US3822195A - Metal production - Google Patents

Metal production Download PDF

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Publication number
US3822195A
US3822195A US00178650A US17865071A US3822195A US 3822195 A US3822195 A US 3822195A US 00178650 A US00178650 A US 00178650A US 17865071 A US17865071 A US 17865071A US 3822195 A US3822195 A US 3822195A
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United States
Prior art keywords
bath
aluminum
electrode
inter
anode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00178650A
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English (en)
Inventor
M Dell
W Haupin
A Russell
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Alcoa Corp
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Aluminum Company of America
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aluminum Company of America filed Critical Aluminum Company of America
Priority to US00178650A priority Critical patent/US3822195A/en
Priority to GB3903372A priority patent/GB1403892A/en
Priority to PH13834*UA priority patent/PH9204A/en
Priority to AU46116/72A priority patent/AU461962B2/en
Priority to DE2244036A priority patent/DE2244036C2/de
Priority to BR615072A priority patent/BR7206150D0/pt
Priority to CA151,086A priority patent/CA1001988A/en
Priority to JP47089426A priority patent/JPS5215044B2/ja
Priority to PL1972157622A priority patent/PL76069B1/pl
Priority to NO3180/72A priority patent/NO152458C/no
Priority to HU72AU00000347A priority patent/HU170773B/hu
Priority to IT52596/72A priority patent/IT965246B/it
Priority to YU02267/72A priority patent/YU226772A/xx
Priority to HUAU287A priority patent/HU168156B/hu
Priority to CS726170A priority patent/CS222205B2/cs
Priority to FR7232005A priority patent/FR2152814B1/fr
Priority to AT774272A priority patent/AT329891B/de
Priority to NL7212287.A priority patent/NL156450B/xx
Priority to CH1323472A priority patent/CH553254A/fr
Priority to RO197272168A priority patent/RO71622A/ro
Priority to DD165560A priority patent/DD99396A5/xx
Priority to US409588A priority patent/US3893899A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3822195A publication Critical patent/US3822195A/en
Priority to NO781299A priority patent/NO141095C/no
Priority to NO792190A priority patent/NO792190L/no
Priority to YU01770/79A priority patent/YU177079A/xx
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/005—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells of cells for the electrolysis of melts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/68—Halogens or halogen compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/18—Electrolytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/22—Collecting emitted gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a cell and process for producing metal such as aluminum from the metal chloride dissolved in a molten solvent, by electrolyzing the chloridesolvent bath in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode, and a cathode in superimposed spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, with selectively directed bath flow through the interelectrode spaces. While the invention may be employed for producing other metals, such as magnesium, zinc or lead, it is particularly applicable to producing aluminum.
  • Power efliciency is limited by the practicalnecessity of maintaining an anodecathode distance of at least about 1% inches (from carbon anode tothe underlying layer of molten aluminum which is the effective cathode surface), in order to reduce intermittent shorting and loss of current efficiency caused by undulations of the aluminum layer induced by magnetic fields.
  • the present invention is directed particularly to the use of aluminum chloride as the source material for aluminous metal. Since electrolytic reduction. of aluminum chloride does not produce oxygen, and since it may be electrolyzed at appreciably lower temperatures than alumina, two inherent economic limitations of the conventional Hall process are avoided. Although the possibilities of achieving these and other advantages attendant the use of aluminum chloride as a source materialin the electrolytic reduction of aluminum have long been recognized and avidly sought, commercial realization thereof has been precluded by numerous other unsolved problems attendant upon the use of this source material in such as process.
  • This invention may be briefly described as a process and apparatus for the electrolytic production of metal such as aluminum from the metal chloride in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate'bipolar electrode, and a cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces therebetween.
  • the process comprises electrolyzing bath composed essentially of the metal chloride dissolved in molten solvent of higher decomposition potential in each inter electrode space to produce chlorine on each anode surface thereof and metal on each cathode surface thereof, and establishing and maintaining a flow of bath through each inter-electrode space to effect removal therefrom of metal produced, this flow being such that it sweeps metal therewith out of each inter-electrode space.
  • the bath flow is selectively directed into, across and out of each inter-electrode space, by utilization of the chlorine produced as the lifting gas in a gas lift pump which lifts the lighter bath upwardly while permitting heavier molten metal swept from each inter-electrode space to settle in a efficiency, desirably through relatively high current eflicidirection counter to that of the chlorine-pumped bath.
