US3805465A - Curtain facade for skeleton and partition-type buildings - Google Patents

Curtain facade for skeleton and partition-type buildings Download PDF

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Publication number
US3805465A
US3805465A US00258695A US25869572A US3805465A US 3805465 A US3805465 A US 3805465A US 00258695 A US00258695 A US 00258695A US 25869572 A US25869572 A US 25869572A US 3805465 A US3805465 A US 3805465A
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facade
elements
building
supporting
sections
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US00258695A
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English (en)
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R Dietrich
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/54—Fixing of glass panes or like plates
    • E06B3/5427—Fixing of glass panes or like plates the panes mounted flush with the surrounding frame or with the surrounding panes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88—Curtain walls
    • E04B2/90—Curtain walls comprising panels directly attached to the structure

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [30] Foreign Application Priority Data A facade for a building comprising a supporting struc- June 4 1971 Germany 2127917 which facade elemems are fixed the ing structure which is fixed to the building being 52 U.S. c1 52/235, 52/475 52/498 fer Several euppeflihg eeehehe whieh extend 51 Int. Cl.
  • references Cited means of fastening means which may be pressure discs disposed at intervals from one another, the facade UNITED STATES PATENTS being made up on a modular basis so as to provide for 1 r various typesof facade elements such as panels or 1 1 er 3,321,880 5/1967 Ferrell et 31..
  • the invention relates to a curtain facade for skeleton and partition-type buildings, which consists of facade elements attached to a supporting structure.
  • This supporting structure may consist of a structure which is separate from the skeleton or partition-type building, but is attached to the latter.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide'a curtain facade of the type initially mentioned, which can be used for all types of buildings, and even for apartment buildings with room functions of different kinds, and which is therefore equal to diverse requirements imposed upon thefacade of a building, but nevertheless consists of standard elements of the same kind, and is economical.
  • the curtain facade is therefore to be made up from a system of unitary constructional elements which permits a variety of different types of facade by means of the smallest possible number of different standard elements, and which also per- 'mits'subsequent changes in the facade without great outlay and in the simplest and most economical manner possible.
  • the facade is to satisfy the usual quality requirements, particularly in respect of weather potection.
  • the present invention consists in a facade for a building comprising in combination: a supporting structure comprising supporting sections which may be attached to the exterior of the building, facade elements held to the supporting structure with the interposition of a sealing means, a plurality of fastening means disposed at intervals from one another, which at least partially engage with the facade elements to hold the facade to the supporting structure, said supporting sections extend ing uninterruptedly over at least the length of the edges of the facade elements.
  • sealing between the individual glass elements is therefore effected by sealing strips which bear, and are pressed, against both the inner and outer sides of the roofing elements, and under these circumstances, the sealing strips must extend continuously over the entire length of the edges of adjoining roofing elements, on both sides of the latter; This gives riseto considerable difficulties, particularly on the outer side of the elements, in the regions in which two sealing strips meet one another perpendicularly.
  • cover rails which must likewise extend over at'least the entire length of the edges of the roofing elements, on the outer side of the latter.
  • the supporting sections are preferably constructed so as to have the same height as a'storey, and are to be secured to the ceiling structure of the skeleton or partition-type building at the upper and lower sides of the frame.
  • the curtain facade When the curtain facade is constructed in this way, it is possible for at least some of the supporting sections of its supporting structure to have continuous hollow compartments in the length of the section, into which bolts with heads, preferably hammer-heads, engage, through a longitudinal slit in the section, for the purpose of securing the supporting sections to the skeleton or partition-type building. As a result of this, longitudinal tolerances are absorbed in a simple manner.
  • Uprights or transoms located in the plane of the frames may pass across the latter, either entirely or partially, in order to permit the attachment of a number of facade elements side by side or one above the other within one frame.
  • Another construction of the facade dispenses with the frames and provides only vertical sections (uprights) and horizontal sections (transoms), in which case the uprights are connected directly to the support structure of the building, whereas the transoms are merely disposed between them.
  • the sealing strips provided between the facade elements and their supporting structure expediently consist of material having long-term elasticity, for example, polyvinyl chloride, sponge-rubber or the like, and may be constituted by soft foam-rubber sections, compartment-type sections or lip-type sections, against which the facade elements press, while preference is to be given to lip-type sections since they'exhibit the greatest degree of elasticity at the lowest pressure per unit of area.
  • the fastening means for the facade elements may, on the other hand, consist of pressure discs which act upon the outer side of the said facade elements and which can be fixedly clamped to the supporting sections, for example by means of fastening bolts which can be screwed into the discs and into the supporting sections and which pass through the gap between two adjacent facade elements and through the sealing strips.
  • the pressure discs preferably consist of a material which is not too brittle, i.e., is elastic, for example a weather-resistant plastics material, or else aluminium having adjusted elasticity, fine steel or the like.
