US3735971A - Strainable members exposed to temperature variations and materials therefor - Google Patents

Strainable members exposed to temperature variations and materials therefor Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3735971A
US3735971A US00097923A US3735971DA US3735971A US 3735971 A US3735971 A US 3735971A US 00097923 A US00097923 A US 00097923A US 3735971D A US3735971D A US 3735971DA US 3735971 A US3735971 A US 3735971A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
percent
remainder
impurities
portion comprises
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00097923A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
S Steinemann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
INST REINHARD STRAUMANN AG WAL
INSTITUT REINHARD STRAUMANN AG WALDENBURG CH
Original Assignee
INST REINHARD STRAUMANN AG WAL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by INST REINHARD STRAUMANN AG WAL filed Critical INST REINHARD STRAUMANN AG WAL
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3735971A publication Critical patent/US3735971A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C28/00—Alloys based on a metal not provided for in groups C22C5/00 - C22C27/00

Definitions

  • a temperature-stable strainable member is formed of an antiferromagnetic alloy having a low temperature- Continuation-impart 0f y coefficient of the modulus of elasticity. The member 1968, abandoned.
  • a mechanical oscillator as a .1 vibratory element with a modulus of elasticity whose [30] Forelgn Apphcatwn Pnomy Data temperature coefficient is between -10 l0 and +10 May I3, 1967 Switzerland ..680Z/67 10 entigrade and which is composed of 20 29 percent manganese, 2 9 percent chromium, 0.03 l [52] U.S. Cl ..267/l82 percent r n, h remainder iron with ordinary im- 51 Int. Cl.
  • This invention relates to elastically strainable mechanical members, and materials therefor, and particularly to such members whose rate or extent of departure from the unstrained state in response to stresses must remain accurately consistent despite changes in temperature.
  • the invention has special relevance to elastic members in mechanical oscillators whose frequency must remain temperature-stable so they can be used in instruments such as watches or mechanically resonant filters.
  • oscillating mechanical members such as those used in mechanical resonators as tuning forks, or as resonators in electromechanical filters or other instruments, must exhibit an oscillatory frequency that remains substantially constant in response to changes in temperature. Such freedom from temperature effects is necessary for accuracy and stability in time pieces and other instruments.
  • thermocompensating alloys which are intended to eliminate temperature effects on the elasticity or frequency of oscillation.
  • Ordinary structural materials such as aluminum, copper and their alloys, steels etc., have negative temperature coefficientsof elasticity of about 20 10* per degree Centigrade or more.
  • thermocompensating alloys the temperature effects are reduced to lower values of the order of 10 10 per degree Centigrade, and possibly displaced to iero or even to positive values (note that a temperature coefficient 1/M dM/dT of elastic modulus of 10 5 corresponds to a rate of 4.3 sec/day of a watch).
  • a resonant frequency is determined not solely by the thermoelastic coefficient of the elastic member, but also by its thermal expansion and the thermal expansion of the masses or of all components of the oscillating system together.
  • a material, which as a rod for tlexural oscillations has a neglibly small temperature coefficient of frequency will have a negative frequency dependence when incorporated as a spiral spring and coupled to the balance wheel in a watch; in the latter case, a positive thermoelastic coefficient must be attained by alteration of the alloy composition or different manufacture procedure.
  • these materials are also required to have low mechanical losses, good workability, corrosion-resistance, and high mechanical stability.
  • thermocompensating alloys known under Trade Marks such as Nivarox, Ni-Span C, lsoval, are all based on ferromagnetic phenomena. Apart from the purely elastic Hookes extension under load, an additional magnetostrictive extension occurs and the overall effect corresponds to a'lowering of the modulus of elasticity. The process is called AE-effect or AE-y-effect, according to whether shape magnetostriction or volume magnetostriction pre-dominates. For temperature compensation, the decrease of magnetostriction towards the Curie-temperature is used and the alloy formation and treatment of these materials is virtually a formulation of magnetic and magnetomechanical properties.
  • Anomalies of dilatation and elasticity are also known with antiferromagnetic materials.
  • an additional dilatation occurs because of antiferromagnetostriction, and thus aAE-effect.
  • the effect can extend up to the Neel-temperature, which is a corresponding quantity to the Curie-temperature of the ferromagnetic materials, above which, on the transition to a paramagnetic state, there is again a normal behavior of the elasticity.
  • the origin of the striction resides in a crystal energy, although here with oppositely directed coupled spins.
  • the properties of the antiferromagnetic materials are unaffected by external magnetic fields, at least up to field strengths which are commonly attained in aircored coils.
  • an antiferromagnetic compensating alloy With an antiferromagnetic compensating alloy, the disadvantageous shift of the temperature coefficient of elasticity and of the frequency or the dynamic moment in the magnetic field also do not occur.
  • Such component elements are applicable not only to oscillating elements of many kinds, which need to .exhibit a frequency which is independent of temperature effects, but also to statically loaded component elements, whose E-modulus must remain constant even with changing temperature, such as, for example, springs of spring weighing scales, and even also to mechanically heavily loaded component elements which are to be protected against destructive self-resonances, which might be able to appear on' a change of E- modulus.
  • the disadvantages of prior art mechanical systems of this type are obviated by adapting the member of the system to be held at one location and moved at another location so that a third portion of the system is strained and making at least the third portion from an antiferromagnetic material having a temperature coefficient of elasticity between 105 and 10 10' per degree C.
