US3837344A - Laparotomy sponges - Google Patents

Laparotomy sponges Download PDF

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Publication number
US3837344A
US3837344A US00299366A US29936672A US3837344A US 3837344 A US3837344 A US 3837344A US 00299366 A US00299366 A US 00299366A US 29936672 A US29936672 A US 29936672A US 3837344 A US3837344 A US 3837344A
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United States
Prior art keywords
gauze
yarns
fabric
plies
ply
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00299366A
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English (en)
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D Patience
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kendall Co
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Kendall Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kendall Co filed Critical Kendall Co
Priority to US00299366A priority Critical patent/US3837344A/en
Priority to CA179,501A priority patent/CA987086A/en
Priority to BR8159/73A priority patent/BR7308159D0/pt
Priority to GB4888973A priority patent/GB1415117A/en
Priority to BE136890A priority patent/BE806303A/xx
Priority to IT53247/73A priority patent/IT1000088B/it
Priority to NL7314453A priority patent/NL7314453A/xx
Priority to AU61599/73A priority patent/AU475820B2/en
Priority to DE2352427A priority patent/DE2352427C2/de
Priority to JP11741473A priority patent/JPS5719970B2/ja
Priority to FR7337532A priority patent/FR2203615B1/fr
Priority to ZA738162A priority patent/ZA738162B/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3837344A publication Critical patent/US3837344A/en
Assigned to MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY, AS AGENT reassignment MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY, AS AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KENDALL COMPANY, THE
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/01—Non-adhesive bandages or dressings
    • A61F13/01021—Non-adhesive bandages or dressings characterised by the structure of the dressing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F2013/00089—Wound bandages
    • A61F2013/00119—Wound bandages elastic

