US3875476A - Igniter element - Google Patents

Igniter element Download PDF

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Publication number
US3875476A
US3875476A US432385A US43238574A US3875476A US 3875476 A US3875476 A US 3875476A US 432385 A US432385 A US 432385A US 43238574 A US43238574 A US 43238574A US 3875476 A US3875476 A US 3875476A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
percent
zone
zones
flanking
electrical resistance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US432385A
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English (en)
Inventor
William B Crandall
Linden E Shipley
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Honeywell Inc
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Honeywell Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Honeywell Inc filed Critical Honeywell Inc
Priority to US432385A priority Critical patent/US3875476A/en
Priority to NL7500020A priority patent/NL7500020A/xx
Priority to DE19752500414 priority patent/DE2500414A1/de
Priority to GB705/75A priority patent/GB1492672A/en
Priority to FR7500592A priority patent/FR2257867B1/fr
Priority to CA217,638A priority patent/CA1029095A/en
Priority to JP50005518A priority patent/JPS5744892B2/ja
Priority to IT47634/75A priority patent/IT1026312B/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3875476A publication Critical patent/US3875476A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F23Q7/22—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • a heat-resistant ceramic electric igniter element has a plurality of compositions in a continuous unitary body U.S v l6 SU'UCIUI'E including a central Ol' igniting 20116 of 21 com- 333/33d 431/258v position having a relatively high electrical resistance 5 l] Int. Cl. i 23 7/10 flanked by end Of composiion having a [58] new of Search 338/275 219/552 electrical resistance to which the leads are attached. 219/553. 252/516. 264/65.
  • the present invention relates generally to electrical resistance-type ceramic igniter elements for igniting gaseous fuels and the like, and, more particularly. to an improved continuous service element utilizing a plurality of ceramic compositions in a unitary structure.
  • the problems associated with the prior art muIti-composition electricalresistance type igniter elements are solved by the provision of a unitary structure having a gradual compositional transition from one composition to another. This overcomes the problems created by differences in the coefficient of expansion and molecular migration across the juncture between adjacent compositions and simplifies the manufacture of the element by eliminating extra molding and assembly steps.
  • the heatresistant ceramic electric igniter element of the present invention has a plurality of compositions in a continuous unitary body structure including a central or igniting zone of a composition having a relatively high electrical resistance flanked. in gradual transition, by end zones of a composition having a lower electrical resistance to which the electrical leads are attached. Thus. when an electrical current is applied across the element the central or igniting portion will reach a much higher temperature than the two end portions.
  • the central zone is normally made of a composition having a negative temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (an electrical resistance which decreases with an increase in temperature) and the end or lead attachment zones of a material having a positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (an electrical resistance which increases with an increase in temperature).
  • One successful version of the igniter of the invention and which is described in the preferred embodiment. below. has a central or igniting zone having a composition including from about 25 percent to about 88 percent green SiC various meshes. from about I percent to about 8 percent ferro-silicon. from about I percent to about It) percent TiO- from about I percent to about 20 percent ZrO from about 5 percent to about 30 percent pyrex-type glass (defined below) and from about 5 percent to about 30 percent fused silica.
  • the end zones have a positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance and are made of a mixture including from about 40 percent to about percent green SiC of various meshes. from about I percent to about It) percent of fcrro-silicon. from about I percent to about 20 percent TiO and from about 5 percent to about 30 percent pyrex-type glass.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a heating element made in accor dance with the present invention and.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of temperature profile produced with the igniter of FIG. 1.
  • the ig niter has a unitary body It], which may be in the shape of a hairpin as illustrated. or in any other shape desired for the particular application ofthe device.