  • the member is an oscillatory member. According to yet another feature of the invention the member forms part of an oscillatory system.
  • the member is composed of 20 percent to 29 percent Mn, 2 percent to 9 percent Cr, 0.03 percent to 1 percent C, and the remainder Fe and ordinary impurities below 1 percent.
  • up to 4 percent of the Cr can be replaced by Ni, Co, V,
  • the alloy may also include up to 1.5 percent A] Be Ti Nb.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a watch embodying features of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a tuningfork oscillator system embodying features of the invention.
  • the hairspring 14 was made from an alloy composed of 24.8 percent Mn, 5.05 percent Cr, 0.38 percent C, with the remainder Fe and ordinary impurities below I percent.
  • the metal was melted in an induction furnace under argon, then hotrolled at temperatures of 900C 1 ,000 C, annealed at l,000 C and quenched in water. Further transformations were done by cold-drawing and cold-rolling, with intermediate anneals at 900C to l,000 C because the metal showed a strong work-hardening. Strips for cutting of tuning forks and fine flattened wire for spiralhairsprings were obtained.
  • the behavior regarding temperature behavior and magnetic field effects was tested on a wrist-watch as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the latter is of ordinary quality (socalled standard caliper produced in large quantities); the equipment of the movement was in particular given by an escapement mechanism made of nickel-silver (except axles), balance wheel 12 made of Copper- Beryllium and the balance staff of steel. It was measured for the temperature coefficient and magnetic influences according to a standard (proliferatore Canal). Results are shown in the table, compared to a ferromagnetic spiral-hairspring made of Nivarox 2nd quality.
  • spiral hairspring temperature residual efwatch stops made of coefficient fect after in a field between 4 exposure to of and 36C 60 Oersted Nivarox +1 sec/day C l0 sec/day I50 oersted Antiferromagnetic l .2 sec/day "C 0 sec/day 700 oersted
  • the residual effect is a permanant perturbation.
  • the same metal was used for making a tuning fork 22 for a tuning fork oscillator 24 shown in FIG. 2.
  • the tuning fork 22 was 3 cm long and 3 mm thick.
  • the oscillation was maintained by an amplifier coupled to the tuning fork 22 by electrostatic transducers 28 and 30.
  • the frequency variation of the oscillator 24 with temperature is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the oscillator proved to be sensibly temperature-independent from --20 to C. Above the latter temperature the AE-effectanomaly near the Neel-temperature is clearly noticeable.
  • thermocompensating metal Nivarox-Thermelast showed a similar temperature behavior but frequency shifted by about 5 Hz in a magnetic field of 200 Oersted and a residual effect, after exposure to this field, was 0.4 Hz.
  • the following table shows other examples of the composition used in the hairsprings 16 and tuning forks 22. They exhibit a temperature coefficient of elasticity about zero near room temperature. Each of the materials in these examples was manufactured in the manner corresponding to the first example above.
  • the solution anneal is done at a temperature higher than 850 C and the final heat treatment (precipitation) in the range of 400C to 750 C.
  • the forces which are applied to the spring arise originally, in the conventional manner, from the mainspring, not shown, in the escapement mechanism 16.
  • the latter intermittently applies forces through the balance 24 to the portion of the spring, namely the end B connected to the balance.
  • the spring has a reaction force applied thereto at another portion, namely the other end e at location 15 where it is restrained.
  • the portion between the end, namely the large portion of the spring is intermittently stressed to cause oscillation. These oscillations then actuate the escapement mechanism 16 which turns the reduction gears 18 and the hands on the dial 20.
  • the tuning fork 22 is composed of three portions. One of these, the lower end, is restrained. The second of these has a vibratory force applied thereto by the electrostatic transducer 28. The last of these, the intermediate portion, is intermittently and elastically strained. The vibration of the fork actuates the electrostatic transducer 30. The latter translates the vibration into electrical oscillation which the amplifier applies to the tuning fork actuating electrostatic transducer 28.
  • an elastic mechanical system comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion joining said first and second portions, said first portion being adapted to have a force applied thereto, said second portion being adapted to have a reactive force applied thereto so as to strain said third portion, said third portion being composed of an antiferromagnetic material having a modulus of elasticity with a temperature coefficient between -10 10' and 10 10 5 per degree Centigrade.
  • said third portion comprises essentially 20.0 percent Mn, 5.4 percent Cr, 0.03 percent C with the remainder Fe and less than 1 percent impurities.
  • An elastic mechanical system comprising an elastic member, actuating means for straining and and releasing said member, said member being composed of an antiferromagnetic material having a modulus of elasticity with a temperature coefficient between -l0 10 5 and 10 10 5 per degree Centigrade.
  • An elastic system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said member comprises 20 to 29 percent Mn, 2 to 9 percent X, 0.3 percent to 1.0 percent Y, 0 to 1.5 percent Al Be Ti 30 Nb with the remainder Fe and impurities below 1 percent, wherein X is Cr Ni Co V30 Mo+W+SlbutNi+Co+V+Mo+W+Si only from 0 to 4 percent and wherein Y is C N but N only from 0 to 0.3 percent.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
US00097923A 1967-05-13 1970-12-14 Strainable members exposed to temperature variations and materials therefor Expired - Lifetime US3735971A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH680267 1967-05-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3735971A true US3735971A (en) 1973-05-29

