vehicule automobile
US6198450B1 (en) 1995-06-20 2001-03-06 Naoki Adachi Dielectric resonator antenna for a mobile communication
US20040080455A1 (en) * 2002-10-23 2004-04-29 Lee Choon Sae Microstrip array antenna
KR100441016B1 (ko) * 2002-06-04 2004-07-21 삼성전자주식회사 식기 세척기 및 그 제어방법
JP2007235236A (ja) * 2006-02-27 2007-09-13 Kyocera Corp パッチアンテナおよび高周波デバイス
US7321338B2 (en) * 2002-12-27 2008-01-22 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. On-board antenna
EP1933419A1 (de) * 2006-12-15 2008-06-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Mehrfachspeisungsverfahren für IC-kompatible mehrschichtige Planarantennen und IC-kompatible mehrschichtige Planarantenne mit mehreren Einspeisungspunkten
US20090203312A1 (en) * 2006-01-10 2009-08-13 Pieter Van Rooyen Method and system for antenna geometry for multiple antenna handsets
US20110187581A1 (en) * 2010-02-02 2011-08-04 Thales Radar Device for Detecting or Tracking Aerial Targets Fitted to an Aircraft
US8102330B1 (en) 2009-05-14 2012-01-24 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Dual band circularly polarized feed
US20150340768A1 (en) * 2014-05-23 2015-11-26 Donald L. Rucker Wideband and high gain omnidirectional array antenna
US9450309B2 (en) 2013-05-30 2016-09-20 Xi3 Lobe antenna
US9478868B2 (en) 2011-02-09 2016-10-25 Xi3 Corrugated horn antenna with enhanced frequency range
US9606577B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2017-03-28 Atd Ventures Llc Systems and methods for providing a dynamically modular processing unit
US9825357B2 (en) 2015-03-06 2017-11-21 Harris Corporation Electronic device including patch antenna assembly having capacitive feed points and spaced apart conductive shielding vias and related methods
US9961788B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2018-05-01 Atd Ventures, Llc Non-peripherals processing control module having improved heat dissipating properties
US10256524B2 (en) * 2016-02-29 2019-04-09 Panasonic Corporation Antenna substrate
US10285293B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2019-05-07 Atd Ventures, Llc Systems and methods for providing a robust computer processing unit
CN110069896A (zh) * 2019-05-29 2019-07-30 重庆邮电大学 基于稀疏2d线性阵列的涡旋电磁波产生与优化方法
US20190334255A1 (en) * 2018-04-25 2019-10-31 Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. Modular/scalable antenna array design
CN110911834A (zh) * 2019-12-02 2020-03-24 成都瑞迪威科技有限公司 一种可实现左右旋圆极化切换的相控阵天线

Families Citing this family (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3971032A (en) * 1975-08-25 1976-07-20 Ball Brothers Research Corporation Dual frequency microstrip antenna structure
DE2632772C2 (de) * 1976-07-21 1983-12-29 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Mikrowellen-Gruppen-Antenne in Streifenleitungstechnik
US4489328A (en) * 1981-06-25 1984-12-18 Trevor Gears Plural microstrip slot antenna
FR2513443B1 (fr) * 1981-09-23 1986-01-03 Labo Electronique Physique Antenne plane hyperfrequence a reseau d'elements rayonnants ou recepteurs
DE3628583C2 (de) * 1986-08-22 1993-12-09 Licentia Gmbh Empfangseinrichtung für Mikrowellensignale
US4937585A (en) 1987-09-09 1990-06-26 Phasar Corporation Microwave circuit module, such as an antenna, and method of making same
JPH01157603A (ja) * 1987-12-15 1989-06-20 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd 平面アンテナ
GB8816276D0 (en) * 1988-07-08 1988-08-10 Marconi Co Ltd Waveguide coupler
US4914445A (en) * 1988-12-23 1990-04-03 Shoemaker Kevin O Microstrip antennas and multiple radiator array antennas
JPH03120113U (de) * 1990-03-22 1991-12-10
US5220335A (en) * 1990-03-30 1993-06-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Planar microstrip Yagi antenna array
DE4013165A1 (de) * 1990-04-25 1991-10-31 Kontron Elektronik Array-antenne
US5200756A (en) * 1991-05-03 1993-04-06 Novatel Communications Ltd. Three dimensional microstrip patch antenna
US5422649A (en) * 1993-04-28 1995-06-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Parallel and series FED microstrip array with high efficiency and low cross polarization
US5563613A (en) * 1994-04-08 1996-10-08 Schroeder Development Planar, phased array antenna
US5418541A (en) * 1994-04-08 1995-05-23 Schroeder Development Planar, phased array antenna
