US3771729A - Cryogenic comminution system - Google Patents

Cryogenic comminution system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3771729A
US3771729A US00154113A US3771729DA US3771729A US 3771729 A US3771729 A US 3771729A US 00154113 A US00154113 A US 00154113A US 3771729D A US3771729D A US 3771729DA US 3771729 A US3771729 A US 3771729A
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United States
Prior art keywords
conveyor
mixer
mill
temperature
comminution
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00154113A
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English (en)
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N Frable
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
    • B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonics, irradiation, for disintegrating
    • B02C19/186—Use of cold or heat for disintegrating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B13/00—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped
    • B29B13/10—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped by grinding, e.g. by triturating; by sieving; by filtering
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D3/00—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies
    • F25D3/10—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies using liquefied gases, e.g. liquid air
    • F25D3/11—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies using liquefied gases, e.g. liquid air with conveyors carrying articles to be cooled through the cooling space
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S241/00—Solid material comminution or disintegration
    • Y10S241/37—Cryogenic cooling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of grinding, pulverizing or size reduction, hereinafter collectively referred to as comminution. More particularly, the present invention relates to the comminution of relatively soft or resilient materials which are difficult or impossible to comminute in high speed mills such as, for example, polymeric and rubber materials including polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchlorides, polyisobutylenes and other natural or synthetic rubber materials, spices, pigments and color concentrates hereinafter collectively referred to as relatively non-brittle materials.
  • the present invention substantially reduces the amount of refrigerant bycarefully controlledcooling of the material to, or only slightly below, its embrittlement temperature in a cooling zone, and separately supplying a controlled amount of auxiliary refrigerant into the mill to directly cool and maintain the internal components of the mill at an optimum operating-temperature.
  • the cooling zone includes a refrigerant injection zone, and a subsequent equilibration zone, whereby the temperature gradient between the surface and core portions of the particles is substantially reduced before they are fed into the mill.
  • the drawing is a simplified illustration of one embodiment of the cryogenic comminution system showing some of the components in cross-section.
  • housing 24 which may be of circular or U-shapedcross-section.
  • the housing 24 is preferably covered with a thermal insulation material 26, such as sponge rubber, foamed polyurethane, or other well known insulation materials.
  • the mixer conveyor may be horizontal, or inclined, and may be in the order of 5 to 10 feet long.
  • Shaft 12 is preferably driven at a relatively low and variable speed by a motor 28, first gear reducer 30, variable speed pulley 32, belt 34, pulley 36, and a second gear reducer 37.
  • the rotational speed of mixer-conveyor 10 may bewidely varied, and is preferablyin the range of 5 to 10 RPM which results in a residence time of the material in mixerconveyor 10 in the range of l to 10 minutes for a mixerconveyor having the aboveindicated length of 5 to IOYfeet.
  • cryogenic refrigerant is intended to denote a refrigerant fluid having a normal boiling point below minus 100F which includes, for example, liquefied carbon dioxide, liquefied air, various liquefied halogenated hydrocarbons, liquefied nitrous and nitric oxide, and liquefied noble gases such as helium and argon.
  • liquefied nitrogen having a normal boiling point of minus'320F is preferred as the most ideal cryogenic refrigerant.
  • p r The liquefiedcryo genic refrigerant, suchas liquid nitrogen, is conveyed through insulatedtransfer lines 40,
  • the points of liquid injection should extend toward the discharge end for. one-half to four-fifths of the lengthof the'mixer-conveyor. That is, it is preferred that the cryogenic liquid injection portion of the mixer conveyor should terminate before the discharge end of material should'have a sufficient residence time in the vapor zone to enable the-temperature gradient between thesurface and the core of the particles to at least partially'equilibrate.
  • the preferred mixer-conveyor includes a cryogenic liquid injection zone, and an equilibration zone so that the entire mass of the particle is cooled to its embrittlement temperature, or slightly therebelow.
  • the discharge end of mixerconveyor is provided with a discharge duct 20 through which the embrittled particulate material is discharged into the impact mill 50 which is illustrated as being of the conventional high-speed rotating hammer type.
  • the feed inlets to such mills usually include either an inclined feed chute, or a feed conveyor which may be connected to the discharge duct 20 of the mixer-conveyor either directly, or through an optional intermediate duct 22.
  • the feed inlet to the mill comprises a relatively short feed conveyor 52 comprising a housing or duct 54 containing a feed screw 56 which is driven by motor 58 through gear reducer 60, variable speed pulley 62, belt 64, and pulley 66.
