US3904905A - Luminous radiation panel apparatus - Google Patents

Luminous radiation panel apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3904905A
US3904905A US336063A US33606373A US3904905A US 3904905 A US3904905 A US 3904905A US 336063 A US336063 A US 336063A US 33606373 A US33606373 A US 33606373A US 3904905 A US3904905 A US 3904905A
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United States
Prior art keywords
substrates
oxide
electrodes
radiation panel
cathodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US336063A
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English (en)
Inventor
Masanori Watanabe
Kinzo Nonomura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP47020880A external-priority patent/JPS4890189A/ja
Priority claimed from JP47021352A external-priority patent/JPS4890469A/ja
Priority claimed from JP11739672A external-priority patent/JPS4975263A/ja
Priority claimed from JP11739772A external-priority patent/JPS4975264A/ja
Priority claimed from JP11739572A external-priority patent/JPS5640935B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP733368A external-priority patent/JPS5422866B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP733367A external-priority patent/JPS5422865B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP733366A external-priority patent/JPS5531984B2/ja
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority to US05/585,838 priority Critical patent/US3986074A/en
Publication of US3904905A publication Critical patent/US3904905A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/48—Cold-cathode tubes with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron
    • H01J17/49—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/48—Cold-cathode tubes with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron
    • H01J17/49—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current
    • H01J17/492—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current with crossed electrodes

