US3708796A - Electrically controlled dielectric panel lens - Google Patents

Electrically controlled dielectric panel lens Download PDF

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Publication number
US3708796A
US3708796A US00081062A US3708796DA US3708796A US 3708796 A US3708796 A US 3708796A US 00081062 A US00081062 A US 00081062A US 3708796D A US3708796D A US 3708796DA US 3708796 A US3708796 A US 3708796A
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dielectric
panel
leads
wave
conductive
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US00081062A
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B Gilbert
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism

Definitions

  • the apparatus and process for phase shifting a [30] Fomgn Application Prion Data radiated microwave includes passing the microwave Oct. 15, I969 France ..6935239 beam through a dielectric Panel in which is imhedded at least one plane network of conductive leads running [52] US. Cl. ..343/754, 343/756, 343/909 Parallel with the tric fiel f the incident wave. [51] Int. Cl.
  • This invention relates to a process for phase-shifting, as required, a beam emitted by a microwave radiating source, and also to the applications of such process to the design and development of structures capable of changing the direction of a beam from a microwave source, such structures being adapted for use as electronic-scanning equipment.
  • a process for focusing or deflecting a wave from a microwave radiating source is already known in the prior art and consists in interposing in the wave path a lens or active reflector consisting of similar juxtaposed elements, each consisting of a receiving antenna and a wave-guide.
  • the deflection brought about by the lens or active reflector is altered by the effect of phase-shifters mounted in each wave-guide.
  • the main object of the present invention is to eliminate the drawbacks of the previous process and to provide a process for changing effectively, as required, the direction of a beam emitted by a microwave radiating source. This process also eradicates the constraints of mechanical scanning.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for phase-shifting, as required, the incoming beam from a microwave radiating source by interposing one or several dielectric panels in the path of the electromagnetic wave.
  • Each panel includes one or several plane networks of conductive leads running parallel with the electric field of the incident wave which can be connected and disconnected, as required, by means of switches located on these leads at distances less than 2k, where k is the wavelength, in the dielectric material, of the radiated incident energy.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for phase-shifting a beam emitted from a microwave radiating source which includes passing the beam through a dielectric panel and connecting and disconnecting, as required, each conducting lead by switches located thereon and spaced, atdistances less than twice the wave-length, in the dielectric material, of the radiated microwave energy; these leads constituting a plane network imbedded in the panels dielectric and parallel with the field of the incident wave.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a phase shifting apparatus of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view in front elevation illustrating one of the dielectric panels of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates two spaced dielectric panels having orthogonally arranged conductive networks
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a second embodiment of an active reflector constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • a panel is any element with a plane, or locally like surface, which lies throughout to a plane with respect to the wave-length of the radiated microwave energy.
  • the leads forming the plane network imbedded in the dielectric of a panel likened to a plane are to be located at the intersections of the panel in planes parallel with the electric field and this, throughout the said panel.
  • the conductive leads making up the plane networks imbedded in the dielectric and which can be, as required, joined or divided in sections by switches located thereon, are selected so as to constitute self-inductive barriers from the standpoint of microwaves. These leads are arranged to-produce any ofthe effects, known of the prior art, obtainable by setting conductive leads in dielectric panels.
  • the switches are on conductive leads constituting the plane networks, the switches preferably being spaced apart, within the dielectric at one quarter of the wavelength, in the dielectric material, of the radiated microwave energy.
  • the panels employed to implement the processes of the invention consist of dielectric sheets 10 in which are imbedded plane networks of conductive leads 12 which may be interrupted or not, as required, by means of switches 14 located on the leads in the dielectric and spaced less than twice the wavelength from the radiated microwave energy. These leads constitute a plane network imbedded in the dielectric of the panel which is parallel with the field 16 of the incident wave from a microwave source 18.
  • these panels When interposing concurrently several panels in the path of amicrowave wave, these panels may be positioned one behind the other in the path of the microwave and suitably apart from each other while, of course, leaving the respective networks of leads, (connected and disconnected as required) parallel with the electric field of the incident wave.
  • the panels may be positioned with the sides thereof, which are parallel to the networks of leads, contacting, the networks of leads being also parallel with the electric field of the incident wave.
  • the switches spaced on the leads and imbedded in the dielectric panels are controlled either separately or, preferably, in groups. Electrically or electronically controlled switches are preferred, and each switch is controlled either through its relevant lead, or leads normal to the electric field of the incident wave.
  • the switches 14 may consist of diodes controlled by a voltage sufficient to make them conductive or not.
  • the diodes in series on the same lead are mounted in the same direction and concurrently controlled by the same voltage on input 22.
  • several rows of diodes, of one or several panels, can be controlled concurrently by the same voltage source 24 as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the effect on the phase shift of an incident wave of a planar network of parallel leads, imbedded in a dielectric panel changes when the leads are interrupted at intervals sufficiently close that there are no longer any induced currents in the leads.