GB9702242D0 (en) * 1997-02-04 1997-03-26 Plessey Semiconductors Ltd Alarm sensor and antenna arrangement
US5905465A (en) * 1997-04-23 1999-05-18 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Antenna system
US5872542A (en) * 1998-02-13 1999-02-16 Federal Data Corporation Optically transparent microstrip patch and slot antennas
US6181279B1 (en) 1998-05-08 2001-01-30 Northrop Grumman Corporation Patch antenna with an electrically small ground plate using peripheral parasitic stubs
US6346918B1 (en) * 2000-03-01 2002-02-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Scan independent array for circular polarization reception and transmission
US6885343B2 (en) 2002-09-26 2005-04-26 Andrew Corporation Stripline parallel-series-fed proximity-coupled cavity backed patch antenna array
US7072718B2 (en) * 2002-12-03 2006-07-04 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Antenna systems for implantable medical device telemetry
GB2396967A (en) * 2002-12-30 2004-07-07 Nokia Corp Strip feed arrangement for a compact internal planar antenna element
US7492259B2 (en) 2005-03-29 2009-02-17 Accu-Sort Systems, Inc. RFID conveyor system and method
KR100756410B1 (ko) 2006-05-26 2007-09-10 삼성전자주식회사 Ｒｆｉｄ 트랜스폰더에 사용되는 소형 렉테나
FR2939206B1 (fr) * 2008-11-28 2012-01-06 Thales Sa Dispositif radar de detection ou de poursuite de cibles aeriennes equipant un aeronef
JP5620757B2 (ja) * 2010-09-01 2014-11-05 株式会社豊田中央研究所 レーダ装置
RU2680429C1 (ru) 2018-05-21 2019-02-21 Самсунг Электроникс Ко., Лтд. Оптически-управляемый переключатель миллиметрового диапазона и основанные на нем устройства

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2874276A (en) * 1952-05-08 1959-02-17 Int Standard Electric Corp Unitary antenna-receiver utilizing microstrip conductors
US3400405A (en) * 1964-06-01 1968-09-03 Sylvania Electric Prod Phased array system
US3478362A (en) * 1968-12-31 1969-11-11 Massachusetts Inst Technology Plate antenna with polarization adjustment
US3665480A (en) * 1969-01-23 1972-05-23 Raytheon Co Annular slot antenna with stripline feed
US3680136A (en) * 1971-10-20 1972-07-25 Us Navy Current sheet antenna
US3753162A (en) * 1971-09-27 1973-08-14 D Charlton Microstrip ferrite phase shifters having time segments varying in length in accordance with preselected phase shift characteristic
US3778717A (en) * 1971-04-30 1973-12-11 Hitachi Ltd Solid-state oscillator having such a structure that an oscillating element, a resonator and a radiator of electromagnetic waves are unified in one body
US3803623A (en) * 1972-10-11 1974-04-09 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Microstrip antenna

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1050583A (de) * 1954-01-08
US3016536A (en) * 1958-05-14 1962-01-09 Eugene G Fubini Capacitively coupled collinear stripline antenna array
USRE29296E (en) 1970-12-18 1977-07-05 Ball Brothers Research Corporation Dual slot microstrip antenna device
US3713162A (en) * 1970-12-18 1973-01-23 Ball Brothers Res Corp Single slot cavity antenna assembly

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2874276A (en) * 1952-05-08 1959-02-17 Int Standard Electric Corp Unitary antenna-receiver utilizing microstrip conductors
US3400405A (en) * 1964-06-01 1968-09-03 Sylvania Electric Prod Phased array system
US3478362A (en) * 1968-12-31 1969-11-11 Massachusetts Inst Technology Plate antenna with polarization adjustment
US3665480A (en) * 1969-01-23 1972-05-23 Raytheon Co Annular slot antenna with stripline feed
US3778717A (en) * 1971-04-30 1973-12-11 Hitachi Ltd Solid-state oscillator having such a structure that an oscillating element, a resonator and a radiator of electromagnetic waves are unified in one body
US3753162A (en) * 1971-09-27 1973-08-14 D Charlton Microstrip ferrite phase shifters having time segments varying in length in accordance with preselected phase shift characteristic
US3680136A (en) * 1971-10-20 1972-07-25 Us Navy Current sheet antenna
US3803623A (en) * 1972-10-11 1974-04-09 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Microstrip antenna

Cited By (89)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4063245A (en) * 1975-02-17 1977-12-13 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Microstrip antenna arrays
US4117489A (en) * 1975-04-24 1978-09-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Corner fed electric microstrip dipole antenna