Definitions

  • LUIVIINOUS RADIATION PANEL APPARATUS Masanori Watanabe, Osaka; Kinzo Nonomura, Kadoma, all of Japan; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Inc., Osaka, Japan Filed:
  • the present invention relates to a luminous radiation panel apparatus and, more particularly to an apparatus which utilizes the phenomenon of electric discharge.
  • an insulating separator 4 having a large number of holes 3 arranged regularly in rows and columns is disposed between an insulating substrate 1 constituting the back side and a transparent glass substrate 2 constituting the front side.
  • the separator 4 is formed on one surface thereof with a plurality of grooves 5 each thereof interconnecting the holes 3 in one column.
  • An electrode 6 consisting of a metal wire is disposed in each of the grooves 5.
  • These component parts are brought together as a unit which is put to use after the whole unit has been enclosed and hermetically sealed by a glass seal or the like.
  • an inert gas is also filled in each of the holes 3 in the separator 4 under a pressure ranging from several tens mm H to several hundreds mm H,,.
  • the separator 4 is to prevent the occurrence of discharge between the electrodes other than the selected ones and to protect the substrates 1 and 2 from being damaged or deformed under the influence of atmospheric pressure.
  • the provision of the separator 4 is essential in known apparatus of this type because in such apparatus a bias voltage higher than the discharge voltage is preliminarily applied to each of the electrodes 6 and 8 in consideration of the ease of the occurrence of discharge and discharge area and the fact that an inert gas is filled at a pressure considerably lower than the atmospheric pressure as mentioned above. Therefore, there is a tendency to cause a discharge between the adjacent electrodes 6 and 8. Namely, without the provision of the separator 4, misoperation occurs causing a discharge between the adjacent electrodes 6 and 8.
  • the materials generally used in the manufacture of such negative electrodes include nickel, iron, cobalt alloys, platinum, etc.
  • these materials are disadvantageous in that they are subject to sputtering, liable to cause variation in the discharge conditions with the discharge time; particularly where the evaporation deposited negative electrodes are used, it is possible to maintain a stable discharge only for about several or several tens of hours.
  • a phosphor is coated on the inner wall of holes formed in a separator provided to confine the discharge area, while in another form of such heretofore proposed apparatus a phosphor is provided in the form of a doughnut around the discharge area.
  • the principal object of the present invention is to eliminate the provision of any separator which confines the discharge area.
  • the prior art apparatus of the former type is impractical, while a disadvantage of the latter prior art apparatus is that a large portion of generated ultraviolet ray is radiated in the direction vertical to the negative electrode or positive electrode surface and a very small proportion of the generated ultraviolet ray is radiated along the surface of each electrode with the result that a small proportion of the ultraviolet ray is radiated onto the doughnut-shaped phosphor provided around the discharge area; hence the luminous brightness is decreased.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a prior art luminous radiation panel apparatus
  • FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of an embodiment of a luminous radiation pane] apparatus according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of FIG. 1 showing an example of the arrangement of the electrodes in the apparatus of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged side sectional view showing a modified form of the apparatus of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 5 is a plan view of the electrode arrangement in the apparatus of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 4 showing its first substrate side
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged side sectional view showing another modification of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 8 is an enlarged side sectional view showing a modified form of the apparatus shown in FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing the second substrate side of another modification of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 10 is an enlarged side sectional view of another embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention which is adapted for color display;
  • FIG. 11 is an enlarged side sectional view showing a modified form of the apparatus shown in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 12 is an enlarged side sectional view showing another modification of the apparatus shown in FIG. 10.
  • numerals 11 and 12 designate insulating substrates made of ceramic, glass or the like and having on the respective surfaces thereof a plurality of first and second electrodes 13 and 14 made of parallel strips of metal, such as, nickel or aluminum having a width not exceeding several millimeters and formed by the evaporation or printing process.
  • Numeral l5 designates spacers made of ceramic, glass or the like which keep the first and second substrates l1 and 12 apart from each other at a predetermined distance as will be explained'later.
  • Numeral l6 designates a sealing member attached by an adhesive, e.g., epoxy resin to enclose and hermetically seal the first and second substrates 11 and 12. and the spacers 15.
  • an adhesive e.g., epoxy resin
  • the second electrodes 14 are also transparent.
  • the transparent electrodes may be made of a material such as SnO or ln O
  • a gas e.g., a mixed gasof neon and argon gases through which discharge occurs upon application of a relatively low voltage, is filled between the first and second substrates 11 and 12 at a pressure on the order of 760 mm Hg.
  • the distance between the electrodes 13 and 14 is selected such that theproduct of the distance therebetween and the pressure of the gas provides a minimum firing potential.
  • the product of the pressure of the gas and the distance between the electrodes 13 and 14 must be within the range between 5 to mm Hgcm to provide the minimum firing potential. Therefore, if the gas is filled at a pressure of about 760 mm Hg, then the distance be tween the electrodes 13 and 14 must be between 0.065 and 0.25 mm. Though the value of this distance is considerably small as compared with the width of the electrodes l3 and 14, it is still sufficient to produce a locally controlled discharge.
