US3864545A - Apparatus and method for heating solid surfaces - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for heating solid surfaces Download PDF

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Publication number
US3864545A
US3864545A US292770A US29277072A US3864545A US 3864545 A US3864545 A US 3864545A US 292770 A US292770 A US 292770A US 29277072 A US29277072 A US 29277072A US 3864545 A US3864545 A US 3864545A
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United States
Prior art keywords
bus
terminal
conductors
slots
bands
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Expired - Lifetime
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US292770A
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English (en)
Inventor
Wolfgang Schafer
Helmut Brook
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Saint Gobain Industries SA
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/016—Heaters using particular connecting means

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the heating of surfaces by I resistance grids. It is particularly concerned with an apparatus and a process for balancing the electrical resistance of heating grids applied to vehicle windows.
  • Such grids include conductive lines applied to the window, of such fineness as not to impair vision, which are connected to bus bands which receive their current from a battery or other source and which are advantageously composed of a frit of glass and metal fused onto the surface of the glass.
  • the present invention achieves its objects by means for heating a solid surface including a resistance grid, comprised of thin resistance lines and bus bands, composed of severable, conductive material fused to the solid surface, said grid comprising a plurality of electrically connected parts capable of separation or interconnection to change the resistance of the part thereof which supplies the resistance lines, and means electrically attached to the bands to pass current through the bands and the lines; and by a method of establishing a current pattern in a heating grid which comprises fusing a grid comprised of lines and bus bands to a solid surface and excising parts of the bus bands to establish the desired pattern.
  • the surface conductive figures which can be severed in particular parts so as to change the current supplied to the heating lines. These figures have parts or branches which can be readily cut to remove some of the material so as to lengthen or shorten the particular course through which the current flows to reach the heating lines.
  • the heating lines, after baking are of such accurately constructed resistance as to be within the limits of tolerance requiring no supplemental treatment.
  • the correction of the electrical resistance of windows which do not conform to the required tolerances in the first instance is made easy by this invention because it suffices to change the conformation of the bus bands or other conductors which supply the heating lines.
  • the electroconductive layer for example the bus band figure
  • the electroconductive layer can be cut in one or more regions with the aid of an appropriate tool, so that the current will be obliged to follow a longer path, which willincrease resistance.
  • At least one of the bus bands is provided with internal gaps, for instance longitudinal slits, arranged so that the conductive material on both sides of the slit may be removed inappropriate locations.
  • the bus band can be cut between the slit and the heating conductors at a location somewhere between the current input and the base of the heating lines.
  • the current input is placed in the middle of the bus band it is recommended to provide two longitudinal slits which are to be separated by a conductive part of the bus band. If an increase in resistance becomes necessary the bus band is cut between the slits so that the direct passage of current from the point of input to the portion of the bus band situated between the incision and the heating lines will be interrupted.
  • one may according to another form of the invention provide the bus bands with several slots placed side by side and substantially parallel to one another, extending up to the ends of the bands, establishing in one or more of the strands, by cutting, separations which result in a conformation such that the total length of the additional resistance can represent several times the length of the bus band itself.
  • a finer adjustment of the resistance may be obtained by subdividing the longitudinal slots into a series of aligned slots between which a series of bridges of conductive material are left which can be individually severed in variable numbers according to need.
  • These figures are advantageous networks of conductors parallel to the bus band properly so called and at a short distance from them. lf an increase in the resistance becomes necessary this network is cut in immediate proximity to the bus bands so that the current is obliged to follow a longer path, which may be composed of one or several lines of which the greater or lesser number may be made to carry the heating current.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a first and major form of the invention as embodied in the rear light of an automobile;
  • FIG. 2 is a partial view of a modification on an enlarged scale
  • FIG. 3 is a partial view of a further modification
  • FIG. 4 is a partial view in plan of a third modification
  • FIG. 5 is a partial view in plan of a further modification.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are partial views in plan of variations of the fifth modification.
  • FIG. 1 represents a heated vehicle windshield 1 on the surface of which have been applied lines of heating resistance 2 which are composed ofa composition containing a proportion of conductive metal.
  • heating resistance 2 which are composed of a composition containing a proportion of conductive metal.
  • Such compositions are known and need no description; they are applied by the silk screen method and baked onto the surface of the glass at a temperature around 600C.
  • the resistive heating conductors 2 are connected at their extremities to bus bands 3, which are advantageously composed of the same material as the lines 2 and may be applied to the window in the course of the same operation as the lines.
  • bus bands 3 Upon the bus bands 3 are soldered the current inputs 4-4 which carry contacts 5 to which the input and output current lines are attached.
  • the bus bands 3 have elongated slots 6 which extend throughout the extent occupied by the lines 2.
  • the slots 6 are obtained by masking that area during the silk screen operation so that in that region the conductive metallic paste does not touch the surface of the glass and thus divides the bus bands into two strips 3a and 3b which are connected at their ends.
  • the width A of the inner of these strips 3a is chosen so that it alone will carry the heating current to the lines 2 without opposing any substantial resistance to its flow.
  • the exterior strip 3b is narrower and has a resistance to the heating current which is about 5 percent of the overall resistance of the grid. The heating current therefore flows essentially through the inner strips 3a and the lines 2. This flow is indicated by the arrows P. If it appears that the overall resistance of the heating unit is too low, one of the strips 3a or both bands 3a can be cut at 7 near the lower extremity of the slot 6.