  • additional metal chloride may be incrementally or continuously fed into the bath, and the bath as so maintained may be continuously re-cycled through the inter-electrode spaces.
  • Still other aspects of the invention include novel structure and structural interrelationships for the cell and electrode components to complement and enhance the operational efficiency of the mode of operation just described.
  • the advantages of the invention are the avoidance of metal accumulation, whether as a pool or as sub stantial droplets or the like, on the cathode surfaces, thus permitting minimal anode-cathode spacing, less than /1 inch, with consequent reduced cell resistance.
  • the absence of substantial accumulation of metal on the cathode surfaces also means there is, in effect, no metal layer on such surfaces to be distorted by magnetic flux and no problem of variation in effective anode-cathode distance as is the case when metal layers of variable depth may accumulate.
  • the chlorine produced continually passes out of the inter-electrode spaces as it performs its pumping action, thus also reducing cell resistance that might otherwise be contributed by the presence of a substantial accumulation of chlorine on the anode surfaces.
  • FIG. 4 is a left end view of the bipolar electrode shown in FIG. 2, the orientation thereof being shown by the line IVIV in FIG. 2.
  • the cell illustrated includes an outer steel shell 1, which is lined with refractory sidewall and end wall brick 3, made of thermally insulating, electrically non-conductive material which is resistant to molten aluminum chloridecontaining halide bath and the decomposition products thereof.
  • the cell cavity accommodates a sump 4 in the lower portion for collecting the aluminum metal produced.
  • the sump bottom 5 and walls 6 are preferably made of graphite.
  • the cell cavity also accommodates a bath reservoir 7 in its upper zone.
  • the cell is enclosed by a refractory roof 8, and a lid 9.
  • a first port 10, extending through the lid 9 and roof 8, provides for insertion of a vacuum tapping tube down into sump 4, through an internal passage to be described later, for removing molten aluminum.
  • a second port 11 provides inlet means for feeding aluminum chloride into the bath.
  • a third port 12 provides outlet means for venting chlorine.
  • a plurality of plate-like electrodes which include an upper terminal anode 14, desirably an appreciable number of bipolar electrodes 15 (four being shown), and a lower terminal cathode 16, all preferably of graphite. These electrodes are arranged in superimposed relation, with each electrode preferably being horizontally disposed within a vertical stack.
  • the cathode 16 is supported at each end on sump walls 6.
  • the remaining electrodes are stacked one above the other in a spaced relationship established by interposed refractory pillars 18.
  • Such pillars 18 are sized to closely space the electrodes, as for example to space them with their opposed surfaces separated by less than inch.
  • each inter-electrode space 19 is bounded by an upper surface of one electrode (which functions as an anode surface) opposite a lower surface of another electrode (which functions as a cathode surface), and the spacing therebetween, e.g. about /2 inch, is referred to herein as the anode-cathode distance (the electrode to electrode distance being the effective anode-cathode dis- 4 tance in the absence of a metal layer of substantial thickness).
  • the bath level in the cell will vary in operation but normally will lie well above the anode 14, thus filling all otherwise unoccupied space therebelow within the cell.
  • Anode 14 has a plurality of electrode bars 24 inserted therein which serve as positive current leads, and cathode 16. has a plurality of collector bars. 26 inserted therein which serve as negative current leads, The bars 24 and 26 extend through the cell wall and are suitably insulated from the steel shell 1.
  • the sump 4 is adapted to contain bath and molten aluminum, and the latter may accumulate beheath the bath in the sump, during operation. Should it be desired to separately heat the bath and any metal in sump 4, an auxiliary heating circuit may be established therein.
  • a bath supply passage flow into which is indicated by the arrow at 30, generally extends from the upper reservoir 7 down along the right-hand side (as viewed in FIG. 1) of the superimposed electrodes, and such passage has fluid communication with each inter-electrode space 19, and desirably with the sump 4.
  • This bath supply passage is compositely defined by a series of selectively sized and shaped openings in the sides of the electrodes. The general movement of bath will be downwardly from the right side of anode 14, as seen in FIG.
