US3844833A - Method of manufacture of nuclear radiation sources - Google Patents
Method of manufacture of nuclear radiation sources Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3844833A US3844833A US00226541A US22654172A US3844833A US 3844833 A US3844833 A US 3844833A US 00226541 A US00226541 A US 00226541A US 22654172 A US22654172 A US 22654172A US 3844833 A US3844833 A US 3844833A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- radioactive
- substrate
- layer
- radioactive material
- enamel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title description 6
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001962 electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- -1 titanium dioxide Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G4/00—Radioactive sources
- G21G4/04—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources
- G21G4/06—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources characterised by constructional features
Definitions
- the radioactive layer is heated and a film of a chloride of titanium, tin, zirconium, aluminum or chromium is applied onto the heated radioactive layer and the chloride metal film is hydrolyzed to form the oxide sealing layer.
- the present invention relates to methods of manufacture of nuclear radiation equipment and more specifically, to radioactive sources for removing electrostatic charges and for calibrating measuring instruments.
- Radioactive sources are fabricated by applying a sealing layer in the form of a fused enamel on a radioactive layer applied onto an enameled metallic substrate.
- radioactive sources by the above-mentioned method is laborious, complicated and a slow operation, while the sources suffer from lack of hermeticity, resulting in contamination of the surroundings. Also, in such sources much of the radiation is absorbed by the fairly thick layer of fused enamel.
- Still another object of this invention is to provide a method for producing a radioactive source in which the loss of nuclear radiation in the sealing layer is minimized to -18 per cent.
- a radioactive source comprising a sealing layer which is a film of oxides of titanium, tin, zirconium, aluminum and chromium, used either separately or in combination.
- this film of metal oxides is produced by hydrolysis of the chlorides of these metals on a heated radioactive layer applied onto a substrate.
- a radioactive source comprises a substrate 1 coated by a layer of priming silicate enamel 2. From one side the priming enamel 2 is overlaid by a coat of finish enamel 3 on to which is applied the radioactive material 4, the said material being an alloy of finish enamel 3 and a radioactive substance.
- the radioactive material 4 is coated by a sealing layer 5 which is a film of a metallic oxide, such as titanium dioxide.
- the layer 5 may be obtained from oxides of tin, zirconium, aluminum and chromium, used either separately or in combination.
- the substrate 1 of the radioactive source may be a glazed ceramic material, and also steel onto which the radioactive material is directly applied.
- the method of manufacturing the herein proposed radioactive source consists in the following.
- the radioactive material is applied to the finish coat of enamel 3 on the already enameled substrate 1.
- the radioactive material may be applied as a solution of a definite acidity, or as an oxide (mixed with enamel) by electrophoresis.
- the choice of the method for the application of the radioactive material is determined by the weight of one curie of the radioisotope used.
- the substrate 1 is preliminarily given a coat of a metal readily soluble in molten enamel.
- the radioactive material as an oxide, along with the enamel to be applied together with it, is finely comminuted. Electrophoresis is carried out for 0.5 to 2 minutes.
- the design of the electrophoresis apparatus depends on the configuration of the source being made.
- the applied radioactive material after the liquid phase has been driven off by drying, is fused with the finish enamel 3 at a temperature of 800 to 900C, with the formation of a radioactive layer 4 which has a smooth, bright surface, free from defects such as pin-holes, burned spots, blisters, and the like.
- the source is washed in running water to remove the loose radioactive material.
- the source is sealed off with the metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide, by producing a film of a metal oxide on the radioactive layer 4 heated to a temperature of 200 to 650C, by means of vapor-phase hydrolysis of the chloride of a given metal, such as titanium tetrachloride.
- the sealing operation is continued until a sealing layer is produced in the form of a film of titanium dioxide, or of any other metal used.
- the layer can be obtained by hydrolysis of tin tetrachloride with the formation of tin dioxide in the form of a film.
- a sealing layer in the form of a film of metallic oxide may be obtained by liquid-phase hydrolysis of the respective metallic chlorides, and also by pyrolysis of organometallic compounds.
- the radioactive source manufactured by the present method does not contaminate the surroundings, is safe to handle, is strong mechanically, and is stable chemically and thermally.