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [52] [1.5. (:1. A laparotomy p g i formed from a h p y of I111. Cl. p i of open meshed bleached absorbent gauze of a [58] Fleld of Search 128/284 296 cover factor of not greater than 3.5, wherein the yarns of each ply are kinked, convoluted, and twisted into [56] References C'ted interengagement with the adjacent plies of gauze.
  • ABD packs surgical laparotomy sponges commonly referred to as ABD packs, or abdominal packs.
  • ABD packs are often used in surgical procedures involving the opening of the abdominal wall by surgical incision whereby body organs and delicate membranes and tissues are exposed. These delicate body members when exposed to the air are subject to radically different environmental conditions than are normally encountered in the moist warmth of the body. It is considered good surgical procedure, therefore, to simulate an environment more nearly approaching the natural environment by using ABD packs moistened with warm saline solution. Such moistened packs are inserted into the cavity to protect and isolate those interior body organs and tissues not directly involved from accidental impact and environmental hazards of the immediate operative area. In the operative area itself ABD packs, either dry or only slightly moistened, are used to sponge and soak up any surplus body fluid present.
  • ABD packs have evolved over many years of surgical practice.
  • Presently used ABD packs are an attempt to retain both the advantages of thin, flexible single layers and the absorptive cushioning and insulating properties of thicker padlike structures.
  • the ABD pack has traditionally been formed of multiple layers of low-' count gauzelike material which are unified by a sewing operation along fairly widely separated lines extending longitudinally or transversely, or in the case of packs of appreciable size, in both directions. Unification has universally been accomplished by lines of machine stitching whether the pack is formed of separated layers or, as is more common, by folding a single width of fabric.
  • Packs of this sort made from bleached absorbent gauze, have a relatively harsh hand, and are not considered suitable for application to delicate body organs without pretreatment. Therefore, it is an almost universal hospital practice to launder such packs before their initial use, to soften the pack and render it less traumatic. This laundering procedure introduces pills of fiber onto the surface of the pack, which necessitates a combing operation for pill removal to avoid the danger of fibrous pills or lint becoming detached from the pack, being left in the body, and giving rise to a foreign body reaction.
  • the processing of conventional packs before their initial use therefore, is a tedious and expensive process, complicated by the necessity of individually wrapping and sterilizing the packs prior to their introduction into the operating room. Packs made in accordance with this invention may be prepackaged as wrapped, single and sterilized units, ready for use.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide a woven abdominal pack comprising a plurality of layers of open-meshed gauze in which the individual layers of gauze are interengaged in relatively non-displaceable relation to each other without the use of cross-stitching to hold the layers together.
  • FIG. 1 is a front elevation of a conventional woven gauze prior art abdominal pack.
  • FIG. 2 is a similar elevation of the pack of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-section of the prior art pack of FIG. 1 along the line A-A.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the pack of FIG. 2 along the line B-B.
  • the convolutions and kinks induced into the yarns of one gauze layer are thus caused to penetrate into the meshes of the adjacent gauze layer or layers, so that the finished slack-dried multilayered assembly behaves as a thick, soft, unitary piece of fabric, strongly resistant to attempts to delaminate or separate one treated gauze layer from another.
  • a suitable gauze fabric for the process of this invention,care must be exercised to provide a proper size of interstices between yarns to allow the kinking and convoluting yarns to be converted into a three-dimensional configuration in which they penetrate, in random and irregular fashion, into the interstices of the adjacent layer of gauze, becoming enmeshed and interlocked therewith.
  • One measure of the space available to a yarn to depart, under stress, from its normal linear path is expressed by the so-called cover factor of the fabric, which indicates the ratio of space in a fabric occupied by yarns to the space occupied by the spaces between the yarns.
  • Cover factor may thus be regarded as a measure of the degree of openness of a fabric i.e., an indication of the portion of a fabric area occupied by solid yarns versus the portion occupied by open spaces between the yarns.
  • cover factor is the count or number of yarns in an inch of fabric layer divided by the square root of the size of the yarns in that layer, size being expressed in the cotton system (number of hanks of yarn, 840 yards long, in a pound of yarn).