  • the current follows a different path and flows through strip 3b, or through both strips 3b when a double cut is made, following the direction of arrows P.
  • the resistance suffices one is content to make the cut 7 in only one of the bus bands. If the cut 7 is made in both bus bands, the increase in resistance is doubled. In some cases, the widths B and B' of the exterior strips may be different.
  • the mode of operation may be changed so that the change in the electrical resistance involves a diminution.
  • the cuts 7 are made in advance during the manufacture of the windshield and are later short-circuited, producing a diminution. Short-circuiting can be accomplished by applying some tin solder. It is equally possible to make in advance a cut in only one of the two bus bands.
  • overall resistance of a heated window thus made can thus be either increased by making a cut in the inner strip which feeds the lines or it can be reduced by shortcircuiting the break initially introduced in the first bus band.
  • the overall resistance can be corrected in both directions.
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 represent advantageous variations of the same principle.
  • the input contact 14 is located in the middle of the length of the bus band 13. Slots 16 are provided above and below the contact.
  • the heating current flows principally along the inner strips 13a in the directions of arrows Q but if one makes cuts 17 as indicated in dash lines, the current is forced to flow along paths Q, along the outside strips, around the ends of the slots and along strips 13a and 13b thus increasing the length of the path and the resistance.
  • the electrical resistance- may be thus increased in a predetermined degree.
  • the bus band 23 contains a series of aligned slots 26 and this construction makes for greater facility of adjustment.
  • each heating conductor 2 is opposite one of the slots. If one makes cuts 27 through the inner strips the current is compelled to flow through outer strips 23b, around the ends and then along the inner strips to reach the heating lines. Now, by making one or more cuts 28 between the slots one can make slight variations and achieve a high degree of modification in the resistance approaching each line and secure a fine adjustment of the current supply.
  • FIG. 4 is a modification which enables one to increase the overall resistance greatly.
  • the bus band 33 has two parallel slots 36 and 36 which divide the bus band into three conductive strips 33a, 33b and 330. Initially the flow of current from the contact 34 will be along the inner strip 33a to the'heating lines 2 but by making the cut 37 the current will be compelled to flow through 33c toward the top of the figure and over to 33a. If a still further increase in resistance is desired the cut 38 can be made, which will require the current to flow along the path of the arrow R through strips 330, 33b and 33a. It will be observed that in each of FIGS. 1 to 4, and also in FIG. 5, the bus bands are broader than the conductors 2 (42 in FIG. 5).
  • FIGS. 5 to 7 show modifications in which the supplementary resistances are involved individually with the heating lines 42.
  • the slots 44 are made near the inner border of the bus band in alignment and opposite the heating conductors.
  • the heating conductors are connected to the bus band off center of the slots. Only a small part of the heating current passes through the longer branches 44 which now may be inserted one by one into the circuit of the heating conductors. If cuts are made along the lines 45 in this way it will not only correct the overall resistance of the heating grid but may also correct the resistance of a particular heating line, thus achieving the maximum possible flexibility of control. This flexibility of control can be increased by adopting the structures of FIGS. 6 and 7.
  • the bus band 53 is directly connected to central heating conductor 52 but is connected to the upper and lower heating conductors through a network of multiple strands 54a and b which are in series with their respective heating conductors.
  • cuts 55a one puts the line 54a into the circuit and by making the cut 55b one aids the resistance of line 54b.
  • FIG. 7 exemplifies a network of lines 64a, b, c which are initially provided with gaps as shown in the lower end of the two networks.
  • the bus band 63 thus delivers its current through a network of three parallel conductor to heating line 62. If one wishes to reduce the resistance one may make one or more solderings at 65a and 65b as indicated in the upper part of the figure eliminating one or more of the current-carrying parallel lines. if one applies tin solder at 65a the line 64a is cut out of the circuit. [f the gap 65b is alone closed, the two conductors 64b and 64c are cut out of the circuit, and if both gaps are closed at 65a and 65b all three lines 64a, 12 and c are eliminated from the circuit.
  • R U /W 144/180 0.80 which is to say that AR t 0.080,, or 9.1 percent.
  • This invention has been described in its application to the heating of a window or a light of an automobile but it is to be understood that the same principles are applicable to the control of the heating of any solid surface to which the grid can be applied including plates, walls and panels.
  • a window comprising a transparent sheet, a plurality of opaque resistive conductors substantially coextensive in length adhered in spaced substantially parallel relation to a surface of the sheet, said conductors having a width small compared to their spacing, at least two bus bands made of electrically conductive material and having a width wider than said conductors, said bus bands adhered to said surface of the sheet and connecting said conductors electrically in parallel, a current terminal connecting to each of said bus bands, and at least one of said bus bands having elongated aperture means therethrough extending lengthwise of said bus band with an end of said aperture means close to said terminal, said conductive material being removable selectively from said sheet whereby upon said selective removal over a path extending from said aperture means to the outer periphery of said at least one bus band the current path between the current terminal connecting to said at least one bus band and said conductors will be increased in length.
  • each said terminal connects to one of said bus bands in the region of one end, and said elongated aperture means comprises at least one slot.
  • said elongated aperture means comprises a pair of slots, one of said slots extending between points closer to and further from said terminal than any one of said conductors, the other of said slots being arranged parallel to said one slot ahd having a length less than said one slot, and wherein said conductive material is removed from said bus band between said one slot near said closer point and said periphery of said bus band.
  • each of said terminals is connected to said bus bands between the ends, and said elongated aperture means includes at least two individual slots, at least one of said slots being arranged to one side of said terminal and at least one of said slots being arranged to the other side of said terminal, and said selective removal of conductive material from said sheet being carried out over paths each extending substantially from a proximal end of each slot closest to said terminal to said periphery of said bus band to increase the current path between said terminal and said conductors.