US4326203A (en) * 1975-04-24 1982-04-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Corner fed electric non rectangular microstrip dipole antennas
US4170012A (en) * 1975-04-24 1979-10-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Corner fed electric microstrip dipole antenna
US3984834A (en) * 1975-04-24 1976-10-05 The Unites States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Diagonally fed electric microstrip dipole antenna
US4054874A (en) * 1975-06-11 1977-10-18 Hughes Aircraft Company Microstrip-dipole antenna elements and arrays thereof
US3987455A (en) * 1975-10-20 1976-10-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Microstrip antenna
US4180817A (en) * 1976-05-04 1979-12-25 Ball Corporation Serially connected microstrip antenna array
US4072952A (en) * 1976-10-04 1978-02-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Microwave landing system antenna
US4125839A (en) * 1976-11-10 1978-11-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Dual diagonally fed electric microstrip dipole antennas
US4125838A (en) * 1976-11-10 1978-11-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Dual asymmetrically fed electric microstrip dipole antennas
US4125837A (en) * 1976-11-10 1978-11-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Dual notch fed electric microstrip dipole antennas
US4053895A (en) * 1976-11-24 1977-10-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Electronically scanned microstrip antenna array
US4259670A (en) * 1978-05-16 1981-03-31 Ball Corporation Broadband microstrip antenna with automatically progressively shortened resonant dimensions with respect to increasing frequency of operation
US4191959A (en) * 1978-07-17 1980-03-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Microstrip antenna with circular polarization
US4421968A (en) * 1978-12-01 1983-12-20 Raytheon Company Microwave oven having rotating conductive radiators
US4383260A (en) * 1979-05-24 1983-05-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. Low profile electric field sensor
US4410891A (en) * 1979-12-14 1983-10-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Microstrip antenna with polarization diversity
US4360813A (en) * 1980-03-19 1982-11-23 The Boeing Company Power combining antenna structure
US4360741A (en) * 1980-10-06 1982-11-23 The Boeing Company Combined antenna-rectifier arrays for power distribution systems
EP0055324A2 (de) * 1980-11-17 1982-07-07 Ball Corporation Integrierter monolithischer Mikrowellenschaltkreis mit integraler Antennenanordnung
EP0055324A3 (en) * 1980-11-17 1983-08-10 Ball Corporation Monolithic microwave integrated circuit with integral array antenna
USRE32369E (en) * 1980-11-17 1987-03-10 Ball Corporation Monolithic microwave integrated circuit with integral array antenna
JPS57128057A (en) * 1980-11-17 1982-08-09 Ball Corp Monolithic microwave integrated circuit
US4490721A (en) * 1980-11-17 1984-12-25 Ball Corporation Monolithic microwave integrated circuit with integral array antenna
US4454514A (en) * 1981-05-14 1984-06-12 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Strip antenna with polarization control
US4464663A (en) * 1981-11-19 1984-08-07 Ball Corporation Dual polarized, high efficiency microstrip antenna
US4475108A (en) * 1982-08-04 1984-10-02 Allied Corporation Electronically tunable microstrip antenna
US4477813A (en) * 1982-08-11 1984-10-16 Ball Corporation Microstrip antenna system having nonconductively coupled feedline
US4684952A (en) * 1982-09-24 1987-08-04 Ball Corporation Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communication and radar cross-section enhancement or reduction
EP0104536A3 (de) * 1982-09-24 1986-08-06 Ball Corporation In Streifenleitungstechnik ausgeführte Reflektorgruppenantenne für Satellitenverbindungen und zur Vergrösserung oder Verminderung der Zurückstrahlbarkeit von Radarwellen
EP0104536A2 (de) * 1982-09-24 1984-04-04 Ball Corporation In Streifenleitungstechnik ausgeführte Reflektorgruppenantenne für Satellitenverbindungen und zur Vergrösserung oder Verminderung der Zurückstrahlbarkeit von Radarwellen
US4613868A (en) * 1983-02-03 1986-09-23 Ball Corporation Method and apparatus for matched impedance feeding of microstrip-type radio frequency antenna structure