  • the use of plastics discs and bolts has the advantage of eliminatingbridges for the cold.
  • This construction of the sealing strips and fastening elements provides good sealing-off of the elements in relation to one another and in relation to their supporting structure, extending entirely round the perimeter of the said facade elements, even if the fastening means are only disposed at intervals from one another and therefore only exert contact pressure upon the facade elements in places.
  • the facade elements should have a certain degree of inherent rigidity, which is present in panel-shaped elements made of most of the materials suitable for this purpose, such as for example, metal, plastics material, asbestos cement, glass or the like, without it being necessary for these facade elements to have a special construction of the edges.
  • the facade elements may consist of facade panels or even of window or door elements having a suitable construction at the edges.
  • a curtain facade in accordance with the invention, it is possible, in a simple manner, to ensure a completely adequate and absolutely reliable seal between the facade elements or between the latter and their supporting structure, even at the points at which the gaps cross one another, and therefore to permit the most varied and modifiable distribution of the panels of the facade without special outlay and without thereby endangering the weathertightness of the curtain facade.
  • This weathertightness is not even jeopardized by the fact that the supporting sections located on the inside are simple blanks which are not connected directly to one another, since the said sections are completely masked by the sealing strips, which provide a seal between adjacent facade elements which is uninterrupted except by orifices for passage of the previously mentioned fastening means.
  • the sealing strips are simply to be stuck or welded to one another.
  • FIG. 1 shows an oblique, broken-away view of an example of construction of a curtain facade
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the connection of the facade elements, or of their supporting structure, to the ceiling of a building, in the form of a cross-section through the structure of the facade in the case of, at the top, a supporting structure having a frame and, at the bottom, a frame-less supporting structure;
  • FIG. 3 shows a section, along the line IIllII in FIG. 2, through the point of connection of the upright to the structure of the building, and
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 shows three different forms of embodiment of the construction and disposition of an upright or transom, with facade elements bearing against it, in a supporting frame.
  • FIG. 1 there are disposed in a supporting frame 2 formed from sections 1, vertical uprights 3 which are secured to the lower and upper horizontal sides of the frame 2 with the aid of corner angles 4.
  • the uprights 3 and transoms 5 consist, like the frame 2, of metallic, extruded sections, while the frame sections 1 and the transoms 5 have a similar cross-section which differs from that of the upright 3.
  • the sections 1 of the frame 2 On their sides which are directed towards the inside of the frame, the sections 1 of the frame 2 have, like the side walls of the upright sections 3 and transom sections 5, continuous longitudinal depressions in the form of channels 6 in the sections, which serve, on the one hand, to receive the comer angles 4 in these sections in a flush, countersunk manner and, on the other hand, to collect any condensation which may be present.
  • the said comer angles are stabilized on the section in such a way that their sides need only be secured by a single bolt 7 in each case.
  • the uprights 3 and transoms 5 may be secured to the frame sides and uprights respectively, at any intervals from one another which correspond to the desired distribution of the facade, it being possible to make a subsequent modification of the arrangement of the uprights and transoms at any time.
  • holes which are not illustrated in the drawing, may be provided in the channels 6 in the sections, for the purpose of attaching the corner angles 4 at any desired points on the grid.
  • the cross-sectional construction of the frame sections 1, upright sections 3 and transom sections 5 is primarily determined by static conditions, but also by the form and method of attachment of the said sections to the skeleton or partition-type building.
  • these sections are provided, on their side which is directed towards the inside of the building, with a hollow compartment 8 which has a longitudinal slit 9 which is directed towards the outside of the frame and in which the hammer-head screws 10 for securing corner angles 11 engage (FIG. 2).
  • These comer angles are connected, via attachment" bolts 13, to other corner angles 12 which are attached to ceiling girders 14 of the skeleton or partition-type building.
  • the comer angles 11, 12 are expediently provided with slots which extend perpendicularly to one another and through which the fastening means engage, in order to permit precise adjustment of the facade structure in the plane of the facade and perpendicularly to the said plane.
  • the upright sections 3 are likewise provided, although more particularly for static reasons, with a hollow compartment 15 and a longitudinal slit 16 which is directed towards the inside of the building.
  • the hollow compartments 15 in the uprights 3 may likewise have inserted in them, simple fastening elements which are to be secured in the upright elements in a displaceable manner for the purpose of absorbing tolerances in height.
  • these fastening elements consist of U-section pieces 32 which may be secured in the post at any desired vertical position by means of base plates 33, which lie against the outer side of the section 3, and a clamping screw 34.
  • the U-section piece 32 is fastened by a flange 35 to the ceiling girder 14 of the skeleton or partition-type building.
  • the fastening bolt 36 is located, with'a relatively high degree of play, in receiving bore in the flange 35, in order to obtain precise adjustment of the upright sections 3 in relation to the skeleton or partition-type building.
  • the horizontal transom sections 31 inserted between the vertical upright sections 3 are of somewhat different construction to the transom sections 5 in the supporting structure having a frame, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 described above.