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  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
US292770A 1971-09-30 1972-09-27 Apparatus and method for heating solid surfaces Expired - Lifetime US3864545A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7135161A FR2154920A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-09-30 1971-09-30

Publications (1)

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US3864545A true US3864545A (en) 1975-02-04

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US292770A Expired - Lifetime US3864545A (en) 1971-09-30 1972-09-27 Apparatus and method for heating solid surfaces

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3864545A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4843190A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE789555A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2246992C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2154920A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1411265A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT975130B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4123741A (en) * 1976-07-01 1978-10-31 Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Resistance element for variable resistors
FR2558652A1 (fr) * 1984-01-23 1985-07-26 Pilkington Brothers Plc Perfectionnements aux pieces de connexion electriques
US4847472A (en) * 1988-01-15 1989-07-11 Ppg Industries, Inc. Enhanced reliability discontinuity detector in a heated transparency
US5824994A (en) * 1995-06-15 1998-10-20 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrically heated transparency with multiple parallel and looped bus bar elements
US20050025470A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-02-03 Elias Russegger Method for the production of an electrically conductive resistive layer and heating and/or cooling device
US20060126196A1 (en) * 2002-10-26 2006-06-15 Saint-Gobain Glass France Transparent window with non-transparent contact surface for a soldering bonding
US20070045264A1 (en) * 2004-04-28 2007-03-01 Asahi Glass Company Limited Glass plate with printed conductive members and method of producing the same
US20110109611A1 (en) * 2008-03-31 2011-05-12 Fuji Electric Holdings Co., Ltd. Surface-emitting display device

