US3765783A - Composite drain to be used in soil types having low water premeability - Google Patents

Composite drain to be used in soil types having low water premeability Download PDF

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Publication number
US3765783A
US3765783A US00159764A US3765783DA US3765783A US 3765783 A US3765783 A US 3765783A US 00159764 A US00159764 A US 00159764A US 3765783D A US3765783D A US 3765783DA US 3765783 A US3765783 A US 3765783A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
clay
drain
water
core
drains
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00159764A
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English (en)
Inventor
O Wager
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Orebro Pappersbruks AB
Perstorp AB
Original Assignee
Orebro Pappersbruks AB
Perstorp AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from SE964970A external-priority patent/SE343623B/xx
Priority claimed from SE2446/71A external-priority patent/SE343902B/xx
Application filed by Orebro Pappersbruks AB, Perstorp AB filed Critical Orebro Pappersbruks AB
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3765783A publication Critical patent/US3765783A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F5/00—Draining the sub-base, i.e. subgrade or ground-work, e.g. embankment of roads or of the ballastway of railways or draining-off road surface or ballastway drainage by trenches, culverts, or conduits or other specially adapted means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B11/00—Drainage of soil, e.g. for agricultural purposes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24149—Honeycomb-like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24628—Nonplanar uniform thickness material
    • Y10T428/24661—Forming, or cooperating to form cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24744—Longitudinal or transverse tubular cavity or cell