  • the supporting sections 1,3, 5 On their side which is directed towards the outside of the building,'the supporting sections 1,3, 5 have a section wall which extends parallel to the plane of the facade and to which sealing strips 17 are attached. Attachment of the sealing strips is effected, in the example illustrated in FIG. 4, by projections on the sealing strip which engage in'longitudinal groovescut back into the section 3. However, consideration may also be given to sticking the sealing strip fast to the section with adhesive, as is the case,”for example, in the example of are provided, on their two longitudinal edges, with sea]- ing lips against which the facade elements-in the form of panels 19 and 30,or the flanges 20 of window frames 21 havingpanes 27, are pressed.
  • the division of the facade is also possible in a continuous manner'over the whole facade.
  • the sealing strips provided with sealing lips consist of a material having long-term elasticity, for example polyvinyl chloride.
  • the strips may alsobe constructed as a compartment section in their crosss'ection.
  • the facade elements 19, 20, 21, 30 are pressed against the sealingstrips l7, 18 by means of pressure discs 22 which consist of a material, for example polyamide, which is nottoobrittle, in order to avoid notch stresses in the'facade elements, above all when the latter consist of glass.
  • the pressure discs are arched in cross-section, in such a waythat they bear with their rim against the facade elements. They have a shaft portion 23 which, in the. example of construction illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4, contains a blind bore into which a fastening bolt24, which engages through a hole 25in the supporting section, is screwed. The-head of the fastening bolt is accessible through the longitudinal slit 16, in the case of the upright section 3 shown inFIGS. 1 to 4.
  • the pressure discs 22 are screwed into the supporting structure for the facade elements, not'from the inside but fromthe outside of the building.
  • the facade elements not'from the inside but fromthe outside of the building.
  • the shaft portion 23 of the pressure disc 22 is drilled sealing strips 28, whieh 'are made of the same material as the sealing strips 17 and likewise have sealing lips, are stuck to the-edges of 'thefacade'panels 19- on the sides of the latter which are directed towards the inside of the building.
  • the sealing strips, which are located side by side, of two adjacent facade elements, have flaps 29 which are directed towards one another and engage over one another in the gap between the elements, in order to permit complete sealing between the facade elements, between these elements and the supporting section 3, or between the supporting sections.
  • the sealing strips are constructed in such a way that they extend over the entire wall surface of the supporting sections 1,3,5 which is directed towards the outside of the building, in order to thereby guarantee complete sealing-off of the facade elements from one another and from their supporting structure,
  • the sealing sections serve to seal off the fastening screws 24, 26 for the pressure discs 22, which engage through the space at the join between the facade elements 19, 21 from the interior of the building.
  • the screw hole in the thermoplastic sealing material can veasily be melted out by means of a heated mandrel.
  • the fastening bolts may consist of any desired material, however, in order to avoid further heat bridges, it may be expedient to make the said bolts from a material having low conductivity, for example plastics material.
  • the construction according to the invention economically provides, in addition to a solution to the problem initially described, the advantage that industrial semi-finished products can be pre pared for its construction in the simplest possible manner, and can be assembled in the most diverse arrange ments.
  • the curtain facade according to the invention is equal to'the most varied requirements and remains 1. a plurality of generally planar facade elements mounted adjacent to one another in generally planar array by means to be recited;.
  • a supporting structure for said facade elements comprising'a plurality of supporting sections which are: a. adapted to be mounted on a building,
  • each of said fastening means having a first portion adapted to overlap the edges of at least two of said generally planar facade elements on the sides thereof external to the building when said facade is assembled and a second portion disposed generally perpendicular to said first portion and adapted to be interconnected to said supporting structure;
  • sealing means for sealing the interface between said generally planar facade elements and said supporting structure, said sealing means a. being adapted to be pressed between said supporting structure and said facade elements by means of said fastening means and comprising continuous strips of sealing material extending entirely around the perimeter of said facade elements on the sides thereof internal to the building and overlapping the interface between adjacent facade elements so as to provide a seal between said facade elements and said supporting sections which is uninterrupted except by orifices for the passage of said second portions of said plurality of fastening means,
  • a facade as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one of said supporting sections has a continuous hollow compartment extending parallel to the edge of said facade element when said facade is assembled and at least one longitudinal slit providing communication between said continuous hollow compartment and the exterior of said supporting section, whereby said supporting section can be mounted on a building by means of a threaded connector having a head and a shaft, the shaft of which is passed through said longitudinal slit.
  • a facade as claimed in claim 1 wherein said fastening means comprise pressure discs the inner surfaces of which act upon the outer side of said facade element when the facade is assembled.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
US00258695A 1971-06-04 1972-06-01 Curtain facade for skeleton and partition-type buildings Expired - Lifetime US3805465A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19712127917 DE2127917A1 (de) 1971-06-04 1971-06-04 Vorhangfassade fur Skelett und Schottenbauten

