US3812490A - Flexible membrane display panel for generating characters visible in ambient light - Google Patents

Flexible membrane display panel for generating characters visible in ambient light Download PDF

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Publication number
US3812490A
US3812490A US00290187A US29018772A US3812490A US 3812490 A US3812490 A US 3812490A US 00290187 A US00290187 A US 00290187A US 29018772 A US29018772 A US 29018772A US 3812490 A US3812490 A US 3812490A
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United States
Prior art keywords
membrane
display panel
electromagnetic elements
planar surface
ferromagnetic member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00290187A
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English (en)
Inventor
G Goodrich
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bendix Corp
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Bendix Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bendix Corp filed Critical Bendix Corp
Priority to US00290187A priority Critical patent/US3812490A/en
Priority to CA172,687A priority patent/CA975857A/en
Priority to DE732342846A priority patent/DE2342846C3/de
Priority to NL7312348A priority patent/NL7312348A/xx
Priority to GB4309373A priority patent/GB1397168A/en
Priority to IT28875/73A priority patent/IT993235B/it
Priority to FR7333367A priority patent/FR2199910A5/fr
Priority to JP48105385A priority patent/JPS4970593A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3812490A publication Critical patent/US3812490A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3486—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by a magnetic field
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B5/00—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied
    • G08B5/22—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
    • G09F9/372—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the positions of the elements being controlled by the application of an electric field
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
    • G09F9/375—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the position of the elements being controlled by the application of a magnetic field
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/04—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions
    • G09G3/16—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions by control of light from an independent source
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/62—Record carriers characterised by the selection of the material