  • warp and filling cover factors in any woven fabric structure are usually different.
  • An arithmetical average of the warp and filling cover factors is an index of the openness of a fabric.
  • a common woven duck fabric has a 52 X 49 count, with l8s 2-ply yarns in warp and filling.
  • the warp cover factor is 17: the filling cover factor 16.
  • Fabrics with an average cover factor of 13 or higher are regarded as tight or closely-woven fabrics.
  • Diaper fabrics are in an intermediate class, with cover factors of around 7, 8, or 9. Neither diaper fabrics nor closely-woven fabrics are suitable for use as abdominal packs, due to their relative impenetrability and to the fact that when wet such fabrics tend to become relatively firm, and do not conform to the contours of body cavities and body organs.
  • novel, inexpensive, and functional addominal packs can be constructed according to this invention by employing plies of open-mesh fabric wherein the average of the warp and filling cover factors is not greater than about 3.5.
  • Such packs are soft and conformable and are capable of delivering adequate amounts of warm saline solution and of absorbing into their inner structure the viscous body fluids when they are used for sponging purposes.
  • bleached absorbent gauze which comprises yarns from 20's to 60's yarn size, with the 30s to 40s range being preferred, and with a thread count of 8 X 8 to about 18 X 12, with 14 X 8 or 14 X 10 being preferred.
  • a preferred process for stabilizing a multi-ply openmeshed array of bleached absorbent gauze may be derived from the process set forth in Secrist US. Pat. No. 2,081,370, which describes a hot water bulking treatment of single-layer open-meshed fabrics.
  • a multi-ply array of bleached absorbent gauze such a 6 superimposed layers of 14 X 8 gauze, is fed to a hot water bath where it is subjected to agitation to shrink and bulk up the assembly, after which the multi-ply assembly is removed from the bath and dried without tension.
  • the single-layered fabric of US. Pat. No. 2,081,370 is characterized by the presence in the fabric ofa multiplicity ofcrunodal loops, where yarns curve up or down out of the plane of the fabric, form a complete loop, and then continue their path in their original direction.
  • Such loops are substantially lacking in the product of this invention, presumably due to inter-ply interference with complete yarn freedom to rearrange itself.
  • the yarns in each ply of fabric are thrown into a series of bends, kinks, and convolutions rising out of the fabric plane and entangling and enmeshing with the perturbations in the yarn structures of the adjacent layer of fabric.
  • the result is a unitary, coherent multilayered fabric which can be manipulated, sewn, and generally handled by conventional processing without the need of sewing or otherwise securing the layers together.
  • FIG. 1 represents a conventional prior art abdominal pack 10 of open-meshed gauze, four superimposed gauze layers, 12, 14, 16, and 18, being shown.
  • the individual layers of gauze have a tendency to slide on each other and form objectionable folds and wrinkles, especially when laundered.
  • a common method of counteracting this slippage tendency is to provide the pack with sets of cross-stitching 22 and 13, spaced 3 or 4 inches apart, so that the layers of the pack are secured in a set of squares or rectangles.
  • such a sewing operation is an expensive part of the process of producing abdominal packs.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the cut edge of the pack of FIG. 1 along the line AA.
  • the filling yarns 24 and warp yarns 25 are arranged in a plain weave, but each layer of fabric stands individually apart from each other layer, and the plies of fabric, unless otherwise secured, can be separated from each other by a slight lifting effort.
  • FIG. 2 is a front elevation of a typical abdominal pack 30 of this invention, wherein the warp and filling yarns 32 are seen to follow a tortuous and cursive path.
  • FIG. 4 is a crosssectional view of the pack of FIG. 2 along the line B-B. It is characteristic of the packs of this invention that the various layers of the pack are held together in relatively non-displaceable relationship by the interpenetration of the yarns of one layer into the interstices between the yarns of the adjacent layer or layers. Therefore, in FIG. 4, no attempt is made to distinguish between warp yarns and filling yarns, since it is practically impossible in examining such a cross-section to tell the original orientation of any single yarn, or even to which layer in the fabric it belongs, without careful microscopic dissection.
  • a suitable number of plies of bleached absorbent gauze such as the six plies of 14 X 8 gauze mentioned above, are made to enmesh and cohere strongly to each other by the above-described process. This is done in continu ous fashion, so that the result is a roll of soft and lofty multi-ply gauze which can be cut and sewn as a unitary fabric. From this, in conventional manner but avoiding tension as far as practical, the proper size of pack is cut: typical pack sizes are 12 X 12 inches, 8 X 36, and 18 X 8.
  • a six-layered pack was prepared from 14 X 10 gauze, with 30s warp and 40s filling, with the layers intermeshed as set forth above.