  • a dielectric panel including a planar network of parallel conductive leads, selected and positioned across the path of the incident wave so as not to give rise to any reflection and virtually no phase shift thereon is altered through interruption of the conductive leads at intervals of one quarter wavelength, in the dielectric material, a substantial phase shift of the said incident wave is brought about.
  • a sandwich panel is described hereunder which pennits implementing the process for changing, as required, the phase shift of a beam incoming from a microwave radiating source.
  • Such a panel as with any sandwich panel, is matched at all times, i.e., no objectionable spurious reflections occur irrespective of the state the diodes in the sheet are in, provided, however, that in both sheets, the corresponding diodes are in the same state.
  • the panel operates as follows.
  • the phase shift varies according to the state of the diodes in both sheets. lt peaks when the diodes are cut off and drops to a minimum when the diodes are conducting.
  • the phase shift is not identical throughout the surface of the panel when some banks of diodes are cut off and some conducting.
  • the phase shift peaks where portions of the wave have come across cut-off banks and is minimal across conducting banks. This shows how it is possible, in accordance with the teachings of the invention, to control the phase shift of an incident wave with such a panel.
  • the phase shift is when the diodes are cut off and 6 when conducting.
  • the present invention provides a phase shifting unit which is much simplified and has tolerance limits which are definitely less stringent than known units.
  • the panels and sheets are readily assembled rigidly and fully enclosed. Losses in the dielectric can easily be made very small.
  • the outer connections to the radiating unit are fewer, and the leads imbedded in the dielectric fulfil two functions; function control of diodes and function microwave components.
  • the unit is fully integrated, there being no need to subdivide it into several modules.
  • the control currents are low, and the microwave energy flowing in the diodes matches the energy required for correcting the disconnections. This accounts for but a small portion of the aggregate energy conveyed by the incident wave.
  • the upshot is that the losses ascribable to the diodes are very small, even when using standard and inexpensive diodes.
  • Provision of such an active lens is achieved merely by forming a device whereby the phase shift of an incident wave is varied locally from 0 to 360 in as small increments as required. This is accomplished by the proper selection of dielectric panels of a given thickness, including leads interrupted, as required, by the banks of diodes described above, and by setting a number of such panels of the type illustrated by FIG. 2, such phase shifts of the incident wave are brought about, as required, from 0 to 360.
  • a computer may be employed to control the switching voltages and accomplish phase shifting from 0 to 360.
  • the incident wave is split into as many parallel strips as there are leads including banks of diodes.
  • the phase shift is uniform on each strip and may vary from one to the other and, by acting upon the diodes control voltage, the incident wave can be focused or deflected, or
  • An active reflector is readily constructed by the provision of an active lens 32 formed from a plurality of panels arranged one behind the other as described above and, setting the active lens in front of a mirror 34 as illustrated by FIG. 5.
  • Another active reflector is also achievable, according to the invention, by using one or several dielectric panels 36 comprising at least two planar networks 38 and 40 of perpendicular conductive leads, and setting this special-type panel opposite a mirror including a rotatory-polarization device 42 (FIG. 6).
  • the leads 38 parallel the electric field of the incident wave while the leads 40 are parallel, after reflection, with the electric field of the wave.
  • a lens apparatus for phase shifting a wave transmitted by a microwave radiating source comprising at least one dielectric panel interposed across the path of the beam of microwave energy, said at least one dielectric panel including at least one network of conductive leads imbedded therein, throughout the panel, and located in planes parallel to the electric field vector of the incident wave, and switches mounted on each said conductive lead and spaced apart thereon by a distance no more than twice the wavelength, in the dielectric material, of the radiated incident energy, allowing the conductive leads to be either divided in sections or not divided along the whole length of the panel, said dielectric panel having a thickness which is a multiple of a half wavelength, in the dielectric material, of the radiated microwave energy, to prevent any reflection of the incident wave.
  • a lens apparatus for phase shifting a wave transmitted by a microwave radiating source comprising at least one dielectric panel interposed across the path of the beam of microwave energy, said at least one dielectric panel including at least one network of conductive leads imbedded therein, throughout the panel, and located in planes parallel to the electric field vector of the incident wave, and switches mounted on each said conductive lead and spaced apart thereon by a distance no more than twice the wavelength, in the dielectric material, of the radiated incident energy, allowing the conductive leads to be either divided in sections or not divided along the whole length of the panel, said switches including diodes controlled by a control voltage to render such diodes conductive, said control voltage being supplied to the diodes through said conductive leads, there being a plurality of said dielectric panels placed behind one another across the path of the beam, said control voltage being selectively applied to each conductive lead to vary the phase shifting of said wave from 0 to 360.
  • a lens apparatus as clarmed in claim 2, 1111011 includes a first set of said dielectric panels arranged behind one another across the path of the incident beam, a polarization device operating to rotate through the plane of polarization of the wave and a second set of dielectric panels arranged behind one another across the path of the beam, the conductive leads of said second set of panels being orthogonal to the conductive leads of the first set of panels.