  • the unitary structure 10 is divided by composition into a central or igniting zone I] and two end or lead-attachment zones I2 and 13 to which electrical leads I4 and I5 may be attached as at 16 and 17.
  • the changes in composition between zones 12 and I3 and zone II have been indi cated for illustration purposes along lines I8 and I9 which represent a gradual change from one composi tion to the other.
  • a composite is produced which may be regarded as consisting of two intercalated networks. one of which supplies the electrical conduction mechanism and the other bonding mechanism.
  • the bulk of the electrical conduction mechanism is provided by the silicon carbide and the ferro'silicon components and the basic bonding mechanism provided by the titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide and glass components. It has also been theorized that the oxides of titanium and zirconium do contribute some electrical conductivity to the final glassy silicate bond. especially at elevated temperatures.
  • the mixtures of components of the ignition zone and lead attachment zones were also selected such that the igni tion zone has a negative coefficient of electrical resistance with increasing temperature and the leadattachment zones have a positive coefficient ofelectrical resistance.
  • pyrex glass utilized in the composition of both the igniter and lead-attachment zones of the igniter of the present invention is thought to provide an additional advantage which is ofgreat benefit in adding to the longevity of the igniter.
  • the elevated temperatures wherein the igniters are normally operated it appears that the inclusion of what amounts to a film borosilicate glass aids in inhibiting any further oxidation of the system which would lead to a degradation of the igniter composition and ultimate failure of the igniter. in this manner. the inclusion of the basically borosilicatcpyrex composition seems to actually extend the life of the igniter.
  • FIG. 2 there is pictured an experimentallyobtained picture profile of a typical igniter fabricated in accordance with the present invention.
  • the profile illustrated was obtained by electrically energizing such an igniter allowing sufficient time for the igniter to reach a state of temperature equilibrium.
  • the particular profile shown in FIG. 2 was obtained by applying 60 Hz. AC (90 v. rms and 0.34 a rms) power to an igniter similar to that of FIG. 1. in normal ignition operation, the igniter is operated at a peak ignition zone temperature of about l.200 C but a substantially similar temperature profile obtains.
  • the proper mixtures for both the ignition and leadattachment zone are premixed in the cold state. Quantities of these mixtures are then placed in a pressing die normally made of graphite, in the desired shape of the igniter in a manner which allows overlap of the components as illustrated in FIG. I. The die is then raised to pressing temperature of approximately l.500 C and the igniter is pressed in the die at a pressure of approximately 5.000 psi for about 15 minutes in a well known manner.
  • the temperature-pressurc-time combination utilized in the hot pressing step also enables the igniter to achieve the desired density of greater than 99 per' cent theoretically possible density and it is this high density which is theoretically responsible for much of the excellent oxidation resistance achieved by the igniter of the present invention.
  • the formed igniters are then allowed to cool in the dies and are subsequently removed and the electrical leads attached by one of several techniques which are well known in the art.
  • the preferred method of fabricating the igniter of the invention is a hot pressing process.
  • Other methods of fabrication have been attempted with less success.
  • some experimental igniters have been fabricated by cold pressing and subsequent sintering. igniters made in that manner although exhibiting the appropriate resistivity in both the lead-attachment zones and the ignition zone. had a high porosity which severely limited the useable life of such igniters as by oxidation.
  • Other techniques such as chemical vapor deposition. pack cementation and hot isostatic pressing were also attempted as methods to fabricate the igniter of the invention.
  • the third technique. hot isostatic pressing is also an acceptable method, but appears to be much more expensive than the hot pressing tech nique described with regard to the preferred embodiment.
  • compositions of both said igniting zone and said flanking zones comprise principly of silicon carbide and pyrex-type glass. and electrical leads attached to said flanking zones.
  • said ignition zone has a negative temperature coefficient of electrical resistance and wherein said flanking zones have a positive temperature coefficient olelectrical resistance.
  • ignition zone comprises:
  • oxides from about 1 to about percent of oxides from a group consisting of oxides oititianium and zirco-