  • a positive polarity pulse for example, is applied to a selected one of a plurality of the first electrodes 13 and a negative polarity pulse is applied to a selected one of the plurality of the second electrodes 14 in synchronism with the positive polarity pulse and if, in this case, the absolute value of the pulses is selected such that the sum of their absolute values exceeds the firing potential but the absolute value of the individual pulse is lower than the firing potential, then the discharge is established only at the intersection of the selected electrodes.
  • the pulse voltage in the respective groups of the electrodes 13 and 14 the luminous spots can be obtained all over the surface of the panel in response to the applied signals, thereby displaying any desired image. If it is arranged so that the peak value or width of the pulse varies in accordance with the input signal, the brightness of respective spots may be varied and hence an image of good tone may be obtained.
  • the pressure of the contained gas is substantially equal to 760 mm Hg and therefore there is no danger of the apparatus breaking down or becoming deformed under the influence of the atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the fact that the pressure of the contained gas is selected high, is a great advantage since the diffusion of the plasma of the discharge can be confined to a very narrow area.
  • the Paschens law states that the value of the firing potential is minimum at a certain value of the product of the pressure p of a contained gas and the distance d between two electrodes. Accordingly, in the case of the previously described mixed gas of neon and argon, if the pressure of the contained gas is 760 mm Hg, then the firing potential assumes a minimum value when the distance between the electrodes 13 and 14 is within the range from 0.065 to 0.25. On the other hand, since the width of the electrodes 13 and 14 is generally on the order of 0.5 to 1 mm, a locally controlled discharge can still occur satisfactorily even though the distance between the electrodes 13 and 14 is selected considerably small as compared with the width of the electrodes.
  • the area of the discharge was about 0.06 mm (0.3 mm in diameter) when the pressure of the gas was 760 mm Hg and the discharge could occur between the electrodes of 0.4 mm in width.
  • practically no plasma of the discharge was allowed to spread out from the edges of the electrodes and it was found that if the spacing between adjacent electrodes were selected about the same as the distance between the opposed electrodes, the plasma of the discharge would not diffuse to the adjacent electrodes, causing an erroneous discharge between the electrodes and the adjacent electrodes.
  • the problem of such a phenomenon may be overcome by a method of coating an electrode with an insulating material excepting that portion of the electrode where discharge shouldtake place, thereby limiting the discharging portion of the electrode.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an enlarged view of the electrodes 13 and 14.
  • numeral 17 designates an insulating coating consisting of a coating of an spacing between the openings 18 substantially equal to or greater than the distance between the electrodes 13 and 14, it is possible to prevent the spreading out of the plasma fromthe discharge'portion to the adjacent portions to cause the occurrence of erroneous discharge.
  • both electrodes 13 and 14 maybe coated with an insulating material excepting those portions which are opposed to each other so that an AC signal may be applied between the electrodes 13 and l4-t0 cause a discharge therebetween.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an enlarged sectional view of another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention wherein a protective coating 19 of an oxide of a rare 'earth element is applied for example on the surface of the first electrodes 13 (constituting the negative electrodes) exposed to the space containing the gas.
  • the application of the protective coating 19 of the rare earth element oxide on the surface of theelectrodes 13, i.e., the negative electrodes exposed to the space containing the gas has the effect of preventing damage to the first electrodes 13 due to the sputtering providing a longer life therefor, and also the effect of preventing a rise .
  • the firing potential which is believed due to the influence of impurity gases entered through the sealing member 16 into the space containing the gas or the occurrence of a local arc-like discharge at the intersection of the electrodes 13 and 14, thereby stabilizing the discharge.
  • the oxide of the rare earth element constitutes a semi-conducting coating which, though its specific resistance is high at room temperature, may be used as a material for negative electrodes since the total resistance over the surface of the coating may be reduced satisfactorily if the coating is applied in a thickness ranging from 500 to 2,000 A.
  • the oxides of rare earth elements suitable for the protective coating 19 include cerium oxide (CeO terbium oxide (Tb O neodymium oxide (Nd O and samarium oxide (Sm O Also, an alloy ofcerium and. nickel and an alloy of cerium and cobalt as well as zirconium oxide are suitable materials for the protective coating 19.
  • the oxides of rare earth elements are heat resisting materials and thus they also have an advantage in that in the manufacturing processof electrodes these materials can be subjeeted .for example to heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere (e.g., in the atmospheric pressure) and therefore the treatment can be accomplished without the danger of the electrodes becoming oxidized, thereby considerably reducing the manufacturing cost.
  • the experiments conducted by the inventors showed that with the luminous radiation panel apparatus constructed as shown in FIG. 7, wherein the first electrodes 13 were made of nickel and the cerium oxide protective coating 19 of about 1,000 A thick was applied on the surface of the first electrodes 13 exposed to the space containing the gas, the life of the apparatus was about 500 times that of the conventional apparatus of the type employing no protective coating on the surface of the first electrodes 13 and the discharge characteristic was also stable.