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US00081062A 1969-10-15 1970-10-15 Electrically controlled dielectric panel lens Expired - Lifetime US3708796A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR6935239A FR2063967B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-10-15 1969-10-15

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Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2815453A1 (de) * 1977-06-24 1979-01-18 Radant Etudes Streuungsfreie ultrahochfrequenzantenne mit elektronischer ablenkung
US4169268A (en) * 1976-04-19 1979-09-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Metallic grating spatial filter for directional beam forming antenna
US4212014A (en) * 1977-06-24 1980-07-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Electronically controlled dielectric panel lens
EP0014650A1 (fr) * 1979-02-05 1980-08-20 Societe D'etude Du Radant Filtre spatial adaptatif hyperfréquence et son procédé d'utilisation pour l'atténuation ou l'annulation des lobes secondaires du diagramme de rayonnement d'une antenne
US4250506A (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-02-10 Cubic Corporation Sidelobe discriminator
US4266203A (en) * 1977-02-25 1981-05-05 Thomson-Csf Microwave polarization transformer
US4320404A (en) * 1977-12-20 1982-03-16 Societe D'etude Du Radant Microwave phase shifter and its application to electronic scanning
FR2506026A1 (fr) * 1981-05-18 1982-11-19 Radant Etudes Procede et dispositif pour l'analyse d'un faisceau de rayonnement d'ondes electromagnetiques hyperfrequence
FR2514203A1 (fr) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-08 Radant Etudes Filtre adaptatif spatial hyperfrequence pour antenne a polarisation quelconque et son procede de mise en oeuvre
EP0069628A3 (en) * 1981-07-02 1983-10-05 Etablissement Public Dit: Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) Method of and apparatus for rapid imagery using microwaves
US4447815A (en) * 1979-11-13 1984-05-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Lens for electronic scanning in the polarization plane
EP0179687A1 (fr) * 1984-09-21 1986-04-30 Thomson-Csf Antenne hyperfréquence à balayage par prismes tournants
US4740791A (en) * 1983-07-08 1988-04-26 Thomson-Csf Antenna with pseudo-toric coverage having two reflectors
DE3441269A1 (de) * 1984-01-23 1989-12-28 Cmh Sarl Verfahren zur modulation der amplitude der sekundaerkeulen der strahlungscharakteristik einer uhf-antenne, anwendung des verfahrens und filter zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US4975712A (en) * 1989-01-23 1990-12-04 Trw Inc. Two-dimensional scanning antenna
US5051748A (en) * 1988-08-03 1991-09-24 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Device for transmitting and receiving microwave radiation, for forming images of buried objects
US5055805A (en) * 1989-10-02 1991-10-08 Rockwell International Corporation High speed polarization switch array for selecting a particular orthogonal polarization
EP0493255A1 (fr) * 1990-12-27 1992-07-01 Thomson-Csf Radant Système de protection d'un équipement électronique
US5128621A (en) * 1987-04-21 1992-07-07 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Device for measuring, at a plurality of points, the microwave field diffracted by an object
US5170169A (en) * 1991-05-31 1992-12-08 Millitech Corporation Quasi-optical transmission/reflection switch and millimeter-wave imaging system using the same