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Non-Adjustable Resistors (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
US432385A 1974-01-10 1974-01-10 Igniter element Expired - Lifetime US3875476A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US432385A US3875476A (en) 1974-01-10 1974-01-10 Igniter element
NL7500020A NL7500020A (nl) 1974-01-10 1975-01-02 Ontstekingselement.
DE19752500414 DE2500414A1 (de) 1974-01-10 1975-01-07 Elektrisches zuendelement, insbesondere fuer gasbrenner
GB705/75A GB1492672A (en) 1974-01-10 1975-01-08 Igniter elements
FR7500592A FR2257867B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-01-10 1975-01-09
CA217,638A CA1029095A (en) 1974-01-10 1975-01-09 Heat resistant ceramic electric igniter element
JP50005518A JPS5744892B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-01-10 1975-01-10
IT47634/75A IT1026312B (it) 1974-01-10 1975-01-10 Dispositivo di accensione per gas

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US432385A US3875476A (en) 1974-01-10 1974-01-10 Igniter element

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3875476A true US3875476A (en) 1975-04-01

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ID=23715940

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US432385A Expired - Lifetime US3875476A (en) 1974-01-10 1974-01-10 Igniter element

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US3875476A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5744892B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1029095A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2500414A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2257867B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1492672A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1026312B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7500020A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4328529A (en) * 1977-09-12 1982-05-04 Emerson Electric Co. Silicon carbide igniters
DE3235841A1 (de) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-21 Norton Co., 01606 Worcester, Mass. Poroeser feuerfester gegenstand mit einer oxidations-schutzschicht
EP0095720A3 (en) * 1982-05-28 1984-02-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Electrically conductive sintered ceramics and ceramic heaters
US4433233A (en) * 1979-09-27 1984-02-21 Emerson Electric Co. Silicon carbide heating elements
US4486651A (en) * 1982-01-27 1984-12-04 Nippon Soken, Inc. Ceramic heater
WO1986005882A1 (en) * 1985-03-28 1986-10-09 Norton Company Self heated sensor package
US4633064A (en) * 1984-05-30 1986-12-30 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Sintered ceramic electric heater with improved thermal shock resistance
US4634837A (en) * 1984-04-09 1987-01-06 Nippon Soken, Inc. Sintered ceramic heater element
US4644133A (en) * 1985-02-28 1987-02-17 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Ceramic heater
US4671058A (en) * 1983-11-21 1987-06-09 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Heating device
US4741692A (en) * 1984-10-02 1988-05-03 Babcock-Hitachi Kabushiki Kaisha Burner igniter with a ceramic heater
US4935118A (en) * 1985-03-28 1990-06-19 Norton Company Self heated sensor package
US5045237A (en) * 1984-11-08 1991-09-03 Norton Company Refractory electrical device
US5085804A (en) * 1984-11-08 1992-02-04 Norton Company Refractory electrical device
EP0486009A1 (en) * 1990-11-13 1992-05-20 Norton Company Ceramic igniter and method of making electrical connections thereto
US5130055A (en) * 1987-04-10 1992-07-14 Yoshiyuki Yasutomi Ceramic composite and process for the production thereof
US5191508A (en) * 1992-05-18 1993-03-02 Norton Company Ceramic igniters and process for making same
US5322824A (en) * 1993-05-27 1994-06-21 Chia Kai Y Electrically conductive high strength dense ceramic
WO1995012093A3 (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-05-18 Saint Gobain Norton Ind Cerami Active metal metallization of mini-igniters by silk screening
US5472337A (en) * 1994-09-12 1995-12-05 Guerra; Romeo E. Method and apparatus to detect a flame
US5498855A (en) * 1992-09-11 1996-03-12 Philip Morris Incorporated Electrically powered ceramic composite heater
WO1996011361A1 (en) * 1994-10-06 1996-04-18 Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corporation High voltage ceramic igniter
US5804092A (en) * 1995-05-31 1998-09-08 Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corporation Modular ceramic igniter with metallized coatings on the end portions thereof and associated terminal socket
US5880439A (en) * 1996-03-12 1999-03-09 Philip Morris Incorporated Functionally stepped, resistive ceramic
WO2002070955A3 (en) * 2001-03-05 2002-11-14 Saint Gobain Norton Ind Cerami Ceramic igniters
US20040021548A1 (en) * 2000-01-25 2004-02-05 Albrecht Geissinger Passive, high-temperature-resistant resistor element for measuring temperature in passenger and commercial vehicles
US6841439B1 (en) * 1997-07-24 2005-01-11 Texas Instruments Incorporated High permittivity silicate gate dielectric
US20050112827A1 (en) * 1997-07-24 2005-05-26 Anthony John M. High permittivity silicate gate dielectric
US7342201B1 (en) * 1999-11-25 2008-03-11 Nanogate Ag Silcon carbide element
US20090179027A1 (en) * 2007-12-29 2009-07-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Coaxial ceramic igniter and methods of fabrication
US20090230117A1 (en) * 2008-03-14 2009-09-17 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated aerosol generating system and method
US20090320863A1 (en) * 2008-04-17 2009-12-31 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system
WO2010128935A1 (en) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab Heating element
US20100313901A1 (en) * 2009-05-21 2010-12-16 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system
US20110094523A1 (en) * 2009-10-27 2011-04-28 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking system having a liquid storage portion
US20110126848A1 (en) * 2009-11-27 2011-06-02 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system with internal or external heater
USD691765S1 (en) 2013-01-14 2013-10-15 Altria Client Services Inc. Electronic smoking article
USD691766S1 (en) 2013-01-14 2013-10-15 Altria Client Services Inc. Mouthpiece of a smoking article
USD695449S1 (en) 2013-01-14 2013-12-10 Altria Client Services Inc. Electronic smoking article
US8794231B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2014-08-05 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system having a liquid storage portion
US8997754B2 (en) 2012-01-31 2015-04-07 Altria Client Services Inc. Electronic cigarette
US9289014B2 (en) 2012-02-22 2016-03-22 Altria Client Services Llc Electronic smoking article and improved heater element
JP2017098257A (ja) * 2011-04-27 2017-06-01 京セラ株式会社 ヒータおよびこれを備えたグロープラグ
USD834743S1 (en) 2013-10-14 2018-11-27 Altria Client Services Llc Smoking article
USD841231S1 (en) 2013-01-14 2019-02-19 Altria Client Services, Llc Electronic vaping device mouthpiece
USD849993S1 (en) 2013-01-14 2019-05-28 Altria Client Services Electronic smoking article
US20200132302A1 (en) * 2018-10-24 2020-04-30 Damian Maestas Fire starting bulb apparatus
US10813174B2 (en) 2012-12-28 2020-10-20 Philip Morris Products S.A. Heating assembly for an aerosol generating system