Definitions

  • a plurality of small electromagnetic elements are disposed along the face of the ferromagnetic member adjacent to the magnetic membrane, which are capable of selectively magnetizing the ferromagnetic member at discrete locations.
  • the magnetized ferromagnetic member attracts or repels the magnetic membrane in accordance with the magnetic polarity induced in the ferromagnetic member by the electromagnetic elements. Repelling the membrane against the face of the window at predetermined locations displaces the fluid between the membrane and the window and permits the contrasting color of the flexible membrane to become visible.
  • a selectively repelled membrane generates characters or patterns visible under ambient light conditions.
  • Display panels may be categorized by the method in which the information is communicated to the recipient.
  • Luminous display panels communicate information to the recipi' ent by the self-generation of light.
  • Luminous displays may have luminous characters on a'black background, or black characters on a luminous background.
  • Typical examples of luminous displays are cathode ray tubes, light emitting diode panels and plasma panels.
  • the primary deficiency of luminous panels is the tendency of the information displayed to be lost or washed out under intense ambient lumination.
  • the second category of display panels is the class of ambient light panels in which the information written on the display panel and transmitted to the recipient by means of reflected ambient light.
  • Ambient light display panels are not self-luminous and are advantageous because the visibility of the displayed image increases with increasing ambient illumination conditions. Ambient light display panels have practical application in a variety of displays where ambient illumination may vary from intense daylight to subdued conditions such as those found in a home, an office, an aircraft, or automotive vehicle.
  • the inventive display panel offers several distinct advantages over presently existing liquid crystal displays.
  • the inventive display panel diffusely reflects ambient light arriving from all directions, thus the display will not disappear at any angle of illumination or viewing.
  • the inventive display panel operates over a wide range of temperatures.
  • the inventive display panel is easy to digitally address on a point-for-point basis.
  • Magnetically activated ambient light display panels of various types are in existence, however none of the known systems are capable of meeting todays needs of high density information transfer.
  • the existing magnetically activated display panels may be classified as simple on-off systems or character generating systems.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,162,849 describes an on-off display panel in which a disc, upon which the desired message is printed, is suspended in a colored liquid a short distance from a transparent window. An electrically activated solenoid moves the disc against the transparent window, displacing the liquid, and rendering the printed message visible.
  • This method is distinguished from the present invention in several ways: (1) it is basically an on-off device not readily capable of digital addressing or character formation; (2) the movable member is rigid, not flexible and therefore unable to display different patterns within a given area; (3) the movable member is made from magnetically susceptible material (soft iron) not from permanent magnetic material having a fixed magnetic polarity; (4) the display does not have a memory in the absence of power; and (5) the display requires the continuous application of electrical power in the off state.
  • Another type of magnetically activated ambient light display panel which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,444,551 and 3,469,258, include a plurality of cylindrical or spherical members which are rotated by small electromagnets located proximate to each member.
  • the individual members have contrasting colors on their opposite sides, and the direction of the field of the electromagnets determines which side of the rotatable member and therefore which color is presented to the LII observer.
  • These displays come in various sizes and number of rotatable members, and may be digitally addressed. However, they are structurally complex, containing a relatively large number of individual moving parts, and therefore are diflicult to manufacture and maintain.
  • Still another type of magnetically actuated ambient light display uses a magnetic tape and magnetically susceptible particles suspended in a transparent fluid.
  • the information to be displayed is magnetically written on the tape and the transparent fluid containing magnetically susceptible particles of a contrasting color is circulated across the tape.
  • the particles separate from the fluid and form images on the tape corresponding to the information written thereupon.
  • the present invention is a digitally addressed magnetically activated ambient light display panel.
  • the inventive display panel includes a ferromagnetic member which can be selectively magnetized to form local magnetic fields. Spaced apart from the ferromagnetic member is a transparent window and interposed between the window and the ferromagnetic member is a thin magnetized flexible membrane suspended in a colored fluid. When the ferromagnetic member is locally magnetized to a predetermined polarity, the magnetic fields ij epel the flexible membrane against the window. The rnembrane displaces the fluid between the window and 'he membrane permitting the contrasting color of the membrane to be visible.
  • the inventive display panel is basically binary although gray scales may be introduced by combining multiple active cells into each resolution element.
  • a further advantage of the inventive display is that it may be extended to incorporate variable colors by associating two or three cells, each carrying a primary color within each resolution element thus permitting the generation of images or characters of different color.
  • This technique of color imaging is similar to the color printing techniques used in magazines and newspapers as well as that used in the present day color television.