  • the bath supply passage through the marginal edges of the several electrodes may be formed by drilling round holes 31 and saw-cutting lateral slots 32.
  • the round holes 31 are conveniently of the same diameter in all of the bipolar electrodes 15 and in the cathode 16, and such holes may conveniently accommodate insertion of a vacuum tapping tube when desired.
  • the slots 32 are desirably widest in the highest bipolar electrode 15, of decreasing size in the successively lower electrodes, and narrowest in the lowest bipolar electrode 15. The slot may be omitted in the case of cathode 16, if desired.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a typical size gradation of such slots, while FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate an opening 31 and slot 32 suitable for use in an intermediate bipolar electrode position.
  • the described bath supply passage desirably has a downward size reduction suited to its function as a vertical supply header for downwardly feeding bath from reservoir 7 into each of the inter-electrode spaces 19.
  • a bath return passage flow from which is indicated by the arrow at 35, provides for the upward transport of the bath material to the reservoir 7 after passage thereof through the inter-electrode spaces 19, the flow being induced as described hereinafter by the gas lift pump effect of the chlorine gas internally produced, by electrolysis in the inter-electrode spaces 19.
  • the bath return passage generally extends upwardly along the left-hand side (as viewed in FIG. 1) of each inter-electrode space 19, i.e. opposite the supply passage, and this bath return passage has fluid communication with each inter-electrode space 19 and desirably also communicates with the sump 4.
  • Such return passage is compositely defined by selectively sized and shaped openings in the sides of the electrodes, with a relatively wide opening in the edge of anode 14.
  • the bath return, gas lift passage through marginal edges of the several electrodes may be formed by drilling round holes 36 and saw-cutting lateral slots 37.
  • the round holes 36 are conveniently of the same diameter in all of the bipolar electrodes 15 and such holes many "conveniently accommodate the taking of bathsamples when desired.
  • the slots 37 are desirably Widest in the highest bipolar electrode 15, of decreasing size in the successively lower, electrodes, and narrowest in the lowest bipolar electrode '15.
  • FIG.'1 schematically shows a typical size gradation of such slots
  • FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate an" opening 36' and slot 37 suited for use in an intermediate bipolar electrode position.
  • the bath return, g'aslift passage desirably has anupward size increase, i.e.
  • each bipolar electrode 15 has a fiat cathode surface 40, as does cathode 16, which functions as the lower bounding surface of an inter-electrode space 19; and each bipolar electrode 15 also has atransversely channelled anode surface 41, as does anode 14, which functions as the upper bounding surface of an inter-electrode space 19.
  • the anode surface of each electrode is preferably undercut or relieved around its perimeter 42, iu the side edge portions of which bath flow passage openings 31, 32 and 36, 3 7 are provided. Such relief operates to minimize electrolysisat the perimeter of the electrodes and thereby reduces any tendency toward short circuiting at the sides and edges of the cell.
  • Each anode surface includes a plurality of spaced rectangular slots or channels 45 which transversely extend to the relieved side edge of each electrode at the bath return-gas lift passage side thereof.
  • Such slots operate to conduct chlorine upwardly away from the balance ofthe lower anode surface 41 and thereby effect removal of chlorine from a location within the minimum anodecathode space to a location further from the aluminum produced on the cathode surface, with aconcomitant minimizing of re-chlo'rination of the aluminum produced.
  • the channels 45 do not extend to the relieved edge atthe bath supply passage side but terminate in fluid communication with a common lateral connecting channel 46.
  • the lateral channel 46 is desirably located inboard of the bath supply passage and is defined in part by a downwardly depending marginal ledge 47 serving as a gas dam to obstruct, if not effectively prevent, back flow of chlorine gas into the bath supply passage 30.
  • Transverse and lateral channels similar to channels 45, .46 as just described, are incorporated on the underside of each bipolar electrode 15, and are also preferably included in the lower surface of anode 14.
  • the anode surfaceof each .electrodedes irably has 'a total projected channel area which is substantial but constitutes less than half the total projected area of the anode surface.
  • the slot area and depth is desirably chosen soas to readily direct the transport of chlorine away from the lowermost anode s urface 41.
  • The. electrolyte employed for producing aluminum in in accordance with the subject invention normally will comprise 'a molten bath composed essentiall'yofaluminu'm chloride dissolved in one or more halides of higher decomposition potential than aluminum chloride.