Family

ID=4315244

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00097923A Expired - Lifetime US3735971A (en) 1967-05-13 1970-12-14 Strainable members exposed to temperature variations and materials therefor

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3735971A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5021965B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH680267A4 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1758313B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1567423A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1231243A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6806675A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060225526A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2006-10-12 Gideon Levingston Mechanical oscillator system
US20070140065A1 (en) * 2003-10-20 2007-06-21 Gideon Levingston Balance wheel, balance spring and other components and assemblies for a mechanical oscillator system and methods of manufacture
US20090116343A1 (en) * 2005-05-14 2009-05-07 Gideon Levingston Balance spring, regulated balance wheel assembly and methods of manufacture thereof
US20100034057A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2010-02-11 Gideon Levingston Thermally compensating balance wheel
US20100283556A1 (en) * 2006-04-07 2010-11-11 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Coupled resonator for regulating system
US20120329255A1 (en) * 2008-07-29 2012-12-27 Quevy Emmanuel P Out-of-plane mems resonator with static out-of-plane deflection
EP3176281A1 (fr) * 2015-12-02 2017-06-07 Nivarox-FAR S.A. Procede d'amelioration d'un alliage fer-nickel-chrome-manganese pour des applications horlogeres
WO2018083311A1 (fr) * 2016-11-04 2018-05-11 Richemont International Sa Resonateur pour piece d'horlogerie
US11137721B2 (en) * 2017-12-21 2021-10-05 Nivarox-Far S.A. Balance spring for timepiece movements and method for manufacturing the same
EP4039843A1 (fr) 2021-02-04 2022-08-10 Richemont International S.A. Alliage antiferromagnétique, son procédé de réalisation et composant de mouvement horloger fait de l'alliage

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19758613C2 (de) * 1997-04-22 2000-12-07 Krupp Vdm Gmbh Hochfeste und korrosionsbeständige Eisen-Mangan-Chrom-Legierung
DE19716795C2 (de) * 1997-04-22 2001-02-22 Krupp Vdm Gmbh Verwendung einer hochfesten und korrosionsbeständigen Eisen-Mangan-Chrom-Legierung
DE10128544C2 (de) * 2001-06-13 2003-06-05 Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag Höherfestes, kaltumformbares Stahlblech, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und Verwendung eines solchen Blechs

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419825A (en) * 1941-12-08 1947-04-29 Borg George W Corp Compensating spring and alloy for timepieces
CH343888A (de) * 1955-10-13 1959-12-31 Straumann Inst Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Federn, insbesondere für Uhren

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB733510A (en) * 1952-01-14 1955-07-13 Reinhard Straumann Improvements in the manufacture of watch and like springs

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419825A (en) * 1941-12-08 1947-04-29 Borg George W Corp Compensating spring and alloy for timepieces
CH343888A (de) * 1955-10-13 1959-12-31 Straumann Inst Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Federn, insbesondere für Uhren