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US3805465A true US3805465A (en) 1974-04-23

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US00258695A Expired - Lifetime US3805465A (en) 1971-06-04 1972-06-01 Curtain facade for skeleton and partition-type buildings

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US (1) US3805465A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5443296B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT331467B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE784397A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2127917A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2140181B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1400273A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT959046B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7207433A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE395027B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3998016A (en) * 1975-03-13 1976-12-21 H. H. Robertson Company Blow-in/blow-out wall structure
US4065890A (en) * 1975-12-17 1978-01-03 Wolfgang Fenner Framework joint
US4067162A (en) * 1976-06-23 1978-01-10 Btr Industries Limited Building construction
US20030070368A1 (en) * 2001-10-12 2003-04-17 Jefferson Shingleton Solar module mounting method and clip
US20040200178A1 (en) * 2003-04-08 2004-10-14 Simmons Robert J. Matrix frame/panel skin building structure
US20060075703A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-13 Simmons Robert J Defined relative-motion tongue-and-groove building-surfacing-panel interface
US20060075714A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-13 Simmons Robert J Multi-function building panel beam tube with homogeneous anchor sites
US20090250580A1 (en) * 2008-02-25 2009-10-08 Renewable Energy Holdings, Llc Modular solar panel mounting clamps
US20100313493A1 (en) * 2009-06-15 2010-12-16 Henry Kamp System for protection of buildings and method for same
US20110047904A1 (en) * 2009-08-31 2011-03-03 Hossein Etemadi Garage door window
US8555592B2 (en) 2011-03-28 2013-10-15 Larry Randall Daudet Steel stud clip
USD730545S1 (en) 2013-12-30 2015-05-26 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Joist and rafter connector
USD732708S1 (en) 2013-12-30 2015-06-23 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Flared joist and rafter connector
US9091056B2 (en) 2013-12-31 2015-07-28 Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc. Multipurpose concrete anchor clip
US10087617B2 (en) 2016-01-20 2018-10-02 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. Drift clip
US10724229B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2020-07-28 Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc. Slip clip
CN113089906A (zh) * 2021-04-29 2021-07-09 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司 一种可变角度幕墙公母立柱插接系统及其安装方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2915287A1 (de) * 1979-04-14 1980-10-16 Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag Loesbare abdeckung fuer fensterscheiben an kraftfahrzeugen, insbesondere omnibussen
DE3140990C2 (de) * 1981-10-15 1994-10-27 Gartner & Co J Wandelement
NL8503044A (nl) * 1985-11-06 1987-06-01 Reynolds Aluminium Bv Gordijngevel, in het bijzonder met structurele beglazing.
EP0592640A1 (de) * 1992-05-03 1994-04-20 MERO-Raumstruktur GmbH & Co. Räumliches tragwerk aus ebenen glasscheiben, stäben, seilen und verbindungselementen