FR2693039A1 (fr) * 1981-04-28 1993-12-31 Radant Etudes Panneau atténuateur spatial hyperfréquence.
US5337058A (en) * 1993-04-16 1994-08-09 United Technologies Corporation Fast switching polarization diverse radar antenna system
US5444454A (en) * 1983-06-13 1995-08-22 M/A-Com, Inc. Monolithic millimeter-wave phased array
FR2718248A1 (fr) * 1986-01-20 1995-10-06 Thomson Csf Radant Procédé d'exploitation par le calcul de signaux radar et dispositif pour sa mise en Óoeuvre.
US5475349A (en) * 1994-09-29 1995-12-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Frequency multipliers using diode arrays
FR2723210A1 (fr) * 1983-05-06 1996-02-02 Cmh Sarl Procede et dispositif antidetection pour radar
US5574471A (en) * 1982-09-07 1996-11-12 Radant Systems, Inc. Electromagnetic energy shield
FR2734409A1 (fr) * 1981-04-30 1996-11-22 Radant Etudes Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des dephasages d'un faisceau d'ondes electromagnetiques hyperfrequence
US5579024A (en) * 1984-08-20 1996-11-26 Radant Systems, Inc. Electromagnetic energy shield
US5621423A (en) * 1983-08-29 1997-04-15 Radant Systems, Inc. Electromagnetic energy shield
FR2740615A2 (fr) * 1982-10-04 1997-04-30 Radant Etudes Panneau attenuateur spatial hyperfrequence pour ondes electromagnetiques a direction quelconque
US5729239A (en) * 1995-08-31 1998-03-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Voltage controlled ferroelectric lens phased array
US5745082A (en) * 1993-06-25 1998-04-28 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Radiation sensor
WO2000077543A1 (en) * 1999-06-11 2000-12-21 University Of Hawaii Reconfigurable quasi-optical unit cells
US6850353B1 (en) 1999-06-11 2005-02-01 University Of Hawaii MEMS optical components
US6859299B1 (en) 1999-06-11 2005-02-22 Jung-Chih Chiao MEMS optical components
US20060082511A1 (en) * 2004-09-27 2006-04-20 Osterhues Gordon D Electronically controlled dual polarizer
DE3824667A1 (de) * 1987-07-21 2010-12-09 Thomson-Csf Radant Umschaltbare Höchstfrequenzwellen-Polarisationsdrehanordnung
US8362965B2 (en) 2009-01-08 2013-01-29 Thinkom Solutions, Inc. Low cost electronically scanned array antenna

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2867801A (en) * 1953-09-14 1959-01-06 Elliott Brothers London Ltd High frequency radio aerials
US3276023A (en) * 1963-05-21 1966-09-27 Dorne And Margolin Inc Grid array antenna
US3354461A (en) * 1963-11-15 1967-11-21 Kenneth S Kelleher Steerable antenna array
US3392393A (en) * 1962-05-03 1968-07-09 Csf Electrically controlled scanning antennas having a plurality of wave diffracting elements for varying the phase shift of a generated wave

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FR956893A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1947-05-16 1950-02-09
GB679641A (en) * 1949-09-16 1952-09-24 Nat Res Dev Improvements in or relating to structures for providing refracting media for radio waves
DE1186117B (de) * 1963-06-29 1965-01-28 Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag Dipolantenne zum Aufbau eines rueckwirkungsarmen Antennensystems fuer Doppler-Navigationsanlagen
US3334348A (en) * 1966-11-25 1967-08-01 Granger Associates Steerable monopole antenna system having a plurality of reflectors, said reflectors comprising a series of tubular vacuum switches
FR1380255A (fr) * 1963-11-25 1964-11-27 Granger Associates Système d'antenne orientable à réflecteurs