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Embankments for roads, railways etc are made by using material having low water permeability, such as clay. The material is laid up in different layers, which are separated from each other by means of horizontally arranged strips of drains.
  • the drains comprise an inner core having wave-shaped surfaces and outer sheets of water filtering material, so that water from the clay may go through the outer sheets into the space between the inner core and the outer sheets and flow out.
  • the present invention relates to a method for making embankments for roads, railways, houses etc using material having low water permeability, such as clay.
  • the invention comprises also a drain suitable for carrying out the method.
  • Clay and similar soil types are usually regarded as bad basic materials due to their low ability to let water penetrate through them. For this reason, it has hitherto been necessary to carry out extensive piling, if construction works shall be done on a clay base, or it has been necessary to take away large quantities of clay and replace them with better basic materials. This is a serious disadvantage giving rise to high construction costs.
  • a special drainage problem is present for instance with road constructions, where it is desired to use finegrained, water-saturated soil types like clay from open cuts as embankment filling material.
  • the clay taken away usually cannot be used as embankment filling material without special measures, it is mostly transported to certain dumping-grounds. This causes large extra costs and is also unsuitable from a nature point of view.
  • the filling must consist of gravel, which often has to be taken from open side cuts. In many areas, the supply of gravel is unsufficient, which causes high prices. Such open side cuts do also often come into conflict with nature interests. It is accordingly desired that the clay could be used for filling of road embankments.
  • One condition for doing so is that the clay can be quickly dewatered by suitable measures, e g by means of drains.
  • drains advantageously can be used in connection with e g road construction
  • the pore water in the frozen soil (the water in the cavities between the minen'al grains) is frozen.
  • the soil thaws, and on account of the excess of water therein a pore water pressure arises, which substantially decreases the shearing strength of the soil.
  • it can take a very long time for the water to disappear, which often results in floating out and slides of the filling materials.
  • the invention comprises a method for making embankments for roads, railways, houses etc using materials having low water permeability, such as clay.
  • the method is mainly characterized in that the material is laid up in several, mainly horizontal layers, which are separated from each other by means of sheets of a material having fine pores, so that predominantly horizontal drainage of the embankments is obtained.
  • a drain according to the invention which is suitable for carrying out the above-mentioned method, comprises an inner core having wave-shaped, channeled surfaces.
  • the core shall at least on one surface be equipped with a water permeable, filtrating sheetshaped material, such as paper or the like, so that channels are formed between the core and the sheet-shaped material.
  • the drain comprises a disk-shaped, elongated material having wave-shaped surfaces on both sides and being includedin paper.
  • Paper which should preferably be unsized and have a'surface weight of approx. g/m, may also be used asdraining material.
  • the papers is then arranged with the direction of the fibres in the same direction as the draining shall occur, i.e. across the road when embankments for roads are made.
  • the embankment is laid up in such a way that a clay layer having a thickness of about 20 cm is spread out, which is thereafter covered by a layer of drains, a further layer of clay, another layer of drains thereon etc.
  • the embankment as it is built serves as a road for the transportation of filling material.
  • the embankment is laid up from the direction toward which it is built.
  • the invention has made it possible to build road embankments at substantially reduced costs compared to conventional methods, primarily due to the highly reduced costs of transportation.
  • the arrangement of the drains may be carried out by very simple means.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embankment when being built
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section of an embankment.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show cross sections of two different drains according to the invention.
  • a clay layer 1 is spread out on a suitably prepared surface 2, whereupon a layer of drains 3 is arranged on the clay layer 1.
  • the drain consists of paper
  • the direction of the fibres in the paper should be oriented across the embankment.
  • the first clay layer is given a relatively limited length, but it extends over the whole width of the embankment. Thereafter a new clay layer is spread out upon the drain and then comes one more layer of drains etc.
  • the process is repeated with a new clay layer direct on the earth surface immediately in front of the just finished embankment, so that the embankment grows in short pieces.
  • a finished embankment according to the invention consists of a plurality of clay layers separated from each other by means of drains.
  • the core material 11 of the drain consists of a thin, wave-shaped strip of plastics. On both sides of the strip, paper sheets 12 are anchored. Due to the wave-shape of the strip, longitudinal channels 13 are formed on each side of the core. When the drain is put into the soil, water will penetrate through the paper, into the channels and along these to the open earth surface. It is important that the paper acts as a filter.
  • the channels will be filled with soil and thus become impermeable. It is of course possible to use other materials thah plastics and paper in the present combination, but as these materials not only give the drain the desired stiffness and elasticity, but also are cheap, the combination is especially suitable. In some cases, however, it can be advantageous to have a core of metal having the same profile instead of a core of plastics.
  • FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the invention, which differs from the embodiment according to FIG. 3 only in the way that the core 11 has been made even more robust.
  • the waves on the both sides are mirror images of each other. This embodiment is preferred for production reasons when the core material consists of plastics, but otherwise it has the same effect as the embodiment according to FIG. 3.
  • the drain according to the invention can also by reason of its strength take up horizontal shearing tensions in the filling, which has a stabilizing effect thereon.
  • the stabilizing effect of the drain is in this case besides occurring through dewatering of the clay the same as for the stabilizing pile construction for embankment fillings as is described in Vagoch Vattenbyggaren, No. 8, August 1968, Oleg Wager, Stability improving pile construction for embankment fillings.
  • a heavier load may often be put on the embankment.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 is that the paper in the former acts as a drain having high resistance to water flow, while in the latter case the paper only acts as a filter. As the paper is stretched by means of the channeled core, it may also be thinner than the paper in the drain consisting only (as in FIG. 2) of cardboard. The capacity and hence the efficiency of the drain is increased hereby.
  • the new drain of FIGS. 3 and 4 has two channel systems separated from each other, which makes it more reliable.
  • the drains according to the present invention may be manufactured in convenient widths adapted for the actual draining problem.
  • the channel depth in the core may also be adapted to the dewatering demand.
  • the distance between the drains is dependent on i.a. the character of the soil.
  • the c/c distance is generally between 0.5 and 1.5 m.
  • the drains are also suitable for draining around build ings and for draining of fields.
  • the advantage is obtained that the ditch, in which the drain is placed, may be made appreciably narrower than when using conventional drains.
  • the filter layer makes it also unnecessary to have the same high requirements on the grain distribution of the material surrounding the drain as is the fact in connection with conventional drain pipes.
  • the drain is practically not at all influenced by possible uneven settlements in the earth.
  • a composite drain to be used in soil types having low water permeability characterized in that it consists essentially of an inner core of water-impermeable material having wave-shaped surfaces and that the core on at least one surface is combined with a filtrating, waterpermeable, sheetlike materiaL which maintains drainage channels formed between the core and the sheetlike material, said sheetlike material permitting the passage of water but preventing the passage of soil particles therethrough.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
US00159764A 1970-07-10 1971-07-06 Composite drain to be used in soil types having low water premeability Expired - Lifetime US3765783A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE964970A SE343623B (fi) 1970-07-10 1970-07-10
SE2446/71A SE343902B (fi) 1971-02-26 1971-02-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3765783A true US3765783A (en) 1973-10-16