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2348937A (en) * 1942-04-27 1944-05-16 Oscar C Stahl Shower door
US3053353A (en) * 1958-01-23 1962-09-11 Miller Ind Inc Frame for curtain wall construction
US3321880A (en) * 1964-09-14 1967-05-30 Robertson Co H H Curtain wall construction
US3342001A (en) * 1964-06-17 1967-09-19 Arnd Maurice Frame assembly for windows, doors or the like
US3378969A (en) * 1966-09-07 1968-04-23 George K. Larger Prefabricated composite masonry panel formed of prelaid individual masonry modules bonded together
US3435579A (en) * 1966-11-22 1969-04-01 Ppg Industries Inc Thermally insulated wall construction
US3509672A (en) * 1967-12-21 1970-05-05 Ppg Industries Inc Curtain wall construction
US3685240A (en) * 1970-03-30 1972-08-22 A W Breiner Glazing system

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2348937A (en) * 1942-04-27 1944-05-16 Oscar C Stahl Shower door
US3053353A (en) * 1958-01-23 1962-09-11 Miller Ind Inc Frame for curtain wall construction
US3342001A (en) * 1964-06-17 1967-09-19 Arnd Maurice Frame assembly for windows, doors or the like
US3321880A (en) * 1964-09-14 1967-05-30 Robertson Co H H Curtain wall construction
US3378969A (en) * 1966-09-07 1968-04-23 George K. Larger Prefabricated composite masonry panel formed of prelaid individual masonry modules bonded together
US3435579A (en) * 1966-11-22 1969-04-01 Ppg Industries Inc Thermally insulated wall construction
US3509672A (en) * 1967-12-21 1970-05-05 Ppg Industries Inc Curtain wall construction
US3685240A (en) * 1970-03-30 1972-08-22 A W Breiner Glazing system

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3998016A (en) * 1975-03-13 1976-12-21 H. H. Robertson Company Blow-in/blow-out wall structure
US4065890A (en) * 1975-12-17 1978-01-03 Wolfgang Fenner Framework joint
US4067162A (en) * 1976-06-23 1978-01-10 Btr Industries Limited Building construction
US20030070368A1 (en) * 2001-10-12 2003-04-17 Jefferson Shingleton Solar module mounting method and clip
US6672018B2 (en) * 2001-10-12 2004-01-06 Jefferson Shingleton Solar module mounting method and clip
US20040200178A1 (en) * 2003-04-08 2004-10-14 Simmons Robert J. Matrix frame/panel skin building structure
WO2004092496A3 (en) * 2003-04-08 2004-12-29 Robert J Simmons Matrix frame/panel skin building structure
US7802406B2 (en) 2004-10-09 2010-09-28 Simmons Robert J Multi-function building panel beam tube with homogeneous anchor sites
US20060075714A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-13 Simmons Robert J Multi-function building panel beam tube with homogeneous anchor sites
US20060075703A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-13 Simmons Robert J Defined relative-motion tongue-and-groove building-surfacing-panel interface
US20090250580A1 (en) * 2008-02-25 2009-10-08 Renewable Energy Holdings, Llc Modular solar panel mounting clamps
US20100313493A1 (en) * 2009-06-15 2010-12-16 Henry Kamp System for protection of buildings and method for same
US20110047904A1 (en) * 2009-08-31 2011-03-03 Hossein Etemadi Garage door window
US7918063B2 (en) * 2009-08-31 2011-04-05 Hossein Etemadi Garage door window
US8555592B2 (en) 2011-03-28 2013-10-15 Larry Randall Daudet Steel stud clip
USD730545S1 (en) 2013-12-30 2015-05-26 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Joist and rafter connector
USD732708S1 (en) 2013-12-30 2015-06-23 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Flared joist and rafter connector
US9091056B2 (en) 2013-12-31 2015-07-28 Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc. Multipurpose concrete anchor clip
US10087617B2 (en) 2016-01-20 2018-10-02 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. Drift clip
US10273679B2 (en) 2016-01-20 2019-04-30 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. Slide clip connector
US10724229B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2020-07-28 Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc. Slip clip
CN113089906A (zh) * 2021-04-29 2021-07-09 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司 一种可变角度幕墙公母立柱插接系统及其安装方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATA473472A (de) 1975-11-15
AT331467B (de) 1976-08-25
DE2127917A1 (de) 1972-12-14
IT959046B (it) 1973-11-10
SE395027B (sv) 1977-07-25
FR2140181A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-01-12
BE784397A (fr) 1972-10-02
JPS5443296B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-12-19
NL7207433A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-12-06
FR2140181B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-09-08
GB1400273A (en) 1975-07-16

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