  • a molten bath composed essentiall'yofaluminu'm chloride dissolved in one or more halides of higher decomposition potential than aluminum chloride.
  • chlorine is produced on the anode surfaces and aluminum on the cathode surfaces of the cell electrodes.
  • the aluminum is conveniently separated by settling from the lighter bath, and the chlorine rises to be vented from the cell.
  • the molten bath is positively circulated through the cell by the buoyant gas lift effect of the internally producedchlorine gas, and aluminum chloride is periodically-or continuously introduced into the bath to maintain the desired-aluminum chloride concentration.
  • the bath composition in addition to the dissolved aluminum chloride, will usually be made up of alkali metal chlorides, although, other alkali metal halides and alkalineearth halides, may also be employed.
  • a presently preferred composition comprises an alkali metal chloride base composition made up of about 50-75% by weight sodium chloride and 25-50% lithium chloride.
  • Aluminum chloride .i'sdissolved in such halide composition to provide a bath from which aluminum may be produced by electro lysis, and an aluminum chloride content of about 1% to 10% by weight of the bath will generally be desirable.
  • a bath analysis as follows (in percent by weight) is satisfactory: 53% NaCl, 40% LiCl, 0.5% MgCl 0.5% KCl, 1% CaCl and 5% AlCl
  • the chlorides other than NaCl, LiCl and AlCl may be regarded as incidental components or impurities.
  • the bath is employed in molten condition, usually at a temperature above that of molten aluminum and in the range between 660'and 730 C., typically at about 700 C.
  • the electrode current density mayconveniently range from about 5 to 15 amperes per square inch, the practical operating current density suited to any, particular cell structure beingreadily determined by observation of the operating conditions.
  • the chlorine so produced is buoyant and its movement is employed to effect bath circulation, while aluminum is swept by the moving bath from the cathode surfaces and settles from the outflowing bath in a manner to be described hereinbelow.
  • An induced flow. of molten bath into, through and out of each inter-electrode space 19 is established which sweeps aluminum produced on each cathode surface 40 through and out of each inter-electrode space 19 in a direction concurrent with the flow of the bath.
  • the molten bath exiting from each inter-electrode space 19 is' effectively and positively pumped upwardly in the return passage 35, preferably by employment of the gas lift effect thereon of chlorine produced and conducted from each inter-electrode space in the same general direction'as the bath and buoyantly rising in thereturn passage 35.
  • This induces the selectively directed, concomitant flow of 'bath through the inter-electrode spaces.
  • the bath which is upwardly moving in the return passage 35 is delivered to the reservoir 7 above 7 the anode 14, where the chlorine may be conveniently vented from the bath (at port 12) and the aluminum chloride content of the bath may be replenished (through port 11).
  • the inclusion of a plurality of spaced transverse passages and associated lateral passage on the underside of anode surfaces not only accommodates the outward flow of chlorine produced without accumulation of a substantial amount of such chlorine on the lowermost anode surfaces 41, but also selectively and unidirectionally directs and channels the flow of chlorine in a substantially unobstructed manner, minimizing or preventing back flow toward the supply passage 30.
  • the desired selectively directed chlorine flow toward the gas lift passage 35 may be established even against a flat anode surface, of course, by various means, such as temporary initial restriction of back flow in the supply passage.
  • the present invention as applied to aluminum, it will be observed from the foregoing description, provides both process and apparatus for producing aluminum from aluminum chloride with substantially no consumption of anode carbon by evolved oxygen, with lower heat input and lower temperatures than encountered in the Hall process, and with high power efiiciency made possible by the opportunity to employ cell design and operating conditions in which there is low cell resistance and yet minimal re-chlorination of the aluminum produced.
  • the subject invention provides a significant contribution to obtaining the long sought economic advantages in producing aluminum from aluminum chloride.
  • the invention may be employed for producing other metals and alloys.
  • the cell and process described in detail herein may be employed to produce magnesium.
  • the bath may be composed of magnesium chloride dissolved in molten halide of higher decomposition potential.
  • a suitable low density composition is one made up of at least about 80% by weight, preferably about 85%, lithium chloride and at least about l /2% by weight, preferably about magnesium chloride. From such a bath, magnesium metal is produced in the manner generally described with reference to producing aluminum. If a small amount of aluminum chloride is also present, the metal produced may also contain some aluminum.