  • the mixer-conveyor is relatively long and rotates at low speed in order to provide a relatively long residence time in order to cool and embrittle the particulate material
  • feed conveyor 52 is relatively short such as, for example, in the order of two to ten inches, and the feed screw is driven at relatively high speed, such as in the order of 50 to 100 RPM.
  • the residence time of the particulate material in discharge ducts 20, 22 and the feed conveyor 52 is very short, such as for example, in the order of one to ten seconds, and the volume of the feed conveyor filled by the particulate material is less than one-half of its total volume.
  • the discharge ducts 20, 22 and high speed, partially filled, feed conveyor 52 provide an essentially open passage for the conduction of auxiliary cryogenic refrigerant directly into the mill as will now be described in detail.
  • auxiliary refrigerant injection is through an auxiliary transfer line 68 the discharge end of which is preferably provided with a spray nozzle 70 located within the feed conveyor or feed chute.
  • auxiliary refrigerant line 68 may terminate within discharge ducts 20 or 22, or it may terminate directly within the mill itselfjthe latter two locations being illustrated in phantom line.
  • the point of auxiliary refrigerant injection may be anywhere downstream of the mixer-conveyor, so long as the auxiliary refrigerant does not have sufficient contact time with the particulate material so as to appreciably-subcool the particulate material, but rather, such that the'liquid refrigerant goes immediately into the mill and into direct contact with the internal components of the mill,
  • the mill is directly cooled by the auxiliary liquid refrigerant and the heat generated in the mill is overcome without overcooling the particulate material substantially. below its embrittlement temperature.
  • main transfer line 42 is provided with a flow control valve 72 which may be of the on-off or modulating type, and which includes an actuator 74 for controlling the opening and closing movements of the valve.
  • Actuator 74 is connected by an electrical or pneumatic signal line 76 to an indicator-controller 78 which is connected through a signal line 80 to a temperature sensor 82, such as a thermocouple, which is preferably located in the mill outlet.
  • sensor 82 detects the discharge temperature of the comminuted particles, which is also an indication of the internal mill temperature, and indicator-controller 78 actuates controller valve 72 to increase or decrease the flow of refrigerant through main line 42 so as to maintain the discharge temperature of the comminuted material as warm as possible while still maintaining optimum size reduction of the material. That is, depending upon the composition of the material and the final size desired, the discharge temperature is preferably maintained within 30F above or below its embrittlement temperature.
  • refrigerant transfer line 44 includes a flow control valve 84
  • auxiliary refrigerant transfer line 68 includes a flow control valve 86
  • a second temperature sensor 88 is positioned in the discharge portion of the mixer-conveyor adjacent discharge duct 20 and is connected via signal line 90 to a temperature indicator 92.
  • valve 84 may be regulated so as to cool the material to, or slightly below, its embrittlement temperature while also maintaining an optimum temperature of the internal components of the mill by regulating valve 86.
  • flow control valve 72 While the size of flow control valve 72 is selected such that its maximum flowrate is more than sufficient to supply the required flowrate of cryogenic refrigerant during steady-state operation, a substantially larger flowrate is highly desirable during start-up when the complete system is at ambient temperature and must be cooled-down to operating temperature; Accordingly, the preferred embodiment of the invention provides a by-pass line 94 having a manual by-pass valve 96 which permits higher refrigerant flowrates duringcooldown of the system. In addition, valve 96 permits a steady flowrate to be established in lines 44 and 68, regardless of the action of temperature responsive valve 72, so that the optimum settings of proportioning valves 84 and 86 may be established.
  • by-pass valve 96 is opened to permit a high flowrate of cryogenic liquid refrigerant to both spray header 46 and nozzle 70. Since the system is initially warm, a substantial portion of the cryogenic liquid is initially vaporized in cooling the lines, mixer-conveyor 10, and mill 50. Once all of the components have been cooled down to a predetermined temperature, the material to be comminuted is introduced into hopper l6 and motors 28 and 58 are energized. Temperature indicators 92 and 78 are monitored and valves 84 and 86 are initially adjusted so'as to proportion the flow of refrigerant between spray header 46 and nozzle 70.
  • valve 96 is then closed, and the temperature indicators are further monitored as the system approaches steady-state operation.
  • Final adjustments of valve 84 and 86 are then made so that the temperature of the material at the discharge end of the mixer-conveyor is at, or slightly below, the embrittlement temperature of the material to be comminuted. That is, valve 84 is adjusted such that the average equilibrated temperature of the material in the discharge end of the mixer-conveyor is held in the range of 0 to 50 below its embrittlement temperature; while valve 86 is adjusted so as to provide the optimum amount of additional refrigerant which is necessary to overcome the frictional heat generated in the mill and keep the internal components of the mill at or near the embrittlement temperature of the material.