  • Another advantage of the disclosed display panel is the fact that it can be produced at reasonable costs and includes no parts which are inordinately difficult to manufacture using standard manufacturing techniques. Further, the system contains a limited number of discrete parts or members, this is in contrast to the other prior art magnetically activated ambient light display panels which comprise a large number of individual components.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the inventive ambient light panel with a section cut away to show the component parts
  • FIG. 2 is an exaggerated cross sectional view of the inventive display panel.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view of one of the preferred configurations of the electromagnetic coils.
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of an alternate preferred configuration of the electromagnetic coils.
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged view showing an alternate coil configuration to form block arabic numerals.
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged view showing a stylized numeral 2 using the inventive display panel.
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing two electromagnetic coils superimposed.
  • FIG. 1 a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the ambient light display panel 10 is shown with sections cut away to show the major component parts.
  • the display panel comprises a transparent window 12 supported a short distance from a ferromagnetic base 14 by a thin rim 16 approximately .Ol centimeters thick.
  • the assembly is sealed to form a fluid tight chamber between the window 12 and the base 14.
  • Internally supported between the window 12' and the base 14 is a permanently magnetized, semipermeable flexible membrane 18 suspended in a fluid 20 having color which contrasts with the color of the membrane l8.
  • the space between window 12 and membrane 18 is filled with the fluid 20 so that when the flexible membrane is attracted away from the window 12, the color of the fluid is visible.
  • the internal face of the ferromagnetic member is overlayed with a plurality of serially connected electromagnetic elements 22 in rows and columns.
  • the magnetic elements 22 are capable of locally magnetizing the ferromagnetic base 14 in small discrete areas surrounding each magnetic element 22.
  • Connectors 24 and 26 are provided to distribute electrical signals to the individual rows and columns of electromagnets.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial cross section of the display panel in which the size of the individual electromagnets and the spacing between window 12 and ferromagnetic base 14 have been exaggerated for illustrative purposes.
  • the flexible membrane 18 is made from a stainproof material, such as vinyl or neoprene rubber, and is much thinner than the center-to-center distance between adjacent electromagnetic elements 22. For adequate flexibility the thickness of the membrane should be less than about 1/50 the center-to-center spacing between adjacent electromagnetic elements.
  • the color of the flexible membrane is contrasting to the color of the fluid 20 between the ferromagnetic base and the window.
  • the individual electromagnetic elements 22 of the rows and columns may be superimposed electrically isolated electromagnet coils 28 and 30, as shown.
  • the distance W represents the physical center-to-center spacing between adjacent rows and columns and defines the size of a resolution element.
  • a column may be formed by a plurality of series connected single turn coils 28 as shown in FIG. 3 and a row formed by a similar plurality of series connected single turn coils 30.
  • the serially connected electromagnetic coils 28 and 30 are superimposed forming an electromagnetic element 22, as shown in FIG. 7.
  • An alternate configuration of the electromagnetic element is shown in FIG. 4. In this configuration, crossed parallel conductors 202 and 204 form the columns and rows respectively.
  • the electromagnetic elements 22 are the rectangular section formed at the intersection of electrically connected pairs of adjacent conductors as shown.
  • the electromagnetic elements may be formed on the ferromagnetic base 14 by well-known vacuum deposition or printed circuit techniques. Other well-known methods for forming electromagnetic elements are equally applicable. If the ferromagnetic base is electrically conductive, the elements may be deposited on a thin layer of insulating material separating them from the base.
  • the material of the ferromagnetic base is selected to have a square hysteresis loop so that it operates similar to the ferromagnetic materials widely used magnetic memories.
  • the electrical current flowing through the rows and columns of coils is controlled so that the magnetic field generated by each individual coil element 28 or 30 is less than that required to cause reversal of the direction of the magnetization of the ferromagnetic base in the immediate vicinity of the coil. It is only when the magnetic fields generated by magnet elements 22 consisting of a column electromagnetic coil element 28 and its associated new electromagnetic coil element 30, combine that a reversal of magnetization in the ferromagnetic base 14 occurs in the immediate vicinity of the electromagnetic element 22.
  • the flexible membrane is made magnetic by impregnating the membrane with particles of permanent magnet material or by any other suitable method of attaching permanent magnet particles to the membrane. After or during attachment, the particles are magnetized in a direction generally perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. However, the polarity of the magnetization of the membrane over each electromagnetic elements 22 is opposite the polarity in the interstitial spaces between the elements. The reason for the polarity pattern of the membrane is more clearly understood by referring to FIG. 2. Consider the electromagnet elements 22, wherein the magnet fields of the coils 28 and 30 combine to produce the flux pattern shown by the arrows.
  • the direction of the flux lines immediately above the electromagnetic elements 22 are in a direction going from the base 14 towards the window 12 while in the space between the electromagnetic elements 22, the flux lines flow in the opposite direction.