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060225526A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2006-10-12 Gideon Levingston Mechanical oscillator system
US7641381B2 (en) * 2002-07-12 2010-01-05 Gideon Levingston Mechanical oscillator system
US20070140065A1 (en) * 2003-10-20 2007-06-21 Gideon Levingston Balance wheel, balance spring and other components and assemblies for a mechanical oscillator system and methods of manufacture
US7726872B2 (en) 2003-10-20 2010-06-01 Gideon Levingston Balance wheel, balance spring and other components and assemblies for a mechanical oscillator system and methods of manufacture
US20090116343A1 (en) * 2005-05-14 2009-05-07 Gideon Levingston Balance spring, regulated balance wheel assembly and methods of manufacture thereof
US8333501B2 (en) 2005-05-14 2012-12-18 Carbontime Limited Balance spring, regulated balance wheel assembly and methods of manufacture thereof
US20100283556A1 (en) * 2006-04-07 2010-11-11 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Coupled resonator for regulating system
US7889028B2 (en) * 2006-04-07 2011-02-15 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Coupled resonator for regulating system
US20100034057A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2010-02-11 Gideon Levingston Thermally compensating balance wheel
US8100579B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2012-01-24 Gideon Levingston Thermally compensating balance wheel
US20120329255A1 (en) * 2008-07-29 2012-12-27 Quevy Emmanuel P Out-of-plane mems resonator with static out-of-plane deflection
US8629739B2 (en) * 2008-07-29 2014-01-14 Silicon Laboratories Inc. Out-of plane MEMS resonator with static out-of-plane deflection
EP3176281A1 (fr) * 2015-12-02 2017-06-07 Nivarox-FAR S.A. Procede d'amelioration d'un alliage fer-nickel-chrome-manganese pour des applications horlogeres
US10501818B2 (en) 2015-12-02 2019-12-10 Nivarox-Far S.A. Method for improving an iron-nickel-chromium-manganese alloy for timepiece applications
WO2018083311A1 (fr) * 2016-11-04 2018-05-11 Richemont International Sa Resonateur pour piece d'horlogerie
EP3327151A1 (fr) * 2016-11-04 2018-05-30 Richemont International S.A. Résonateur pour piece d'horlogerie
CN109937261A (zh) * 2016-11-04 2019-06-25 厉峰国际有限公司 钟表谐振器
CN109937261B (zh) * 2016-11-04 2021-02-23 厉峰国际有限公司 钟表谐振器
US11137721B2 (en) * 2017-12-21 2021-10-05 Nivarox-Far S.A. Balance spring for timepiece movements and method for manufacturing the same
EP4039843A1 (fr) 2021-02-04 2022-08-10 Richemont International S.A. Alliage antiferromagnétique, son procédé de réalisation et composant de mouvement horloger fait de l'alliage
WO2022167327A1 (fr) 2021-02-04 2022-08-11 Richemont International Sa Alliage antiferromagnétique, son procédé de réalisation et composant de mouvement horloger fait de l'alliage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL6806675A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-11-14
FR1567423A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-05-16
JPS5021965B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-07-26
DE1758313B1 (de) 1971-09-08
GB1231243A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-05-12
CH680267A4 (de) 1969-11-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3735971A (en) Strainable members exposed to temperature variations and materials therefor
US4318738A (en) Amorphous carbon alloys and articles manufactured from said alloys
Kellogg et al. Experimental investigation of Terfenol-D's elastic modulus
US5881026A (en) Self-compensating balance spring for a mechanical oscillator of a balance-spring/balance assembly of a watch movement and process for manufacturing this balance-spring
US6705601B2 (en) Self-compensating spiral spring for a mechanical balance-spiral spring oscillator
Ledbetter et al. Low‐temperature elastic properties of four austenitic stainless steels
US10048649B2 (en) Timepiece spring made of austenitic stainless steel
US11591663B2 (en) Paramagnetic hard stainless steel and manufacturing process thereof
CH680267A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
US3928085A (en) Timepiece mainspring of cobalt-nickel base alloys having high elasticity and high proportional limit
US3788822A (en) Non-magnetic composite having a constant modulus of elasticity
JP2020501006A (ja) 時計共振器
KR101859295B1 (ko) 타임피스 밸런스 스프링의 제조 방법
US3585009A (en) Case for watches
Hausch et al. Elastic, magnetoelastic, and thermal properties of some ferromagnetic metallic glasses
Müller An antiferromagnetic temperature-compensating elastic Elinvar-alloy on the basis of Fe-Mn
US3117862A (en) Alloys for electromechanical devices and precision instruments
EP0122689B1 (en) An alloy with constant modulus of elasticity
CH551492A (de) Bauelement mit einem von null nur wenig abweichenden temperaturkoeffizienten.
EP3663867A1 (en) Niobium-molybdenum alloy compensating balance spring for a watch or clock movement
RU2724737C1 (ru) Способ улучшения железо-никель-хром-марганцевого сплава для часовых применений
US3310394A (en) Nickel alloys possessing controlled mechanical q properties
JP3693577B2 (ja) トルクセンサ用軸材及び該軸材を用いているトルクセンサ
JP3790499B2 (ja) バルク金属ガラスからなる弾性材料
DE1758313C (de) Verwendung einer antiferromagnetischen Eisen Mangan Legierung