  • the strip was suspended vertically with the upper edge clamped. A force of over 40 grams had to be applied to the lower edge of the strip to separate the plies of the strip in the 4-inch overlap zone. When this was repeated with a conventional pack, either the plies fell apart merely on being suspended, or a force of only three or four grams would cause the plies of the strip to separate.
  • Pieces of yarn separate readily from the cut edges of open mesh low count fabrics, and their presence of course is very undesirable in a sponge or pack intended for use inside a body cavity.
  • Pieces of yarn are not digested or assimilated by body fluids, but instead the human system treats such yarns as foreign bodies, and attempts to encapsulate them, leading to pain and irritation, or more severe symptoms, in the patient. It has been the universal practice, therefore, to fold in the raw cut edges of a multi-layered abdominal pack, and to overstitch the folded-in edges securely, to prevent raveling, or to secure the thread ends in the cut edges by the application of a soft polymeric sealant.
  • Such edge securement, 20in FIG. 1 and 34 in FIG. 2 is conventional.
  • An especially economical pack may be produced in accordance with this invention if a three-layered gauze construction, of, say, 14 X 8 or 14 X 10 count, is woven as a unit.
  • the three layers may be tied together at intervals by interweaving the yarns of one layer with the other layers, as set forth in US. Patent Application Ser. No. 250,238, filed May 4, 1972.
  • the three-layered structure is boiled and bleached in conventional manner, and then, in the bleached absorbent state, is subjected to the process of US. Pat. No. 2,081,370, which softens the gauze and causes the plies to interengage with each other as set forth above.
  • the gauze is then folded laterally on itself, forming a six-layered assembly which is cut to length, and which needs to be sewn only along three edges, since the fold edge does not require protective edge-stitching to guard against the escape of cut threads.
  • the packs of this invention have properties of loft, softness, and elasticity which make them especially acceptable to the surgeon.
  • a pack comprising six layers of untreated bleached absorbent 14 X 8 gauze had a thickness of 0.030 inches, measured on an Ames gauge Type 382 with a foot 1.5 inches in diameter.
  • a similar six ply fabric processed according to this invention yielded a pack that measured 0.070 inches in thickness.
  • the apparent density (grams per unit of volume) of the lofty packs of this invention is approximately half of the density of conventional packs.
  • the apparent density of the conventional pack was 0.124 grams per cubic centimeter, and of the pack processed according to this invention, 0.066 grams. It is preferred that packs produced in accordance with this invention have an apparent density, as measured above, of not more than 0.08 grams per cubic centimeter.
  • the bulking operation carried out on the multi-ply gauze assembly results in a lengthwise and widthwise contraction of 10 percent to 20 percent or so, which is reflected in the elasticity and conformability of the final pack.
  • This elasticity, together with enhanced loft, imparts to the pack a soft resilience which is not afforded by conventional adbominal packs hitherto available. It is preferred that packs produced according to this invention be characterized by a ready elongation of at least 10 percent in both warp and filling, with substantially immediate and complete recovery therefrom.
  • a soft, elastic, bulky, absorbent laparotomy sponge which comprises a multiplicity of superimposed plies of open-meshed gauze,
  • the multiple plies of gauze thus being secured in relatively non-displacable relation to each other as a unitary, coherent fabric having an apparent density of not over 0.08 grams per cubic centimeter, and said plies having means sealing said fabric against thread end loss.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
US00299366A 1972-10-20 1972-10-20 Laparotomy sponges Expired - Lifetime US3837344A (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00299366A US3837344A (en) 1972-10-20 1972-10-20 Laparotomy sponges
CA179,501A CA987086A (en) 1972-10-20 1973-08-23 Laparotomy sponges
BR8159/73A BR7308159D0 (pt) 1972-10-20 1973-10-18 Aperfeicoamentos em esponja de cirurgia abdominal macia e processo para preparar a mesma
NL7314453A NL7314453A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-10-20 1973-10-19
BE136890A BE806303A (fr) 1972-10-20 1973-10-19 Eponges chirurgicales pour laparotomie
IT53247/73A IT1000088B (it) 1972-10-20 1973-10-19 Perfeziomamento ne tamponi chirur gici e procedimento di produzione
GB4888973A GB1415117A (en) 1972-10-20 1973-10-19 Laporotomy sponges
AU61599/73A AU475820B2 (en) 1972-10-20 1973-10-19 Laparotomy sponges
DE2352427A DE2352427C2 (de) 1972-10-20 1973-10-19 Medizinisches Tuch für die Bauchchirurgie
JP11741473A JPS5719970B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-10-20 1973-10-20
ZA738162A ZA738162B (en) 1972-10-20 1973-10-22 Laparotomy sponges
FR7337532A FR2203615B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-10-20 1973-10-22