  • This alternating magnetic polarity may be accomplished in practice by magnetizing the membrane in a fixture configured like the ferromagnetic base with electromagnetic elements arranged in the identical pattern. The magnetizing fixture is desired to provide the much higher magnetic field needed to magnetically orient the permanent magnetic particles in the flexible membrane.
  • the alternating magnetic polarity of the membrane may also be accomplished in the inventive display panel by having the electromagnet elements 22 themselves generate the required higher magnetic field to magnetize the particles after the panel has been assembled.
  • the direction of current flowing through electromagnetic coils designed 32 and 34 in FIG. 2 is opposite to the direction of current flowing through the remaining electromagnetic coils designated as 28 and 30 respectively.
  • Coils 32 and 34 produce a magnetic field in which the magnetic flux lines flow in the opposite directions as shown.
  • the magnetization pattern of the membrane remains fixed while the direction of the magnetization of the ferromagnetic base is changed to either attract or repel the magnetized membrane.
  • the display panel is in the erased condition which is achieved by electrically energizing all the rows and columns of electromagnetic elements so that the magnetic polarity of the ferromagnetic material is aligned with the polarity of the magnetic field in the membrane.
  • This causes the flexible membrane 18 to be attracted to the ferromagnetic base 14 away from the window 12. Since the membrane is porous, the fluid flows through the membrane and fills the space between the membrane 18 and the window 12 occluding the visibility of the membrane.
  • the strength of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic elements 22 is sufficient to establish the polarity over the entire surface of the ferromagnetic base 14, therefore the membrane will remain attracted to the base even after the erase signal to the electromagnetic coil elements 22 is terminated.
  • the magnetic field in the ferromagnetic base is then selectively reversed at predeterminable points by digitally addressing the rows and columns of electromagnetic elements in a sequential manner well known in the art.
  • the electrical polarity of the addressing signals are opposite the polarity of the erase signals and cause the magnetic polarity of the ferromagnetic base to be reversed at the addressed locations.
  • the reversed magnetic polarity repels the flexible membrane, causing it to press against the window as illustrated in FIG. 2 showing the membrane repelled above electromagnetic elements 32 and 34.
  • the electrical current flowing through elements 32 and 34 are oppo site the current flowing through the remaining elements shown.
  • the fluid 20 is displaced from between the membrane 18 and window 112 permitting the contrasting color of the membrane to be visible.
  • the opacity of the fluid 20 is selected to maximize the contrast between the attracted and repelled positions of the membrane.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates one of many possible arrangements for the well known seven nonoverlapping bar system that adequately depicts the arabic numerals.
  • the illustrated dovetailed configured windings enclose small regions of magnetic fields of alternating polarity having adequate attractive and repelling forces to deflect the membrane as required.
  • the alphanumerical display panel illustrated in FIG. 5 does not require a ferromagnetic material having a square hysteresis loop because the magnetic polarity of the ferromagnetic base is switched by a single electromagnet winding as compared to the digitally addressed panel discussed above.
  • FIG. 6 shows an electromagnetic element pattern for generating a stylized numeral, in particular, the numeral 2. It is possible to envision several overlays, i.e., one for each numeral or character desired, stacked together and affixed over the ferromagnetic base. Each overlay carries its own winding, photoetched or vacuum evaporated on an insulating film.
  • the stylized display panel is limited to the number of characters that may be overlayed, and if many characters are desired, the digitally addressed system may be more appropriate.
  • a character generating ambient light display panel comprising:
  • a flexible membrane having a color contrasting to the color of said fluid and porous to said fluid, said membrane supported in said enclosure proximate to and spaced from said transparent window;
  • said flexible membrane further includes a plurality of isolated permanent magnet particles at least partially polarized normal to the surface of said membrane.
  • said magnetic elements comprise at least two electrically isolated superimposed electromagnets, one of said two electromagnets being associated with one of said rows, and the second of said two electromagnets being associated with one of said columns.
  • said means for selectively deflecting said membrane further includes a ferromagnetic member having a planar surface, the planar surface of said ferromagnetic member being located proximate the surface of said flexible membrane opposite said window and said electromagnetic elements being disposed along the planar surface of said ferromagnetic member.
  • said means for deflecting said membrane further comprises ferromagnetic member having a substantially planar surface, said planar surface located proximate the surface of said membrane and said electromagnetic elements are disposed along said planar surface.
  • the display panel of claim 11 wherein a plurality of character forming serially arranged electromagnetic elements are overlayed one on top of the other 13.
  • said means for selectively deflecting said flexible membrane further includes a ferrite member having a substantially planar surface and said electromagnetic elements are disposed along said planar surface.
  • a magnetically actuated ambient light display panel comprising:
  • said magnetically responsive deflectible membrane includes a plurality of isolated permanent magnetic particles sys tematically polarized normal to the plane of said membrane.
  • a ferrite member having a square hysteresis loop, and at least one substantially planar surface, said one substantially planar surface located proximate the surface of said membrane;