  • the residence time of the material in the mixer-conveyor may also be adjusted by varying the rotational speed of shaft 12 through variable speed pulley 32 which, in turn, optimizes the amount of refrigerant supplied to spray header 46 in order to maintain the average equilibrated' temperature of the material discharged from the mixer-conveyor between zero to 50F below the embrittlement temperature of the material being processed.
  • the present invention separately injects auxiliary refrigerant into the mill for direct contact and heat exchange with the components of the mill. As a result, extensive tests have shown that the present invention requires to percent less refrigerant,
  • a cryogenic system for comminuting relatively non-brittle material comprising:
  • a. elongated rotary mixer-conveyor means including inlet means, discharge means spaced at least 5 to 10 feet from said inlet means, and variable speed conveyor means for varying the residence time of material conveyed through said mixer-conveyor within the range of one to ten minutes,
  • first refrigerant injection means connected to said source for introducing liquid nitrogen into said mixer-conveyor, said injection means comprising a spray header positioned within the interior of said mixer-conveyor and extending from adjacent said inlet means throughout the major portion of the length of said mixer-conveyor,
  • a comminution mill including feed inlet means connected to said mixer-conveyor discharge means, and internal comminution means for comminuting the embrittled material fed to said mill from said mixer-conveyor,
  • thermosensoring means positioned in the discharge portion of said mixer-conveyor for determining the temperature of the material discharged from said mixer-conveyor
  • first flow control means connected to said first refrigerant injection means for regulating the flowrate of liquid nitrogen supplied to said mixerconveyor such as to maintain the temperature of the material discharged therefrom within a range of 0F to below 50F below the embrittlement temperature of said material
  • second refrigerant injection means positioned downstream of said mixer-conveyor for supplying additional liquid nitrogen into direct liquid contact with said internal comminution means
  • second flow control means connected to said second refrigerant injection means for separately regulating the flowrate of liquid nitrogen supplied to said mill such as to remove substantially all of the heat generated by said mill.
  • cryogenic system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said comminution feed inlet means comprise a high-speed feed conveyor and said second refrigerant injection means are positioned such as to inject liquid nitrogen into and through said high-speed feed con veyor into direct liquid contact with said internal comminution means.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Crushing And Pulverization Processes (AREA)
US00154113A 1971-06-17 1971-06-17 Cryogenic comminution system Expired - Lifetime US3771729A (en)

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US15411371A 1971-06-17 1971-06-17

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US (1) US3771729A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA985665A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2223769A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2142523A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1340312A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT957727B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA721507B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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US3884162A (en) * 1973-01-23 1975-05-20 Steinmueller Gmbh L & C Incinerator plant for pre-treated industrial wastes
US3900975A (en) * 1974-05-20 1975-08-26 Union Carbide Corp Cryogenic grinding of copper
US3902435A (en) * 1973-01-23 1975-09-02 Steinmueller Gmbh L & C Method of incinerating pre-treated industrial wastes
US3965267A (en) * 1974-09-17 1976-06-22 Union Carbide Corporation Cryopulverizing and post-treatment of flavoring materials
US3975548A (en) * 1971-12-08 1976-08-17 Agence Nationale De Valorisation De La Recherche (Anvar) Pulverizing process for the production of frozen minced meat
US3990641A (en) * 1975-03-03 1976-11-09 Jeno, Inc. Cryogenic feed method and apparatus especially for wire
US4015780A (en) * 1975-05-05 1977-04-05 Boc Limited Powder forming
US4018389A (en) * 1975-09-29 1977-04-19 Paoli Stephen A High production mechanical separator machine
US4129443A (en) * 1975-06-06 1978-12-12 Ford Motor Company Method for improving the sinterability of iron powder derived from comminuted scrap metal
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US4222527A (en) * 1979-02-22 1980-09-16 Union Carbide Corporation Cryopulverizing packed bed control system
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US4692982A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-09-15 Rice Norman B Lining removal process
US4776173A (en) * 1985-12-20 1988-10-11 Angio-Medical Corporation Method for extracting a substance from animal derived material
US4804551A (en) * 1986-06-06 1989-02-14 Bernard Matthews Plc Manufacture of meat-based products
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US5368240A (en) * 1990-10-23 1994-11-29 Ubd Patent - Und Lizenzverwaltungsgesellschaft Apparatus for reducing rubber to particles
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Cited By (86)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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CA985665A (en) 1976-03-16
IT957727B (it) 1973-10-20
DE2223769A1 (de) 1972-12-21
FR2142523A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-01-26
GB1340312A (en) 1973-12-12
ZA721507B (en) 1973-04-25

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