- a method of manufacturing a radioactive source comprising applying a radioactive material onto a substrate; heating said radioactive material and said substrate to form a radioactive layer applied to said substrate; heating the radioactive layer applied to said substrate; and hydrolyzing a metal chloride by vapor phase active material is applied onto the substrate by fusing said radioactive material with the enamel at a temperature of 80090()C.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A method of manufacturing a radioactive source comprising applying a radioactive material onto a substrate, then heating the radioactive material and the substrate to form a radioactive layer applied to the substrate. In order to apply a metal oxide sealing layer onto the radioactive layer, the radioactive layer is heated and a film of a chloride of titanium, tin, zirconium, aluminum or chromium is applied onto the heated radioactive layer and the chloride metal film is hydrolyzed to form the oxide sealing layer.
Description
United States Patent 1191 Drahkina et al.
[ 51 Oct. 29, 1974 METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION SOURCES [22] Filed: Feb. 15, 1972 Appl. No.: 226,541
Related U.S. Application Data 765,274, Oct. 2, 1968,
Division of Ser. abandoned.
[52] U.S. Cl 117/220, 11 7/69, ll 7/ 1 06 A, 117/106 R, 176/82 51] 111;, (31..., r g 2'0 W [58] Field 01 Search..... 117/107.2 R, 106 A, 106 R,
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,894,846 7/1959 Stoddard 117/220 X 3,122,595 2/1964 Oxley ll7/l07.2 R X Primary Examiner-Ralph Husack Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Eric H. Waters [5 7] ABSTRACT A method of manufacturing a radioactive source comprising applying a radioactive material onto a substrate, then heating the radioactive material and the substrate to form a radioactive layer applied to the substrate. In order to apply a metal oxide sealing layer onto the radioactive layer, the radioactive layer is heated and a film of a chloride of titanium, tin, zirconium, aluminum or chromium is applied onto the heated radioactive layer and the chloride metal film is hydrolyzed to form the oxide sealing layer.
5 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION SOURCES CROSS-RELATED APPLICATION This Application is a division of copending Application Ser. No. 765,274 filed Oct. 2, 1968 and now abandoned.
The present invention relates to methods of manufacture of nuclear radiation equipment and more specifically, to radioactive sources for removing electrostatic charges and for calibrating measuring instruments.
Existing radioactive sources are fabricated by applying a sealing layer in the form of a fused enamel on a radioactive layer applied onto an enameled metallic substrate.
The manufacture of radioactive sources by the above-mentioned method is laborious, complicated and a slow operation, while the sources suffer from lack of hermeticity, resulting in contamination of the surroundings. Also, in such sources much of the radiation is absorbed by the fairly thick layer of fused enamel.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method of manufacturing a radioactive source in which no diffusion of the radioactive material to the surface of the source occurs.
It is another object of this invention to provide method in which a mechanically strong radioactive source is produced.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a method for producing a radioactive source in which the loss of nuclear radiation in the sealing layer is minimized to -18 per cent.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a simple and productive method for manufacturing said radioactive sources, which does not use critical materials.
With the above and other objects in view, a radioactive source is produced comprising a sealing layer which is a film of oxides of titanium, tin, zirconium, aluminum and chromium, used either separately or in combination.
In the manufacture of radioactive sources, this film of metal oxides is produced by hydrolysis of the chlorides of these metals on a heated radioactive layer applied onto a substrate.
The foregoing makes it possible to manufacture inexpensive, high-quality radioactive sources which may be widely used for removel of electrostatic charges in various industries.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following description of a specific embodiment when read in connection with the accompanying drawing the sole FIG- URE of which shows a cross-sectional view of the source of the present invention.
A radioactive source, according to the invention, comprises a substrate 1 coated by a layer of priming silicate enamel 2. From one side the priming enamel 2 is overlaid by a coat of finish enamel 3 on to which is applied the radioactive material 4, the said material being an alloy of finish enamel 3 and a radioactive substance. The radioactive material 4 is coated by a sealing layer 5 which is a film of a metallic oxide, such as titanium dioxide. As an alternative, the layer 5 may be obtained from oxides of tin, zirconium, aluminum and chromium, used either separately or in combination.
The substrate 1 of the radioactive source may be a glazed ceramic material, and also steel onto which the radioactive material is directly applied.
The method of manufacturing the herein proposed radioactive source consists in the following.
The radioactive material is applied to the finish coat of enamel 3 on the already enameled substrate 1. The radioactive material may be applied as a solution of a definite acidity, or as an oxide (mixed with enamel) by electrophoresis. The choice of the method for the application of the radioactive material is determined by the weight of one curie of the radioisotope used.
The application of the radioactive material as a solution is well known.