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3143432C1 (de) * 1981-11-02 1986-12-04 Danfoss A/S, 6430 Nordborg Elektrodenanordnung fuer einen OEl- oder Gasbrenner
JPS59196679U (ja) * 1983-06-14 1984-12-27 松下電器産業株式会社 浴室装置の扉
JPS6145593U (ja) * 1984-08-28 1986-03-26 三協アルミニウム工業株式会社 建具の排水装置
US4682008A (en) * 1985-03-22 1987-07-21 Jidosha Kiki Co., Ltd. Self-temperature control type glow plug
AU1669695A (en) * 1994-02-18 1995-09-04 Morgan Matroc S.A. Hot surface igniter

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US2992959A (en) * 1958-02-20 1961-07-18 Kanthal Ab Production of shaped bodies from heat resistant oxidation proof materials
US3321727A (en) * 1964-12-09 1967-05-23 Kanthal Ab Heat-resistant and oxidationproof materials
US3607475A (en) * 1966-10-24 1971-09-21 Kanthal Ab Method of manufacturing electrical resistance elements and elements manufactured by the method
US3662222A (en) * 1970-05-07 1972-05-09 Itt Electric resistance wire igniter with a cooling terminal posts construction

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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JPS4525522Y1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1967-09-22 1970-10-06
JPS523349B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-07-25 1977-01-27

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2992959A (en) * 1958-02-20 1961-07-18 Kanthal Ab Production of shaped bodies from heat resistant oxidation proof materials
US3321727A (en) * 1964-12-09 1967-05-23 Kanthal Ab Heat-resistant and oxidationproof materials
US3607475A (en) * 1966-10-24 1971-09-21 Kanthal Ab Method of manufacturing electrical resistance elements and elements manufactured by the method
US3662222A (en) * 1970-05-07 1972-05-09 Itt Electric resistance wire igniter with a cooling terminal posts construction