US4547779A (en) * 1983-02-10 1985-10-15 Ball Corporation Annular slot antenna
EP0133317A2 (de) * 1983-08-02 1985-02-20 Ici Americas Inc. Elektronisches Warenüberwachungssystem
EP0133317A3 (en) * 1983-08-02 1985-03-27 Ici Americas Inc Electronic article surveillance system
US4866451A (en) * 1984-06-25 1989-09-12 Communications Satellite Corporation Broadband circular polarization arrangement for microstrip array antenna
US5182564A (en) * 1984-07-26 1993-01-26 The Boeing Company Guidance apparatus with dual mode sensor
US4596915A (en) * 1985-05-07 1986-06-24 Amana Refrigeration, Inc. Microwave oven having resonant antenna
FR2583927A1 (fr) * 1985-06-24 1986-12-26 Hurwic Aleksander Antenne reseau pour emission et/ou reception d'ondes electromagnetiques
US4709239A (en) * 1985-09-09 1987-11-24 Sanders Associates, Inc. Dipatch antenna
US4742354A (en) * 1986-08-08 1988-05-03 Hughes Aircraft Company Radar transceiver employing circularly polarized waveforms
WO1988001062A1 (en) * 1986-08-08 1988-02-11 Hughes Aircraft Company Radar transceiver employing circularly polarized waveforms
FR2636780A1 (fr) * 1988-09-21 1990-03-23 Europ Agence Spatiale Antenne composite a diplexage a polarisation circulaire
EP0360692A1 (de) * 1988-09-21 1990-03-28 Agence Spatiale Europeenne Zusammengesetzte Duplexantenne mit zirkularer Polarisation
US5223848A (en) * 1988-09-21 1993-06-29 Agence Spatiale Europeenne Duplexing circularly polarized composite
US5165109A (en) * 1989-01-19 1992-11-17 Trimble Navigation Microwave communication antenna
US5128755A (en) * 1990-07-25 1992-07-07 Wireless Technology, Inc. Wireless real time video system and method of making same
US5216430A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-06-01 General Electric Company Low impedance printed circuit radiating element
US5231406A (en) * 1991-04-05 1993-07-27 Ball Corporation Broadband circular polarization satellite antenna
US5307075A (en) * 1991-12-12 1994-04-26 Allen Telecom Group, Inc. Directional microstrip antenna with stacked planar elements
FR2685132A1 (fr) * 1991-12-13 1993-06-18 Thomson Csf Antenne legere a multipolarisation.
EP0546901A1 (de) * 1991-12-13 1993-06-16 Thomson-Csf Mehrfach polarisierte leichte Antenne
US5398035A (en) * 1992-11-30 1995-03-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Satellite-tracking millimeter-wave reflector antenna system for mobile satellite-tracking
USRE37218E1 (en) 1992-11-30 2001-06-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Satellite-tracking millimeter-wave reflector antenna system for mobile satellite-tracking
US5572222A (en) * 1993-06-25 1996-11-05 Allen Telecom Group Microstrip patch antenna array
US5594461A (en) * 1993-09-24 1997-01-14 Rockwell International Corp. Low loss quadrature matching network for quadrifilar helix antenna
US5777584A (en) * 1993-12-01 1998-07-07 Pates Technology Gmbh Planar antenna
US5661494A (en) * 1995-03-24 1997-08-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High performance circularly polarized microstrip antenna
US6531991B2 (en) 1995-06-20 2003-03-11 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dielectric resonator antenna for a mobile communication
US6198450B1 (en) 1995-06-20 2001-03-06 Naoki Adachi Dielectric resonator antenna for a mobile communication
US6407718B2 (en) 1995-06-20 2002-06-18 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dielectric resonator antenna for a mobile communication
EP0887879A1 (de) * 1997-06-23 1998-12-30 Nec Corporation Phasengesteuerte Antennenvorrichtung
FR2794900A1 (fr) * 1999-06-09 2000-12-15 Valeo Electronique Dispositif formant antenne pour la reception et/ou l'emission de signaux radio-frequences par un vehicule automobile
KR100441016B1 (ko) * 2002-06-04 2004-07-21 삼성전자주식회사 식기 세척기 및 그 제어방법
US11751350B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2023-09-05 Atd Ventures, Llc Systems and methods for providing a robust computer processing unit
US9606577B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2017-03-28 Atd Ventures Llc Systems and methods for providing a dynamically modular processing unit
US10849245B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2020-11-24 Atd Ventures, Llc Systems and methods for providing a robust computer processing unit