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00159764A Expired - Lifetime US3765783A (en) 1970-07-10 1971-07-06 Composite drain to be used in soil types having low water premeability

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US3765783A (fi)
JP (1) JPS5514204B1 (fi)
DE (1) DE2132820C3 (fi)
DK (1) DK134121B (fi)
FI (1) FI58533C (fi)
FR (1) FR2101554A5 (fi)
GB (2) GB1339418A (fi)
HK (1) HK42081A (fi)
IL (1) IL37107A (fi)
NL (1) NL161525C (fi)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4572700A (en) * 1983-03-31 1986-02-25 Monsanto Company Elongated bendable drainage mat
US4600337A (en) * 1983-10-31 1986-07-15 Sarver Ronald D Board mat system
US4662778A (en) * 1983-03-31 1987-05-05 Monsanto Company Drainage mat
US5263792A (en) * 1992-10-26 1993-11-23 W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. Finned subterranean drainage device and method for fabricating the same
US5401118A (en) * 1993-07-20 1995-03-28 Kramer; Fritz Composition and method for covering soil
US6468942B1 (en) 2000-11-16 2002-10-22 John J. Sansalone Absorptive-filtration media for the capture of waterborne or airborne constituents
US6505996B1 (en) * 2000-02-10 2003-01-14 Tenax Corporation Drainage system with unitary void-maintaining geosynthetic structure and method for constructing system
US6607329B2 (en) * 2000-09-05 2003-08-19 The Fort Miller Co., Inc. Method of forming, installing and a system for attaching a pre-fabricated pavement slab to a subbase and the pre-fabricated pavement slab so formed
EP1369533A1 (en) 2002-06-06 2003-12-10 Geotechnics Holland B.V. Drainage material
US20060032807A1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2006-02-16 Sansalone John J Clarification and sorptive-filtration system for the capture of constituents and particulate matter in liquids and gases
US20090245936A1 (en) * 2008-01-24 2009-10-01 Jones David M Woven geosynthetic fabric with differential wicking capability
NL1039592C2 (nl) * 2012-05-10 2013-11-12 Amazone Holding B V Wegconstructie.
CN103498446A (zh) * 2013-07-16 2014-01-08 中冶集团武汉勘察研究院有限公司 一种无肋式箱型加筋排渗复合构件
CN105603962A (zh) * 2016-01-06 2016-05-25 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 软土边坡叠片式充砂排水结构的施工方法
US11035082B2 (en) * 2016-11-09 2021-06-15 Nv Bekaert Sa Construction reinforcement with protruding reinforcements