  • FIG. 8 is a modified form of the apparatus of FIG. 4, wherein a protective coating 20 consisting of a rare earth element oxide is applied on the surface of the first electrodes 13 exposed to the space containing the gas. While, in this modification, the protective coating 20 has been applied to expose the insulating coating 17 to the space containing the gas, the protective coating 20 may be applied to cover the insulating coating 17.
  • a protective coating 20 consisting of a rare earth element oxide
  • the protective coating p may also be used for the protective coating p
  • the first electrodes 13 constituting the negative electrodes have been covered by the insulating coating 17 excepting those portions intersecting the second electrodes 14 constituting the positive electrodes and since the protective coating 20 has been applied on the surface portions of the first electrodes 13 which were not covered by the insulating coating 17, i.e., exposed to the space containing the gas, there is no danger of the first electrodes l3-suffering damage due to the sputtering.
  • movement of the luminous spot at the first electrodes 13 can be prevented, thus ensuring'a longer life and a stable discharge.
  • FIG/9 illustrates an enlarged perspective view of another modification of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, wherein an insulating coating 21 consisting of silicon dioxide (Si 0 for example, is applied on the surface of the second electrodes 14 constituting the positive electrodes excepting those portions which intersect the first electrodes 13 constituting the negative electrodes.
  • an insulating coating 21 consisting of silicon dioxide (Si 0 for example, is applied on the surface of the second electrodes 14 constituting the positive electrodes excepting those portions which intersect the first electrodes 13 constituting the negative electrodes.
  • the discharge area formed on the surface of the second electrodes 14 is confined within narrow limits, thereby effecting the display with higher resolution.
  • numerals 22, 23 and 24 respectively designate, for example, stripes of red, green and blue phosphors for producing respectively red, green and blue colored lights, and the phosphor stripes 22, 23 and 24 are arranged side by side in the virticaldlreetion with respect to the illustration. These phosphors may also be arranged in the form of dots.
  • Numeral 25 designates a thin transparent sheet of glass applied in the front of the phosphor group and capable of transmitting ultraviolet rays there-through
  • numeral 14 designates a plurality of stripes of transparent electrodes each consisting of a Nesa coating, indium oxide coating or the like which are placed on the glass sheet 25 and arranged in the same direction and in parallel with the phosphor stripes. The spacing between the electrodes 14 is made smaller than the width of the electrodes.
  • a plurality of electrodes 13 are arranged substantially perpendicular to the electrodes 14.
  • the apparatus of FIG. 1 1 is identical with the apparatus shown in FIG. excepting that a coating 26 of a material which prevents the transmission of ultraviolet ray thcrethrough is provided between the second electrodes 14.
  • a coating 26 of a material which prevents the transmission of ultraviolet ray thcrethrough is provided between the second electrodes 14.
  • the apparatus of FIG. 10 there is the danger that a portion of the ultraviolet ray may fall on the adjacent phosphor stripes which constitute picture ele ments thus causing the phosphor stripes other than the desired one to produce light.
  • the provision of the ultraviolet ray preventive coating 26 between the second electrodes 14 completely prevents the ultraviolet ray produced at the discharge area from leaking obliquely and hence there is no possibility of the adjacent phosphor stripes constituting. other picture elements being excited and caused to produce light.
  • FIG. 12 differs from the apparatus of FIG. 10 in that an opaque conductive metallic coating 27 is provided on each side of the respective second electrodes 14. In this way, it is possible to completely prevent any portion of the ultraviolet ray gener ated at the discharge area from leaking obliquely and exciting and causing the adjacent phosphor stripes to produce light. Furthermore, the provision of the coating 27 has the effect of considerably reducing the resistance value of the second electrode 14 which generally has a high resistance. Particularly, where it is desired to display a large picture or it is necessary to reduce the width of the transparent electrodes to obtain an improved resolution, the aforementioned effects provide great advantages.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus comprising a mixture of neon and argon gases having a pressure of approximately 760 mm Hg, and said distance between said anodes and cathodes is selected between 0.065 and 0.25 mm.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an insulating coating is applied at least to the surface of said plurality of cathodes on the other one of said opposed substrates excepting those surface portions opposite to said plurality of anodes on the one of said substrates.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus wherein a semiconductive coating of an oxide of a rare earth element is applied at least to the surface of said plurality of cathodes on the other one of said substrates.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus wherein said oxide is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, terbium oxide, neodymium oxide, and samarium oxide.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus wherein a semiconductive coating of a material selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, ceriumnickel alloy and cerium-cobalt alloy is applied at least to the surface of said plurality of cathodes on the other one of said substrates.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus wherein a coating of an oxide of a rare earth element is applied to said surface portions of said plurality of cathodes on said other one of said substrates which are exposed to said space containing said gas.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus wherein said oxide is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, terbium oxide, neodymium oxide and samarium oxide.
  • a luminous radiation panel apparatus wherein a zirconium oxide coating is applied to said surface portions of said plurality of cathodes on said other one of said substrates which are exposed to said space containing said gas.