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
US00290187A 1972-09-18 1972-09-18 Flexible membrane display panel for generating characters visible in ambient light Expired - Lifetime US3812490A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00290187A US3812490A (en) 1972-09-18 1972-09-18 Flexible membrane display panel for generating characters visible in ambient light
CA172,687A CA975857A (en) 1972-09-18 1973-05-29 Ambient light display panel
DE732342846A DE2342846C3 (de) 1972-09-18 1973-08-24 Anzeigetafel
NL7312348A NL7312348A (it) 1972-09-18 1973-09-07
GB4309373A GB1397168A (en) 1972-09-18 1973-09-13 Ambient light display panel
IT28875/73A IT993235B (it) 1972-09-18 1973-09-13 Pannello indicatore a indirizza mento numerico funzionante a luce ambiente
FR7333367A FR2199910A5 (it) 1972-09-18 1973-09-18
JP48105385A JPS4970593A (it) 1972-09-18 1973-09-18

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00290187A US3812490A (en) 1972-09-18 1972-09-18 Flexible membrane display panel for generating characters visible in ambient light

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US3812490A true US3812490A (en) 1974-05-21

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US (1) US3812490A (it)
JP (1) JPS4970593A (it)
CA (1) CA975857A (it)
DE (1) DE2342846C3 (it)
FR (1) FR2199910A5 (it)
GB (1) GB1397168A (it)
IT (1) IT993235B (it)
NL (1) NL7312348A (it)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3924228A (en) * 1975-01-06 1975-12-02 Bendix Corp Electrostatically actuated display panel
US3961837A (en) * 1973-09-21 1976-06-08 Thomson-Csf Magnetically actuated deflectable membrane page composer for holography
US4062009A (en) * 1975-07-17 1977-12-06 Thomson-Csf Electrophoretic display device
EP0067678A1 (en) * 1981-06-16 1982-12-22 Robin Warne Visual display apparatus
WO1984002414A1 (en) * 1982-12-08 1984-06-21 Roger Samuel Kent Display member
US4531121A (en) * 1982-10-29 1985-07-23 Integrated Systems Engineering, Inc. Electromechanical discrete element and a large sign or display
WO1987002167A1 (en) * 1985-10-03 1987-04-09 E.R.G. Management Services Ltd. Display member
US4775862A (en) * 1982-12-08 1988-10-04 E.R.G. Management Services Ltd. Bi-stable electromagnetically operated display member
US5014047A (en) * 1988-05-31 1991-05-07 Nitto Kohki Co., Ltd. Display element, display method and apparatus using said element
AU614268B2 (en) * 1986-09-29 1991-08-29 Electronic Information Systems, Ltd Display apparatus
US5359183A (en) * 1992-04-06 1994-10-25 Rafael Skodlar Payment card with display
EP0867854A2 (en) * 1997-03-24 1998-09-30 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Control of a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate
EP0903720A2 (en) * 1997-07-18 1999-03-24 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Gradation control of a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate
FR2781305A1 (fr) * 1998-07-15 2000-01-21 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif d'affichage a tres faible consommation
EP1014141A2 (en) * 1998-12-21 2000-06-28 Xerox Corporation Ferrofluidic electric paper
WO2001038920A2 (en) * 1999-11-26 2001-05-31 Arsen Muzrievich Orsaev The light modulating display element
US6304364B1 (en) * 1997-06-11 2001-10-16 President & Fellows Of Harvard College Elastomeric light valves
US20030063368A1 (en) * 2001-09-03 2003-04-03 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Display device and method for producing the same