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7501525A (nl) * 1975-02-08 1976-08-10 Akzo Nv Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een steun- lichaam voor een weg, alsmede aldus vervaardigd steunlichaam.
CA1015173A (en) * 1975-07-25 1977-08-09 Oleg Wager Earth drain
FR2471448A2 (fr) * 1979-12-11 1981-06-19 See Jacques Masse drainante et irrigante et dispersante
FR2462518A1 (fr) * 1979-08-03 1981-02-13 Cofrad Materiau de drainage et procede de fabrication
EG14421A (en) * 1979-12-11 1984-03-31 Monique Minvielle Masse drainante et irrigante et dispersante
DE3636207A1 (de) * 1986-10-24 1988-04-28 Lentia Gmbh Drainagelaminat
ES2120987T3 (es) * 1991-02-11 1998-11-16 Hepworth Building Prod Drenaje subterraneo.
DE4311357A1 (de) * 1993-04-06 1994-10-13 Akzo Nobel Nv Drainmatte
ITRA20040004A1 (it) 2004-01-21 2004-04-21 Enrico Grassi Corpo membranale e relativo metodo di produzione
DE102016109686B3 (de) * 2016-05-25 2017-07-06 Uniflex-Hydraulik Gmbh Maschine zum Schneiden von Schläuchen

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1025443A (en) * 1911-02-11 1912-05-07 Edward H Angier Corrugated sheet.
US1241866A (en) * 1916-07-03 1917-10-02 Emma Wagoner Long Artist's tablet.
US1969267A (en) * 1930-03-17 1934-08-07 Hubbard Prevost Method of preparing subgrades for roads and highways
US2183253A (en) * 1936-09-12 1939-12-12 Chambers Allison Robert Road construction
US2192516A (en) * 1937-05-28 1940-03-05 Woodall Industries Inc Insulation sheet material
US2225458A (en) * 1939-04-26 1940-12-17 Edward F Murphy Game court
US2259374A (en) * 1938-10-08 1941-10-14 Clarence U Gramelspacher Road construction
US2609956A (en) * 1951-03-26 1952-09-09 F D S Mfg Company Inc Ventilated packing box and cushioning member therefor
US2811906A (en) * 1955-02-21 1957-11-05 Clifford P Chappell Method of forming a floor or surface covering
US3041219A (en) * 1959-04-06 1962-06-26 St Regis Paper Co Thermal insulating wall board and wall constructions thereof
US3346219A (en) * 1966-04-15 1967-10-10 Monsanto Res Corp Mat structure
US3700518A (en) * 1971-03-17 1972-10-24 Honshu Paper Co Ltd Method for manufacturing a composite corrugated paper board

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1025443A (en) * 1911-02-11 1912-05-07 Edward H Angier Corrugated sheet.
US1241866A (en) * 1916-07-03 1917-10-02 Emma Wagoner Long Artist's tablet.
US1969267A (en) * 1930-03-17 1934-08-07 Hubbard Prevost Method of preparing subgrades for roads and highways
US2183253A (en) * 1936-09-12 1939-12-12 Chambers Allison Robert Road construction
US2192516A (en) * 1937-05-28 1940-03-05 Woodall Industries Inc Insulation sheet material
US2259374A (en) * 1938-10-08 1941-10-14 Clarence U Gramelspacher Road construction
US2225458A (en) * 1939-04-26 1940-12-17 Edward F Murphy Game court
US2609956A (en) * 1951-03-26 1952-09-09 F D S Mfg Company Inc Ventilated packing box and cushioning member therefor
US2811906A (en) * 1955-02-21 1957-11-05 Clifford P Chappell Method of forming a floor or surface covering
US3041219A (en) * 1959-04-06 1962-06-26 St Regis Paper Co Thermal insulating wall board and wall constructions thereof
US3346219A (en) * 1966-04-15 1967-10-10 Monsanto Res Corp Mat structure
US3700518A (en) * 1971-03-17 1972-10-24 Honshu Paper Co Ltd Method for manufacturing a composite corrugated paper board