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2867801A (en) * 1953-09-14 1959-01-06 Elliott Brothers London Ltd High frequency radio aerials
US3392393A (en) * 1962-05-03 1968-07-09 Csf Electrically controlled scanning antennas having a plurality of wave diffracting elements for varying the phase shift of a generated wave
US3276023A (en) * 1963-05-21 1966-09-27 Dorne And Margolin Inc Grid array antenna
US3354461A (en) * 1963-11-15 1967-11-21 Kenneth S Kelleher Steerable antenna array

Cited By (51)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4169268A (en) * 1976-04-19 1979-09-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Metallic grating spatial filter for directional beam forming antenna
US4266203A (en) * 1977-02-25 1981-05-05 Thomson-Csf Microwave polarization transformer
US4212014A (en) * 1977-06-24 1980-07-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Electronically controlled dielectric panel lens
DE2815453A1 (de) * 1977-06-24 1979-01-18 Radant Etudes Streuungsfreie ultrahochfrequenzantenne mit elektronischer ablenkung
US4297708A (en) * 1977-06-24 1981-10-27 Societe D'etude Du Radant Apparatus and methods for correcting dispersion in a microwave antenna system
US4320404A (en) * 1977-12-20 1982-03-16 Societe D'etude Du Radant Microwave phase shifter and its application to electronic scanning
EP0014650A1 (fr) * 1979-02-05 1980-08-20 Societe D'etude Du Radant Filtre spatial adaptatif hyperfréquence et son procédé d'utilisation pour l'atténuation ou l'annulation des lobes secondaires du diagramme de rayonnement d'une antenne
FR2448231A1 (fr) * 1979-02-05 1980-08-29 Radant Et Filtre spatial adaptatif hyperfrequence
US4250506A (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-02-10 Cubic Corporation Sidelobe discriminator
US4447815A (en) * 1979-11-13 1984-05-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Lens for electronic scanning in the polarization plane
DE3209697A1 (de) * 1981-04-28 1994-01-13 Radant Les Ulis Soc D Et Dämpferplatte
FR2693039A1 (fr) * 1981-04-28 1993-12-31 Radant Etudes Panneau atténuateur spatial hyperfréquence.
DE3209697C2 (de) * 1981-04-28 1999-06-10 Radant Etudes Dämpferplatte
FR2734409A1 (fr) * 1981-04-30 1996-11-22 Radant Etudes Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des dephasages d'un faisceau d'ondes electromagnetiques hyperfrequence
EP0065455A1 (fr) * 1981-05-18 1982-11-24 Societe D'etude Du Radant Procédé et dispositif pour l'analyse d'un faisceau de rayonnement d'ondes électromagnétiques hyperfréquence
US4531126A (en) * 1981-05-18 1985-07-23 Societe D'etude Du Radant Method and device for analyzing a very high frequency radiation beam of electromagnetic waves
FR2506026A1 (fr) * 1981-05-18 1982-11-19 Radant Etudes Procede et dispositif pour l'analyse d'un faisceau de rayonnement d'ondes electromagnetiques hyperfrequence
EP0069628A3 (en) * 1981-07-02 1983-10-05 Etablissement Public Dit: Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) Method of and apparatus for rapid imagery using microwaves
US4518966A (en) * 1981-10-05 1985-05-21 Societe D'etude Du Radant Adaptive spatial microwave filter for multipolarized antennas and the process of its application
EP0076760A1 (fr) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-13 Thomson-Csf Radant Filtre adaptatif spatial hyperfréquence pour antenne à polarisation quelconque et son procédé de mise en oeuvre
FR2514203A1 (fr) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-08 Radant Etudes Filtre adaptatif spatial hyperfrequence pour antenne a polarisation quelconque et son procede de mise en oeuvre
US5574471A (en) * 1982-09-07 1996-11-12 Radant Systems, Inc. Electromagnetic energy shield
DE3324007C2 (de) * 1982-10-04 2000-04-06 Radant S A R L Les Ulis Soc D Vorrichtung mit elektrisch gesteuerter Durchgangsdämpfung