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7510103A (nl) * 1975-08-27 1977-03-01 Philips Nv Elektrostatisch bestuurde beeldweergeefinrichting.
GB2363506B (en) * 2000-06-15 2004-08-18 Decoi Architects Ltd Display system

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3961837A (en) * 1973-09-21 1976-06-08 Thomson-Csf Magnetically actuated deflectable membrane page composer for holography
US3924228A (en) * 1975-01-06 1975-12-02 Bendix Corp Electrostatically actuated display panel
US4062009A (en) * 1975-07-17 1977-12-06 Thomson-Csf Electrophoretic display device
EP0067678A1 (en) * 1981-06-16 1982-12-22 Robin Warne Visual display apparatus
US4531121A (en) * 1982-10-29 1985-07-23 Integrated Systems Engineering, Inc. Electromechanical discrete element and a large sign or display
US4775862A (en) * 1982-12-08 1988-10-04 E.R.G. Management Services Ltd. Bi-stable electromagnetically operated display member
US4694289A (en) * 1982-12-08 1987-09-15 E.R.G. Management Services Pty., Ltd. Display member
WO1984002414A1 (en) * 1982-12-08 1984-06-21 Roger Samuel Kent Display member
WO1987002167A1 (en) * 1985-10-03 1987-04-09 E.R.G. Management Services Ltd. Display member
AU614268B2 (en) * 1986-09-29 1991-08-29 Electronic Information Systems, Ltd Display apparatus
US5014047A (en) * 1988-05-31 1991-05-07 Nitto Kohki Co., Ltd. Display element, display method and apparatus using said element
US5359183A (en) * 1992-04-06 1994-10-25 Rafael Skodlar Payment card with display
EP0867854A2 (en) * 1997-03-24 1998-09-30 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Control of a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate
US6323833B1 (en) 1997-03-24 2001-11-27 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Optical waveguide display with movable actuators which cause light leakage in waveguide at each display elements to provide gradation in a display image by temporal subfield modulation
EP0867854A3 (en) * 1997-03-24 1999-07-21 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Control of a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate
US6304364B1 (en) * 1997-06-11 2001-10-16 President & Fellows Of Harvard College Elastomeric light valves
EP0903720A3 (en) * 1997-07-18 1999-07-21 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Gradation control of a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate
EP0903720A2 (en) * 1997-07-18 1999-03-24 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Gradation control of a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate
US6452583B1 (en) 1997-07-18 2002-09-17 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Display-driving device and display-driving method
WO2000004412A1 (fr) * 1998-07-15 2000-01-27 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Dispositif d'affichage a tres faible consommation
FR2781305A1 (fr) * 1998-07-15 2000-01-21 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif d'affichage a tres faible consommation
EP1014141A2 (en) * 1998-12-21 2000-06-28 Xerox Corporation Ferrofluidic electric paper
EP1014141A3 (en) * 1998-12-21 2000-07-19 Xerox Corporation Ferrofluidic electric paper
US6284352B1 (en) 1998-12-21 2001-09-04 Xerox Corporation Ferrofluidic electric paper
WO2001038920A2 (en) * 1999-11-26 2001-05-31 Arsen Muzrievich Orsaev The light modulating display element
WO2001038920A3 (fr) * 1999-11-26 2002-06-20 Arsen Muzrievich Orsaev Element modulateur de lumiere d'un dispositif d'affichage
US20030063368A1 (en) * 2001-09-03 2003-04-03 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Display device and method for producing the same
US6798959B2 (en) * 2001-09-03 2004-09-28 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Display device and method for producing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA975857A (en) 1975-10-07
IT993235B (it) 1975-09-30
DE2342846C3 (de) 1979-03-08
FR2199910A5 (it) 1974-04-12
JPS4970593A (it) 1974-07-08
GB1397168A (en) 1975-06-11
DE2342846B2 (de) 1978-07-20
DE2342846A1 (de) 1974-03-28
NL7312348A (it) 1974-03-20

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