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS52147622A (en) * 1976-06-03 1977-12-08 Toyota Motor Co Ltd Window glass having defogger hot wire for vehicles
US4109044A (en) * 1976-08-27 1978-08-22 Libbey-Owens-Ford Company Electrically heated window having sharply bent portions
BE885717A (fr) * 1979-10-22 1981-04-15 Bfg Glassgroup Panneau chauffant constitue d'un substrat portant des revetements de matiere conductrice
JPS6059117B2 (ja) * 1981-01-20 1985-12-23 良夫 三橋 ２穴パンチホツチキス
DE3226954A1 (de) * 1982-07-19 1984-01-19 Yoshio Yokohama Kanagawa Mitsuhashi Handgeraet zum heften und lochen
DE3332365A1 (de) * 1983-09-08 1985-04-04 Flachglas AG, 8510 Fürth Heizscheibe, insbesondere kraftfahrzeug-heizscheibe mit heizbild und regulativbild
GB2154403A (en) * 1984-01-31 1985-09-04 Glaverbel Heatable glazing panels
US4779785A (en) * 1986-10-14 1988-10-25 Plus Corporation Portable stationery device
US5417908A (en) * 1991-01-16 1995-05-23 Rhone-Poulenc Viscosuisse Sa Process for the preparation of polyester, a polyester and its use
FR2678466B1 (fr) * 1991-06-27 1993-09-03 Navarra Componentes Electronic Dispositif chauffant par transfert thermique par contact.
CN110341293B (zh) * 2019-06-15 2021-04-09 重庆懿熙品牌策划有限公司 一种旋转式烤板机

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2597674A (en) * 1949-10-29 1952-05-20 Gen Electric Precision resistance device
US3094678A (en) * 1952-08-28 1963-06-18 Technograph Printed Circuits L Electric resistance device
US3288983A (en) * 1963-07-29 1966-11-29 Lear Jet Corp Electrical resistance de-icing means for aircraft windshields
US3313920A (en) * 1963-04-30 1967-04-11 Glaverbel Heater panel
US3414713A (en) * 1966-09-23 1968-12-03 Umc Ind Electrically heated glass closure
US3621441A (en) * 1969-07-17 1971-11-16 Western Electric Co Film resistor adjustable by isolating portions of the film

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2597674A (en) * 1949-10-29 1952-05-20 Gen Electric Precision resistance device
US3094678A (en) * 1952-08-28 1963-06-18 Technograph Printed Circuits L Electric resistance device
US3313920A (en) * 1963-04-30 1967-04-11 Glaverbel Heater panel
US3288983A (en) * 1963-07-29 1966-11-29 Lear Jet Corp Electrical resistance de-icing means for aircraft windshields
US3414713A (en) * 1966-09-23 1968-12-03 Umc Ind Electrically heated glass closure
US3621441A (en) * 1969-07-17 1971-11-16 Western Electric Co Film resistor adjustable by isolating portions of the film

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4123741A (en) * 1976-07-01 1978-10-31 Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Resistance element for variable resistors
FR2558652A1 (fr) * 1984-01-23 1985-07-26 Pilkington Brothers Plc Perfectionnements aux pieces de connexion electriques
US4847472A (en) * 1988-01-15 1989-07-11 Ppg Industries, Inc. Enhanced reliability discontinuity detector in a heated transparency
US5824994A (en) * 1995-06-15 1998-10-20 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrically heated transparency with multiple parallel and looped bus bar elements
US20050025470A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-02-03 Elias Russegger Method for the production of an electrically conductive resistive layer and heating and/or cooling device
US7361869B2 (en) * 2001-12-19 2008-04-22 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Method for the production of an electrically conductive resistive layer and heating and/or cooling device
US20060126196A1 (en) * 2002-10-26 2006-06-15 Saint-Gobain Glass France Transparent window with non-transparent contact surface for a soldering bonding
US7520416B2 (en) * 2002-10-26 2009-04-21 Saint-Gobain Glass France Transparent window with non-transparent contact surface for a soldering bonding
US20070045264A1 (en) * 2004-04-28 2007-03-01 Asahi Glass Company Limited Glass plate with printed conductive members and method of producing the same
JPWO2005105691A1 (ja) * 2004-04-28 2008-03-13 旭硝子株式会社 導電性プリントを有するガラス板およびその製造方法
US20110109611A1 (en) * 2008-03-31 2011-05-12 Fuji Electric Holdings Co., Ltd. Surface-emitting display device
US8896587B2 (en) * 2008-03-31 2014-11-25 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Surface-emitting display device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2246992C3 (de) 1979-09-27
IT975130B (it) 1974-07-20
FR2154920A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-18
GB1411265A (en) 1975-10-22
DE2246992B2 (de) 1976-01-29
BE789555A (fr) 1973-03-29
DE2246992A1 (de) 1973-04-26
JPS4843190A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-22

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