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4662778A (en) * 1983-03-31 1987-05-05 Monsanto Company Drainage mat
US4572700A (en) * 1983-03-31 1986-02-25 Monsanto Company Elongated bendable drainage mat
US4600337A (en) * 1983-10-31 1986-07-15 Sarver Ronald D Board mat system
US5263792A (en) * 1992-10-26 1993-11-23 W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. Finned subterranean drainage device and method for fabricating the same
US5401118A (en) * 1993-07-20 1995-03-28 Kramer; Fritz Composition and method for covering soil
US6505996B1 (en) * 2000-02-10 2003-01-14 Tenax Corporation Drainage system with unitary void-maintaining geosynthetic structure and method for constructing system
US6709192B2 (en) * 2000-09-05 2004-03-23 The Fort Miller Group, Inc. Method of forming, installing and a system for attaching a pre-fabricated pavement slab to a subbase and the pre-fabricated pavement slab so formed
US6607329B2 (en) * 2000-09-05 2003-08-19 The Fort Miller Co., Inc. Method of forming, installing and a system for attaching a pre-fabricated pavement slab to a subbase and the pre-fabricated pavement slab so formed
US20060032807A1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2006-02-16 Sansalone John J Clarification and sorptive-filtration system for the capture of constituents and particulate matter in liquids and gases
US20090238646A1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2009-09-24 Sansalone John J Porous Pavement for Water Quality and Quantity Management
US6767160B2 (en) * 2000-11-16 2004-07-27 John J. Sansalone Porous pavement for water quantity and quality management
US20040208697A1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2004-10-21 Sansalone John J. Adsorptive-filtration media for the capture of waterborne or airborne constituents
US6468942B1 (en) 2000-11-16 2002-10-22 John J. Sansalone Absorptive-filtration media for the capture of waterborne or airborne constituents
US20080023383A1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2008-01-31 Sansalone John J Clarification and Sorptive-Filtration System for the Capture of Constituents and Particulate Matter in Liquids and Gases
US7341661B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2008-03-11 Unit Process Technologies, L.L.C. Clarification and sorptive-filtration system for the capture of constituents and particulate matter in liquids and gases
US7524422B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2009-04-28 Unit Process Technologies, Llc Clarification and sorptive-filtration system for the capture of constituents and particulate matter in liquids and gases
US7575393B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2009-08-18 Unit Process Technologies, Llc Cementitious porous pavement
US8162562B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2012-04-24 Unit Process Technologies, Llc Method of constructing a filtering pavement surface
EP1369533A1 (en) 2002-06-06 2003-12-10 Geotechnics Holland B.V. Drainage material
US20090245936A1 (en) * 2008-01-24 2009-10-01 Jones David M Woven geosynthetic fabric with differential wicking capability
US7874767B2 (en) * 2008-01-24 2011-01-25 Nicolon Corporation Woven geosynthetic fabric with differential wicking capability
US20110058897A1 (en) * 2008-01-24 2011-03-10 Jones David M Woven geosynthetic fabric with differential wicking capability
US8070395B2 (en) 2008-01-24 2011-12-06 Jones David M Woven geosynthetic fabric with differential wicking capability
NL1039592C2 (nl) * 2012-05-10 2013-11-12 Amazone Holding B V Wegconstructie.
CN103498446A (zh) * 2013-07-16 2014-01-08 中冶集团武汉勘察研究院有限公司 一种无肋式箱型加筋排渗复合构件
CN105603962A (zh) * 2016-01-06 2016-05-25 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 软土边坡叠片式充砂排水结构的施工方法
US11035082B2 (en) * 2016-11-09 2021-06-15 Nv Bekaert Sa Construction reinforcement with protruding reinforcements

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI58533C (fi) 1981-02-10
JPS5514204B1 (fi) 1980-04-15
NL161525C (nl) 1982-11-16
DE2132820B2 (de) 1974-06-12
DE2132820C3 (de) 1975-01-30
FI58533B (fi) 1980-10-31
GB1338451A (en) 1973-11-21
NL161525B (nl) 1979-09-17
DK134121B (da) 1976-09-13
GB1339418A (en) 1973-12-05
NL7108781A (fi) 1972-01-12
HK42081A (en) 1981-08-28
DE2132820A1 (de) 1972-01-20
DK134121C (fi) 1977-02-14
IL37107A (en) 1973-07-30
IL37107A0 (en) 1971-08-25
FR2101554A5 (fi) 1972-03-31

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