  • a process for producing metal in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode and a cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, which process comprises electrolyzing bath composed essentially of metal chloride dissolved in molten solvent of higher decomposition potential in each inter-electrode space, thus producing chlorine on each anode surface thereof and metal on each cathode surface thereof, and
  • each anode surface has channel means for receiving chlorine.
  • a process for producing aluminum in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode and a cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, which process comprises electrolyzing bath composed essentially of aluminum chloride dissolved in molten halide of higher decomposition potential in each inter-electrode space, thus producing chlorine on each anode surface thereof and aluminum on each cathode surface thereof, and
  • a process for producing aluminum in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode and a cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, which process comprises electrolyzing bath composed essentially of aluminum chloride dissolved in molten halide of higher decomposition potential in each inter-electrode space, thus producing chlorine on each anode surface thereof and aluminum on each cathode surface thereof, and establishing and maintaining a flow of bath through each inter-electrode space which sweeps the aluminum therewith out of each inter-electrode space without substantial accumulation of the aluminum on the cathode surface thereof, by pumping bath from each inter-electrode space upwardly by employment of the gas lift eifect thereon of the chlorine produced while permitting the aluminum swept from each inter-electrode space to settle in a direction counter to the upwardly pumped bath.
  • the process of claim 7 wherein aluminum settles to a sump below the cathode.
  • a process for producing aluminum in a cell which includes an upper anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode and'a lower cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, which process comprises supplying molten bath composed essentially of aluminum chloride dissolved in halide of higher decomposition potential from an upper zone to each interelectrode space through a supply passage extending therebetween,
  • replenishing the aluminum chloride content of the bath whereby continuous circulation of bath, down from an upper zone through the supply passage, through the interelectrode spaces, and back up to the upper zone through the gas lift passage, is maintained by the flow of the chlorine produced.
  • a process for producing magnesium in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode and a cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, which process comprises electrolyzing bath composed essentially of magnesium chloride dissolved in molten halide of higher decomposition potential in each inter-electrode space,
  • a process for producing aluminum in a cell which includes an anode, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode, and a cathode in superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces, which process comprises electrolyzing bath composed essentially of aluminum chloride dissolved in molten halide of higher decomposition potential in each inter-electrode space, thus producing chlorine on each anode surface thereof and aluminum on each cathode surface thereof, and

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
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US00178650A 1971-09-08 1971-09-08 Metal production Expired - Lifetime US3822195A (en)

Priority Applications (25)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00178650A US3822195A (en) 1971-09-08 1971-09-08 Metal production
GB3903372A GB1403892A (en) 1971-09-08 1972-08-22 Electrolytic metal producing process and apparatus
PH13834*UA PH9204A (en) 1971-09-08 1972-08-25 Metal production
AU46116/72A AU461962B2 (en) 1971-09-08 1972-08-30 Production of metal, and apparatus therefor
DE2244036A DE2244036C2 (de) 1971-09-08 1972-09-05 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrolytischen Gewinnung eines Metalles
CA151,086A CA1001988A (en) 1971-09-08 1972-09-06 Flowing molten metal out of electrode space with electrolytic bath
JP47089426A JPS5215044B2 (cs) 1971-09-08 1972-09-06
PL1972157622A PL76069B1 (en) 1971-09-08 1972-09-06 Production of metal, and apparatus therefor[au4611672a]
BR615072A BR7206150D0 (pt) 1971-09-08 1972-09-06 Processo para produzir metal tal como aluminio celula para produzir aluminio
HUAU287A HU168156B (cs) 1971-09-08 1972-09-07
IT52596/72A IT965246B (it) 1971-09-08 1972-09-07 Processo elettrolitico per produrre metalli e relativa cella elettrolitica
YU02267/72A YU226772A (en) 1971-09-08 1972-09-07 Process for the production of metal like aluminium
NO3180/72A NO152458C (no) 1971-09-08 1972-09-07 Fremgangsmaate og elektrolysecelle til fremstilling av metall, saerlig aluminium eller magnesium
HU72AU00000347A HU170773B (hu) 1971-09-08 1972-09-07 Sposob elektroliticheskogo poluchenija legkikh metallov, to est'aljuminija ili magnija
NL7212287.A NL156450B (nl) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08 Werkwijze ter bereiding van metaal in een cel, alsmede cel voor het bereiden van metaal.