US10285293B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2019-05-07 Atd Ventures, Llc Systems and methods for providing a robust computer processing unit
US9961788B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2018-05-01 Atd Ventures, Llc Non-peripherals processing control module having improved heat dissipating properties
US20040080455A1 (en) * 2002-10-23 2004-04-29 Lee Choon Sae Microstrip array antenna
US7705782B2 (en) * 2002-10-23 2010-04-27 Southern Methodist University Microstrip array antenna
US7321338B2 (en) * 2002-12-27 2008-01-22 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. On-board antenna
US20090203312A1 (en) * 2006-01-10 2009-08-13 Pieter Van Rooyen Method and system for antenna geometry for multiple antenna handsets
US8169370B2 (en) * 2006-01-10 2012-05-01 Broadcom Corporation Method and system for antenna geometry for multiple antenna handsets
JP2007235236A (ja) * 2006-02-27 2007-09-13 Kyocera Corp パッチアンテナおよび高周波デバイス
JP4519086B2 (ja) * 2006-02-27 2010-08-04 京セラ株式会社 パッチアンテナおよび高周波デバイス
EP1933419A1 (de) * 2006-12-15 2008-06-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Mehrfachspeisungsverfahren für IC-kompatible mehrschichtige Planarantennen und IC-kompatible mehrschichtige Planarantenne mit mehreren Einspeisungspunkten
US8102330B1 (en) 2009-05-14 2012-01-24 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Dual band circularly polarized feed
US8258997B2 (en) 2010-02-02 2012-09-04 Thales Radar device for detecting or tracking aerial targets fitted to an aircraft
US20110187581A1 (en) * 2010-02-02 2011-08-04 Thales Radar Device for Detecting or Tracking Aerial Targets Fitted to an Aircraft
US9478868B2 (en) 2011-02-09 2016-10-25 Xi3 Corrugated horn antenna with enhanced frequency range
US9450309B2 (en) 2013-05-30 2016-09-20 Xi3 Lobe antenna
US20150340768A1 (en) * 2014-05-23 2015-11-26 Donald L. Rucker Wideband and high gain omnidirectional array antenna
US9825357B2 (en) 2015-03-06 2017-11-21 Harris Corporation Electronic device including patch antenna assembly having capacitive feed points and spaced apart conductive shielding vias and related methods
US10256524B2 (en) * 2016-02-29 2019-04-09 Panasonic Corporation Antenna substrate
US20190334255A1 (en) * 2018-04-25 2019-10-31 Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. Modular/scalable antenna array design
CN110069896A (zh) * 2019-05-29 2019-07-30 重庆邮电大学 基于稀疏2d线性阵列的涡旋电磁波产生与优化方法
CN110911834A (zh) * 2019-12-02 2020-03-24 成都瑞迪威科技有限公司 一种可实现左右旋圆极化切换的相控阵天线

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2226760B1 (de) 1978-01-20
GB1470884A (en) 1977-04-21
DE2418506A1 (de) 1974-10-24
DE2418506C2 (de) 1987-04-30
FR2226760A1 (de) 1974-11-15
CA1031856A (en) 1978-05-23
USRE29911E (en) 1979-02-13

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3921177A (en) Microstrip antenna structures and arrays
US5675345A (en) Compact antenna with folded substrate
US4125839A (en) Dual diagonally fed electric microstrip dipole antennas
US3803623A (en) Microstrip antenna
US4843403A (en) Broadband notch antenna
US4623894A (en) Interleaved waveguide and dipole dual band array antenna
EP0447218B1 (de) Streifenleitungsantenne für mehrere Frequenzen
US4843400A (en) Aperture coupled circular polarization antenna
US6211824B1 (en) Microstrip patch antenna
US4173019A (en) Microstrip antenna array
US6285337B1 (en) Ferroelectric based method and system for electronically steering an antenna
US3854140A (en) Circularly polarized phased antenna array
EP0456680B1 (de) Gruppenantennen
US3971032A (en) Dual frequency microstrip antenna structure
US4054874A (en) Microstrip-dipole antenna elements and arrays thereof
US3997900A (en) Four beam printed antenna for Doopler application
AU683696B2 (en) Multipatch antenna
US4839663A (en) Dual polarized slot-dipole radiating element
EP0104536A2 (de) In Streifenleitungstechnik ausgeführte Reflektorgruppenantenne für Satellitenverbindungen und zur Vergrösserung oder Verminderung der Zurückstrahlbarkeit von Radarwellen
US3987455A (en) Microstrip antenna
US4833482A (en) Circularly polarized microstrip antenna array
JPH0671171B2 (ja) 広帯域アンテナ
JPH0711022U (ja) 平坦で薄いサーキュラー・アレイ・アンテナ
WO2000076029A1 (en) Trimmed foursquare antenna radiating element
US6087988A (en) In-line CP patch radiator