Cited By (125)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4328529A (en) * 1977-09-12 1982-05-04 Emerson Electric Co. Silicon carbide igniters
US4433233A (en) * 1979-09-27 1984-02-21 Emerson Electric Co. Silicon carbide heating elements
DE3235841A1 (de) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-21 Norton Co., 01606 Worcester, Mass. Poroeser feuerfester gegenstand mit einer oxidations-schutzschicht
US4429003A (en) 1981-10-05 1984-01-31 Norton Co. Protective coating for porous refractories
US4486651A (en) * 1982-01-27 1984-12-04 Nippon Soken, Inc. Ceramic heater
EP0095720A3 (en) * 1982-05-28 1984-02-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Electrically conductive sintered ceramics and ceramic heaters
US4555358A (en) * 1982-05-28 1985-11-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Electrically conductive sintered ceramics and ceramic heaters
US4671058A (en) * 1983-11-21 1987-06-09 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Heating device
US4634837A (en) * 1984-04-09 1987-01-06 Nippon Soken, Inc. Sintered ceramic heater element
US4633064A (en) * 1984-05-30 1986-12-30 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Sintered ceramic electric heater with improved thermal shock resistance
US4741692A (en) * 1984-10-02 1988-05-03 Babcock-Hitachi Kabushiki Kaisha Burner igniter with a ceramic heater
US5045237A (en) * 1984-11-08 1991-09-03 Norton Company Refractory electrical device
US5085804A (en) * 1984-11-08 1992-02-04 Norton Company Refractory electrical device
US4644133A (en) * 1985-02-28 1987-02-17 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Ceramic heater
WO1986005882A1 (en) * 1985-03-28 1986-10-09 Norton Company Self heated sensor package
US4935118A (en) * 1985-03-28 1990-06-19 Norton Company Self heated sensor package
US5130055A (en) * 1987-04-10 1992-07-14 Yoshiyuki Yasutomi Ceramic composite and process for the production thereof
EP0486009A1 (en) * 1990-11-13 1992-05-20 Norton Company Ceramic igniter and method of making electrical connections thereto
US5191508A (en) * 1992-05-18 1993-03-02 Norton Company Ceramic igniters and process for making same
EP0570914A3 (en) * 1992-05-18 1995-09-13 Norton Co Ceramic igniters and process for making same
EP0818657A3 (en) * 1992-05-18 1998-08-26 Norton Company Process for making ceramic igniters
JP2856628B2 (ja) 1992-05-18 1999-02-10 ノートン カンパニー セラミック点火器とその製造方法
US5498855A (en) * 1992-09-11 1996-03-12 Philip Morris Incorporated Electrically powered ceramic composite heater
US5322824A (en) * 1993-05-27 1994-06-21 Chia Kai Y Electrically conductive high strength dense ceramic
WO1995012093A3 (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-05-18 Saint Gobain Norton Ind Cerami Active metal metallization of mini-igniters by silk screening
US5472337A (en) * 1994-09-12 1995-12-05 Guerra; Romeo E. Method and apparatus to detect a flame
WO1996011361A1 (en) * 1994-10-06 1996-04-18 Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corporation High voltage ceramic igniter
US5804092A (en) * 1995-05-31 1998-09-08 Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corporation Modular ceramic igniter with metallized coatings on the end portions thereof and associated terminal socket
US5880439A (en) * 1996-03-12 1999-03-09 Philip Morris Incorporated Functionally stepped, resistive ceramic
US7115461B2 (en) 1997-07-24 2006-10-03 Texas Instruments Incorporated High permittivity silicate gate dielectric
US6841439B1 (en) * 1997-07-24 2005-01-11 Texas Instruments Incorporated High permittivity silicate gate dielectric
US20050112827A1 (en) * 1997-07-24 2005-05-26 Anthony John M. High permittivity silicate gate dielectric
US7342201B1 (en) * 1999-11-25 2008-03-11 Nanogate Ag Silcon carbide element
US20040021548A1 (en) * 2000-01-25 2004-02-05 Albrecht Geissinger Passive, high-temperature-resistant resistor element for measuring temperature in passenger and commercial vehicles
US7061363B2 (en) * 2000-01-25 2006-06-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Passive, high-temperature-resistant resistor element for measuring temperature in passenger and commercial vehicles
US7329837B2 (en) * 2001-03-05 2008-02-12 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Ceramic igniters
WO2002070955A3 (en) * 2001-03-05 2002-11-14 Saint Gobain Norton Ind Cerami Ceramic igniters
US20090179027A1 (en) * 2007-12-29 2009-07-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Coaxial ceramic igniter and methods of fabrication
US20090230117A1 (en) * 2008-03-14 2009-09-17 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated aerosol generating system and method
US11224255B2 (en) 2008-03-14 2022-01-18 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated aerosol generating system and method
US10398170B2 (en) 2008-03-14 2019-09-03 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated aerosol generating system and method
US9848655B2 (en) 2008-03-14 2017-12-26 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated aerosol generating system and method
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US9439454B2 (en) 2008-03-14 2016-09-13 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated aerosol generating system and method
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US8851081B2 (en) 2008-04-17 2014-10-07 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system
US10966459B2 (en) 2008-04-17 2021-04-06 Altria Client Services Llc Electrically heated smoking system
US20090320863A1 (en) * 2008-04-17 2009-12-31 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system
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EP2427412A4 (en) * 2009-05-05 2013-01-16 Sandvik Intellectual Property HEATING ELEMENT
WO2010128935A1 (en) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab Heating element
CN102405198A (zh) * 2009-05-05 2012-04-04 山特维克知识产权股份有限公司 加热元件
US10390564B2 (en) 2009-05-21 2019-08-27 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Electrically heated smoking system
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2257867A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-08-08
IT1026312B (it) 1978-09-20
JPS50124481A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-09-30
DE2500414A1 (de) 1975-07-17
JPS5744892B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1982-09-24
NL7500020A (nl) 1975-07-14
GB1492672A (en) 1977-11-23
FR2257867B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-12-08
CA1029095A (en) 1978-04-04

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