FR7232005A FR2152814B1 (cs) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08
AT774272A AT329891B (de) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08 Verfahren und zelle zur erzeugung von metall, z.b. aluminium, durch schmelzflusselektrolyse
CS726170A CS222205B2 (en) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08 Method of making the metal e.g. aluminium in the electrolyser
CH1323472A CH553254A (fr) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08 Procede perfectionne de production du metal et cellule de production du metal.
RO197272168A RO71622A (fr) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08 Procede d'obtenir par electrolyse des metaux
DD165560A DD99396A5 (cs) 1971-09-08 1972-09-08
US409588A US3893899A (en) 1971-09-08 1973-10-25 Electrolytic cell for metal production
NO781299A NO141095C (no) 1971-09-08 1978-04-13 Fremgangsmaate til fremstilling av aluminium ved smelteelektrolyse av aluminiumklorid
NO792190A NO792190L (no) 1971-09-08 1979-06-29 Fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av metall, og celle til bruk ved fremgangsmaaten
YU01770/79A YU177079A (en) 1971-09-08 1979-07-19 Cell for producing metal-like aluminium

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00178650A US3822195A (en) 1971-09-08 1971-09-08 Metal production

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US00178650A Expired - Lifetime US3822195A (en) 1971-09-08 1971-09-08 Metal production

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CA (1) CA1001988A (cs)
CS (1) CS222205B2 (cs)
PH (1) PH9204A (cs)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4045307A (en) * 1976-01-14 1977-08-30 Aluminum Company Of America Structure for switching electrical current and cell comprising same
US4110178A (en) * 1977-05-17 1978-08-29 Aluminum Company Of America Flow control baffles for molten salt electrolysis
US4121983A (en) * 1977-12-21 1978-10-24 Aluminum Company Of America Metal production
DE2817686A1 (de) * 1977-05-17 1978-11-23 Aluminum Co Of America Verfahren zum abziehen von waerme aus einer eine metallschmelze enthaltenden kammer
DE2818161A1 (de) * 1977-05-17 1978-11-30 Aluminum Co Of America Metallherstellung durch elektrolyse in einem schmelzbad
US4135994A (en) * 1977-11-15 1979-01-23 Nippon Light Metal Company Limited Process for electrolytically producing aluminum
DE2751601A1 (de) * 1977-11-18 1979-05-23 Nippon Light Metal Co Abgedichtete elektrolytische zelle
US4165263A (en) * 1978-10-02 1979-08-21 Aluminum Company Of America Method of preparing an electrolytic cell for operation
US4179345A (en) * 1979-02-26 1979-12-18 Aluminum Company Of America Controlled wettability graphite electrodes for selective use in electrolysis cells
US4179346A (en) * 1979-02-26 1979-12-18 Aluminum Company Of America Selective use of wettable and non-wettable graphite electrodes in electrolysis cells
US4414089A (en) * 1982-07-30 1983-11-08 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolysis cell for reduction of molten metal halide
US4440610A (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-04-03 Aluminum Company Of America Molten salt bath for electrolytic production of aluminum
US4504366A (en) * 1983-04-26 1985-03-12 Aluminum Company Of America Support member and electrolytic method
US4521284A (en) * 1983-11-18 1985-06-04 Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd. Electrolytic method of producing a high purity aluminum-lithium mother alloy
US4596637A (en) * 1983-04-26 1986-06-24 Aluminum Company Of America Apparatus and method for electrolysis and float
US4622111A (en) * 1983-04-26 1986-11-11 Aluminum Company Of America Apparatus and method for electrolysis and inclined electrodes
US4664760A (en) * 1983-04-26 1987-05-12 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic cell and method of electrolysis using supported electrodes
US20050199488A1 (en) * 2004-03-11 2005-09-15 Barclay Ron D. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US20070125643A1 (en) * 2004-03-11 2007-06-07 Alcoa Inc. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US20070224109A1 (en) * 2006-03-23 2007-09-27 Keystone Metals Recovery Inc. Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials
ES2995832R1 (es) * 2021-12-15 2025-03-24 Arcelormittal Aparato compacto para la producción de metal de hierro por electrólisis