FR2740615A2 (fr) * 1982-10-04 1997-04-30 Radant Etudes Panneau attenuateur spatial hyperfrequence pour ondes electromagnetiques a direction quelconque
FR2723210A1 (fr) * 1983-05-06 1996-02-02 Cmh Sarl Procede et dispositif antidetection pour radar
US5444454A (en) * 1983-06-13 1995-08-22 M/A-Com, Inc. Monolithic millimeter-wave phased array
US4740791A (en) * 1983-07-08 1988-04-26 Thomson-Csf Antenna with pseudo-toric coverage having two reflectors
US5621423A (en) * 1983-08-29 1997-04-15 Radant Systems, Inc. Electromagnetic energy shield
DE3441269C2 (de) * 1984-01-23 1999-06-10 Cmh Sarl Verfahren zur Lokalisierung von Störern durch Veränderung der Sekundärkeulen des Strahlungsdiagrammes
DE3441269A1 (de) * 1984-01-23 1989-12-28 Cmh Sarl Verfahren zur modulation der amplitude der sekundaerkeulen der strahlungscharakteristik einer uhf-antenne, anwendung des verfahrens und filter zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US5579024A (en) * 1984-08-20 1996-11-26 Radant Systems, Inc. Electromagnetic energy shield
EP0179687A1 (fr) * 1984-09-21 1986-04-30 Thomson-Csf Antenne hyperfréquence à balayage par prismes tournants
FR2718248A1 (fr) * 1986-01-20 1995-10-06 Thomson Csf Radant Procédé d'exploitation par le calcul de signaux radar et dispositif pour sa mise en Óoeuvre.
US5128621A (en) * 1987-04-21 1992-07-07 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Device for measuring, at a plurality of points, the microwave field diffracted by an object
DE3824667A1 (de) * 1987-07-21 2010-12-09 Thomson-Csf Radant Umschaltbare Höchstfrequenzwellen-Polarisationsdrehanordnung
US5051748A (en) * 1988-08-03 1991-09-24 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Device for transmitting and receiving microwave radiation, for forming images of buried objects
US4975712A (en) * 1989-01-23 1990-12-04 Trw Inc. Two-dimensional scanning antenna
US5055805A (en) * 1989-10-02 1991-10-08 Rockwell International Corporation High speed polarization switch array for selecting a particular orthogonal polarization
EP0493255A1 (fr) * 1990-12-27 1992-07-01 Thomson-Csf Radant Système de protection d'un équipement électronique
FR2671194A1 (fr) * 1990-12-27 1992-07-03 Thomson Csf Radant Systeme de protection d'un equipement electronique.
US5237328A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-08-17 Thomson-Csf Radant Protection system for electronic equipment
US5170169A (en) * 1991-05-31 1992-12-08 Millitech Corporation Quasi-optical transmission/reflection switch and millimeter-wave imaging system using the same
US5337058A (en) * 1993-04-16 1994-08-09 United Technologies Corporation Fast switching polarization diverse radar antenna system
US5745082A (en) * 1993-06-25 1998-04-28 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Radiation sensor
US5475349A (en) * 1994-09-29 1995-12-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Frequency multipliers using diode arrays
US5729239A (en) * 1995-08-31 1998-03-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Voltage controlled ferroelectric lens phased array
WO2000077543A1 (en) * 1999-06-11 2000-12-21 University Of Hawaii Reconfigurable quasi-optical unit cells
US6850353B1 (en) 1999-06-11 2005-02-01 University Of Hawaii MEMS optical components
US6859299B1 (en) 1999-06-11 2005-02-22 Jung-Chih Chiao MEMS optical components
US20060082511A1 (en) * 2004-09-27 2006-04-20 Osterhues Gordon D Electronically controlled dual polarizer
US8362965B2 (en) 2009-01-08 2013-01-29 Thinkom Solutions, Inc. Low cost electronically scanned array antenna

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Publication number Publication date
FR2063967B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-10-19
FR2063967A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-07-16

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