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00299366A US3837344A (en) 1972-10-20 1972-10-20 Laparotomy sponges

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US3837344A true US3837344A (en) 1974-09-24

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US00299366A Expired - Lifetime US3837344A (en) 1972-10-20 1972-10-20 Laparotomy sponges

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US (1) US3837344A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5719970B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU475820B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE806303A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR7308159D0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA987086A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2352427C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2203615B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1415117A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1000088B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7314453A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA738162B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USD291732S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-09-01 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
USD291733S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-09-01 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
USD291827S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-09-08 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
USD293375S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-12-22 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
DE4021353A1 (de) * 1990-07-05 1992-01-09 Rotecno Ag Medizinisches operations-abdecktuch
US5203767A (en) * 1991-01-08 1993-04-20 Cloyd David W Laparoscopic surgical gauze and the like
DE4335621A1 (de) * 1993-10-19 1995-04-27 Rotecno Ag Saugfähiges Gewebematerial aus synthetischer Endlosfaser
US9402770B2 (en) 2011-12-09 2016-08-02 Covidien Antimicrobial non-adherent dressings and related methods therefor
US20230190987A1 (en) * 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Amy Silva Snag Resistant Blood Absorbence Pad And Method For Use By A Patient Having Braces

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4051848A (en) * 1976-03-01 1977-10-04 Levine Norman S Synthetic skin wound dressing
JPS52143895U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1976-04-27 1977-10-31
DE29609274U1 (de) * 1996-05-23 1996-08-22 Harren, Bernd A., 52070 Aachen Medizinisches Saugtuch

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2081370A (en) * 1936-01-22 1937-05-25 Kendall & Co Fabric
US3190289A (en) * 1963-02-05 1965-06-22 Kendall & Co Surgical sponge
US3491802A (en) * 1967-01-10 1970-01-27 Johnson & Johnson Open mesh woven fibrous absorbent media
US3542027A (en) * 1968-02-01 1970-11-24 Kendall & Co Diaper with multilayered tie-ins
US3683921A (en) * 1970-08-17 1972-08-15 Berry A Brooks Absorbent sponges
US3698393A (en) * 1971-06-15 1972-10-17 Chaston Medical & Surgical Pro Surgical pad

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2081370A (en) * 1936-01-22 1937-05-25 Kendall & Co Fabric
US3190289A (en) * 1963-02-05 1965-06-22 Kendall & Co Surgical sponge
US3491802A (en) * 1967-01-10 1970-01-27 Johnson & Johnson Open mesh woven fibrous absorbent media
US3542027A (en) * 1968-02-01 1970-11-24 Kendall & Co Diaper with multilayered tie-ins
US3683921A (en) * 1970-08-17 1972-08-15 Berry A Brooks Absorbent sponges
US3698393A (en) * 1971-06-15 1972-10-17 Chaston Medical & Surgical Pro Surgical pad

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USD291732S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-09-01 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
USD291733S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-09-01 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
USD291827S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-09-08 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
USD293375S (en) 1983-12-19 1987-12-22 Johnson & Johnson Products Inc. Surgical laparotomy pad
DE4021353A1 (de) * 1990-07-05 1992-01-09 Rotecno Ag Medizinisches operations-abdecktuch
US5203767A (en) * 1991-01-08 1993-04-20 Cloyd David W Laparoscopic surgical gauze and the like
DE4335621A1 (de) * 1993-10-19 1995-04-27 Rotecno Ag Saugfähiges Gewebematerial aus synthetischer Endlosfaser
US9402770B2 (en) 2011-12-09 2016-08-02 Covidien Antimicrobial non-adherent dressings and related methods therefor
US20230190987A1 (en) * 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Amy Silva Snag Resistant Blood Absorbence Pad And Method For Use By A Patient Having Braces

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2203615A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-17
IT1000088B (it) 1976-03-30
NL7314453A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-23
FR2203615B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-11-17
DE2352427C2 (de) 1985-01-24
BR7308159D0 (pt) 1974-08-29
ZA738162B (en) 1974-10-30
CA987086A (en) 1976-04-13
BE806303A (fr) 1974-02-15
JPS4995486A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-09-10
JPS5719970B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1982-04-26
GB1415117A (en) 1975-11-26
AU6159973A (en) 1975-04-24
DE2352427A1 (de) 1974-05-02
AU475820B2 (en) 1976-09-02

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Owner name: MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY, AS AGENT

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KENDALL COMPANY, THE;REEL/FRAME:005251/0007

Effective date: 19881027