EP4610404A1 (en) * 2021-09-24 2025-09-03 Aluminum Technlogies, LLC Process for selective chlorination of aluminous ores for the preparation of aluminum

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4045307A (en) * 1976-01-14 1977-08-30 Aluminum Company Of America Structure for switching electrical current and cell comprising same
US4110178A (en) * 1977-05-17 1978-08-29 Aluminum Company Of America Flow control baffles for molten salt electrolysis
US4140594A (en) * 1977-05-17 1979-02-20 Aluminum Company Of America Molten salt bath circulation patterns in electrolysis
DE2817686A1 (de) * 1977-05-17 1978-11-23 Aluminum Co Of America Verfahren zum abziehen von waerme aus einer eine metallschmelze enthaltenden kammer
DE2818161A1 (de) * 1977-05-17 1978-11-30 Aluminum Co Of America Metallherstellung durch elektrolyse in einem schmelzbad
US4133727A (en) * 1977-05-17 1979-01-09 Aluminum Company Of America Method for extracting heat from a chamber containing a molten salt
US4135994A (en) * 1977-11-15 1979-01-23 Nippon Light Metal Company Limited Process for electrolytically producing aluminum
DE2751601A1 (de) * 1977-11-18 1979-05-23 Nippon Light Metal Co Abgedichtete elektrolytische zelle
US4121983A (en) * 1977-12-21 1978-10-24 Aluminum Company Of America Metal production
US4165263A (en) * 1978-10-02 1979-08-21 Aluminum Company Of America Method of preparing an electrolytic cell for operation
US4179345A (en) * 1979-02-26 1979-12-18 Aluminum Company Of America Controlled wettability graphite electrodes for selective use in electrolysis cells
US4179346A (en) * 1979-02-26 1979-12-18 Aluminum Company Of America Selective use of wettable and non-wettable graphite electrodes in electrolysis cells
US4414089A (en) * 1982-07-30 1983-11-08 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolysis cell for reduction of molten metal halide
US4440610A (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-04-03 Aluminum Company Of America Molten salt bath for electrolytic production of aluminum
US4504366A (en) * 1983-04-26 1985-03-12 Aluminum Company Of America Support member and electrolytic method
US4596637A (en) * 1983-04-26 1986-06-24 Aluminum Company Of America Apparatus and method for electrolysis and float
US4622111A (en) * 1983-04-26 1986-11-11 Aluminum Company Of America Apparatus and method for electrolysis and inclined electrodes
US4664760A (en) * 1983-04-26 1987-05-12 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic cell and method of electrolysis using supported electrodes
US4521284A (en) * 1983-11-18 1985-06-04 Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd. Electrolytic method of producing a high purity aluminum-lithium mother alloy
US20070125643A1 (en) * 2004-03-11 2007-06-07 Alcoa Inc. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US7179353B2 (en) 2004-03-11 2007-02-20 Alcoa Inc. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US20050199488A1 (en) * 2004-03-11 2005-09-15 Barclay Ron D. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US20070125660A1 (en) * 2004-03-11 2007-06-07 Alcoa Inc. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US7799189B2 (en) 2004-03-11 2010-09-21 Alcoa Inc. Closed end slotted carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis cells
US7820027B2 (en) 2004-03-11 2010-10-26 Alcoa, Inc. Method for electrolytically producing aluminum using closed end slotted carbon anodes
US20070224109A1 (en) * 2006-03-23 2007-09-27 Keystone Metals Recovery Inc. Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials
US9315382B2 (en) 2006-03-23 2016-04-19 Keystone Metals Recovery Inc. Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials
US11975982B2 (en) 2006-03-23 2024-05-07 Keystone Metals Recovery Inc. Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials
EP4610404A1 (en) * 2021-09-24 2025-09-03 Aluminum Technlogies, LLC Process for selective chlorination of aluminous ores for the preparation of aluminum
ES2995832R1 (es) * 2021-12-15 2025-03-24 Arcelormittal Aparato compacto para la producción de metal de hierro por electrólisis

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CA1001988A (en) 1976-12-21
PH9204A (en) 1975-07-03
CS222205B2 (en) 1983-05-27

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