In the application of the radioactive material by electrophoresis, the substrate 1 is preliminarily given a coat of a metal readily soluble in molten enamel. The radioactive material as an oxide, along with the enamel to be applied together with it, is finely comminuted. Electrophoresis is carried out for 0.5 to 2 minutes. The design of the electrophoresis apparatus depends on the configuration of the source being made. The applied radioactive material, after the liquid phase has been driven off by drying, is fused with the finish enamel 3 at a temperature of 800 to 900C, with the formation of a radioactive layer 4 which has a smooth, bright surface, free from defects such as pin-holes, burned spots, blisters, and the like. On cooling, the source is washed in running water to remove the loose radioactive material.
The source is sealed off with the metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide, by producing a film of a metal oxide on the radioactive layer 4 heated to a temperature of 200 to 650C, by means of vapor-phase hydrolysis of the chloride of a given metal, such as titanium tetrachloride. The sealing operation is continued until a sealing layer is produced in the form of a film of titanium dioxide, or of any other metal used.
If the sealing layer is to be current-conducting, the layer can be obtained by hydrolysis of tin tetrachloride with the formation of tin dioxide in the form of a film.
A sealing layer in the form of a film of metallic oxide may be obtained by liquid-phase hydrolysis of the respective metallic chlorides, and also by pyrolysis of organometallic compounds.
The radioactive source manufactured by the present method, does not contaminate the surroundings, is safe to handle, is strong mechanically, and is stable chemically and thermally.
While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that various modifications and adaptations may be made without departing in any way from the spirit and scope of the invention, which will be readily comprehended by those skilled in the art.
Such modifications and adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims that follow.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
l. A method of manufacturing a radioactive source, comprising applying a radioactive material onto a substrate; heating said radioactive material and said substrate to form a radioactive layer applied to said substrate; heating the radioactive layer applied to said substrate; and hydrolyzing a metal chloride by vapor phase active material is applied onto the substrate by fusing said radioactive material with the enamel at a temperature of 80090()C.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the radioactive material and substrate are heated to a temperature of 200-650C to enable the hydrolysis of the
Claims (5)
1. A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A RADIOACTIVE SOURCE, COMPRISIING APPLYIING A RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL ONTO A SUBSTRATE; HEATING SAID RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL AND SAID SUBSTRATE TO FORM A RADIOACTIVE LAYER APPLIED TO SAID SUBSTRATE; HEATING THE RATIOACTIVE LAYER APPLIED TO SAID SUBSTRATE; AND HYDROLYZING A METAL CHLORIDE BY VAPOR PHASE HYDRROLYSIS TO FORM A METAL OXIDE SEALING LAYER ON THE HEATED RADIOACTIVE LAYER.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said substrate is coated with enamel prior to application of the radioactive material thereto.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said radioactive material is applied onto the enamel coated substrate in combination with a finish enamel.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said radioactive material is applied onto the substrate by fusing said radioactive material with the enamel at a temperature of 800*-900*C.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the radioactive material and substrate are heated to a temperature of 200*-650*C to enable the hydrolysis of the metal chloride.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00226541A US3844833A (en) | 1968-10-02 | 1972-02-15 | Method of manufacture of nuclear radiation sources |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US76527468A | 1968-10-02 | 1968-10-02 | |
| US00226541A US3844833A (en) | 1968-10-02 | 1972-02-15 | Method of manufacture of nuclear radiation sources |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3844833A true US3844833A (en) | 1974-10-29 |
Family
ID=26920627
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00226541A Expired - Lifetime US3844833A (en) | 1968-10-02 | 1972-02-15 | Method of manufacture of nuclear radiation sources |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3844833A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000029501A1 (en) * | 1998-11-18 | 2000-05-25 | Emory University | Radioactive coating solutions, methods, and substrates |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2894846A (en) * | 1955-03-30 | 1959-07-14 | Gen Electric | Methods of and apparatus for preserving fresh foods |
| US3122595A (en) * | 1961-12-04 | 1964-02-25 | Joseph H Oxley | Controlled nuclear reactor dispersions and method of making |
-
1972
- 1972-02-15 US US00226541A patent/US3844833A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2894846A (en) * | 1955-03-30 | 1959-07-14 | Gen Electric | Methods of and apparatus for preserving fresh foods |
| US3122595A (en) * | 1961-12-04 | 1964-02-25 | Joseph H Oxley | Controlled nuclear reactor dispersions and method of making |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000029501A1 (en) * | 1998-11-18 | 2000-05-25 | Emory University | Radioactive coating solutions, methods, and substrates |
| US6475644B1 (en) | 1998-11-18 | 2002-11-05 | Radiovascular Systems, L.L.C. | Radioactive coating solutions methods, and substrates |
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