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  • Gas-Filled Discharge Tubes (AREA)
US336063A 1972-02-28 1973-02-26 Luminous radiation panel apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3904905A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/585,838 US3986074A (en) 1972-02-28 1975-06-11 Luminous radiation panel apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP47020880A JPS4890189A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-02-28 1972-02-28
JP47021352A JPS4890469A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-02-29 1972-02-29
JP11739572A JPS5640935B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-22 1972-11-22
JP11739772A JPS4975264A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-22 1972-11-22
JP11739672A JPS4975263A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-22 1972-11-22
JP733368A JPS5422866B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-12-28 1972-12-28
JP733367A JPS5422865B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-12-28 1972-12-28
JP733366A JPS5531984B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-12-28 1972-12-28

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US05/585,838 Division US3986074A (en) 1972-02-28 1975-06-11 Luminous radiation panel apparatus

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US3904905A true US3904905A (en) 1975-09-09

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US336063A Expired - Lifetime US3904905A (en) 1972-02-28 1973-02-26 Luminous radiation panel apparatus

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US (1) US3904905A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA980849A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2309530B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2174090B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1417803A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT977546B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4005402A (en) * 1974-04-16 1977-01-25 Sony Corporation Flat panel display apparatus
US4554482A (en) * 1981-04-28 1985-11-19 Okaya Electric Industries Co., Ltd. DC Type gas discharge display panels
US4719385A (en) * 1985-04-26 1988-01-12 Barrow William A Multi-colored thin-film electroluminescent display
US4963751A (en) * 1987-08-17 1990-10-16 Konica Corporation Radiation image storage panel and method for preparing the same
US5266867A (en) * 1990-10-15 1993-11-30 Matsushita Electronics Corporation Gas discharge tube with tunnel effect type cathode
US5561343A (en) * 1993-03-18 1996-10-01 International Business Machines Corporation Spacers for flat panel displays
RU2221281C1 (ru) * 2002-06-03 2004-01-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский институт газоразрядных приборов "Плазма" Газоразрядная индикаторная панель
EP1887606A1 (en) * 2006-07-24 2008-02-13 Fujitsu Hitachi Plasma Display Limited Plasma display panel and production process of same

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2745101C3 (de) * 1977-10-07 1982-02-18 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Gasentladungs-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE2926775A1 (de) * 1979-07-03 1981-02-12 Licentia Gmbh Plasma-display
US4393326A (en) * 1980-02-22 1983-07-12 Okaya Electric Industries Co., Ltd. DC Plasma display panel
KR920010723B1 (ko) * 1990-05-25 1992-12-14 삼성전관 주식회사 플라즈마 표시소자

Citations (2)

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US3499167A (en) * 1967-11-24 1970-03-03 Owens Illinois Inc Gas discharge display memory device and method of operating
US3787106A (en) * 1971-11-09 1974-01-22 Owens Illinois Inc Monolithically structured gas discharge device and method of fabrication

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US1852020A (en) * 1928-12-17 1932-04-05 Wonderlite Neon Products Co Lt Electrode for luminous tubes
BE739303A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1968-10-02 1970-03-24
ZA708333B (en) * 1969-12-19 1972-07-26 Owens Illinois Inc Multiple gaseous discharge display/memory panel

Patent Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3499167A (en) * 1967-11-24 1970-03-03 Owens Illinois Inc Gas discharge display memory device and method of operating
US3787106A (en) * 1971-11-09 1974-01-22 Owens Illinois Inc Monolithically structured gas discharge device and method of fabrication

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4005402A (en) * 1974-04-16 1977-01-25 Sony Corporation Flat panel display apparatus
US4554482A (en) * 1981-04-28 1985-11-19 Okaya Electric Industries Co., Ltd. DC Type gas discharge display panels
US4719385A (en) * 1985-04-26 1988-01-12 Barrow William A Multi-colored thin-film electroluminescent display
US4963751A (en) * 1987-08-17 1990-10-16 Konica Corporation Radiation image storage panel and method for preparing the same
US5266867A (en) * 1990-10-15 1993-11-30 Matsushita Electronics Corporation Gas discharge tube with tunnel effect type cathode
US5352477A (en) * 1990-10-15 1994-10-04 Matsushita Electronics Corporation Method for manufacturing a cathode for a gas discharge tube
US5561343A (en) * 1993-03-18 1996-10-01 International Business Machines Corporation Spacers for flat panel displays
RU2221281C1 (ru) * 2002-06-03 2004-01-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский институт газоразрядных приборов "Плазма" Газоразрядная индикаторная панель
EP1887606A1 (en) * 2006-07-24 2008-02-13 Fujitsu Hitachi Plasma Display Limited Plasma display panel and production process of same

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IT977546B (it) 1974-09-20
FR2174090A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-10-12
FR2174090B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-12-30
CA980849A (en) 1975-12-30
DE2309530A1 (de) 1973-08-30
DE2309530B2 (de) 1978-09-14
GB1417803A (en) 1975-12-17

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