US3625878A - Oxidation-resistant mineral oil - Google Patents
Oxidation-resistant mineral oil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3625878A US3625878A US885970A US3625878DA US3625878A US 3625878 A US3625878 A US 3625878A US 885970 A US885970 A US 885970A US 3625878D A US3625878D A US 3625878DA US 3625878 A US3625878 A US 3625878A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- percent
- cycle gas
- heavy cycle
- coal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000010742 number 1 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- WDECIBYCCFPHNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chrysene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C=CC3=C21 WDECIBYCCFPHNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010692 aromatic oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000725101 Clea Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/20—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils
- H01B3/22—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils hydrocarbons
Definitions
- a stable mineral oil composition comprises a base mineral oil to which has been added a synergistically acting mixture of heavy cycle gas oil and coal oil obtained from the distillation of coal tars. Preferably, at least one of the components of the composition has been subjected to mild hydrogenation.
- the present invention relates to mineral oils which are resistant to oxidation, and to a process for making such mineral oils, and in particular, although not exclusively.
- the invention relates to such mineral oils which contain a significant proportion of aromatic compounds, which thereby gives them a high degree of utility as electrical oils.
- insulating oils have to perform very long-term service in electrical apparatus. 1t is therefore particularly important that these oils should withstand oxidation well.
- the oils prepared by the usual refining processes withstand oxidation better the closertheir content of aromatic compounds is to an optimum value, which is relatively low.
- the insulating oils which, in modern electrical apparatus, are subjected to ever higher electrical fields must not only possess exceptional stability, but also have the property of dissolving any gases which may be liberated and form dangerous pockets in high-tension apparatus. This latter requirement is at present incompatible with the previous one, since the oils absorb the liberated gases better the more aromatic they are.
- Heavy cycle gas oil is a'distillation fraction of heavy products that are formed, at the same time as light products, in cracking operations, such as catalytic cracking operations, for instance.
- oils to which the H.C.G.O. is added are usually mineral oils prepared by refining petroleum distillates or deasphalted residues according to processes comprising various treatments, the most usual of which are treatment by a selective solvent such as phenol or furfural to remove at least some of the aromatic compounds, dewaxing, treatment by sulfuric acid or oleum, treatment by an activated earth and for hydrogenation.
- the refining process is selected according to the nature of the crude and in accordance with the uses to which the oil is to be put, as required.
- the H.C.G.O. is very rich in aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds.
- To the mineral oils are added about 4 percent by weight of H.C.G.O.
- the aromatic character of the oil is thus enhanced, but the benefits of this increase in aromaticity are limited, for beyond the proportion of 4 percent, which corresponds to an optimum, the incorporation of an additional quantity of H.C.G.O. does not favorably influence the stability of the resulting oil blend.
- the present invention therefore makes it possible to prepare mineral oils having both excellent resistance to oxidation and an aromatic character, two properties which, according to the previous proposals, were incompatible.
- the process of the invention comprises adding to a mineral oil, for preference during refining, between 2 and 50 percent, or more particularly, between 3.5 and 25 percent by weight of heavy cycle gas oil, and between 0.1 and 5 percent or more particularly, between 0.2 and 1 percent coal oil as it is or modified by preliminary treatments.
- the heavy cycle gas oil may have very variable characteristics according to the regulation of the cracking unit and the way in which it is separated by distilling from the other products derived from cracking. These characteristics are in general within the following limits:
- the H.C.G.O. can be topped by distilling before being added to the base mineral oil. It is moreover advisable to dewax it before adding the base oil, if the final oil is required to have a cloud point (ASTM D 97.47) less than 5 C.
- ASTM D 97.47 cloud point
- H.C.G.O. whether or not dewaxed, before adding it to.the mineral base oil, to a suitable treatment, such as extraction by a selective solvent (phenol for instance) so as to obtain a yield of extract or to 95 percent, and better still from to percent.
- a suitable treatment such as extraction by a selective solvent (phenol for instance) so as to obtain a yield of extract or to 95 percent, and better still from to percent.
- coal oil anthracenic oil or chrysene oil
- chrysene oil is obtained by distilling the tars derived from heat treatment of the coal, Its characteristics are generally within the following limits:
- the coal oil may also undergo various classical treatments for purification before being added to the base mineral oil.
- the H.C.G.O. and the coal oil may be added to the base oil to be improved, for preference before a finishing treatment with natural or activated earth, or better still with hydrogen.
- the H.C.G.O., the coal oil, as they are or having undergone one or more of the treatments mentioned above, and the base oil to be improved are subjected separately, or mixed in pairs or all together, to a finishing treatment (with natural or activated earth. or better still hydrogen) before mixing them.
- the treatment with hydrogen can take in the presence of a hydrotreatment catalyst under the following ranges of conditrons:
- the hydrotreatment catalyst may be any catalyst suitable for mild hydrogenation-for example, oxides and/or sulfides of cobalt, molybdenum, nickel or tin, among others, and the catalyst may be disposed on a supporting material such as silica or alumina.
- oils which meet different operational requirements in particular, it is possible to obtain exceptionally stable oils having an average aromatic character, or highly aromatic oils possessing sufficient stability.
- the resistance to oxidation of the various oils thus prepared - was investigated the so-called BBC" (Brown Boveri Company) test which consists of heating to l C., 1,000 cc. oil in a copper pot in the presence of a cotton thread. After 72 hours and I68 hours, respectively, the NPA color (ASTM D 155) and the acid number (ASTM D 947) of the oil are determined, and also the quantity of deposits and the percentage of loss of resistance of the cotton thread. After I68 hours the dielectric losses are also measured and given as the tangent of the angle of loss of the tested oil.
- BBC Brown Boveri Company
- the ndM method is used (refractive index-density-molecular mass) giving the proportion ofaromatic carbon as a function of these three parameters.
- the Brandes method furnishes the same results by infrared investigation. The absorption of liberated gas is found by the Pirelli method. This consists of measuring,
- the oil C in accordance with the invention is charac- Pmpeny Amhmcenc 0 terized by exceptional stability. It is found that this oil is more stable than Otis B and G which contain respectively the op- Densily 0390 m8 timum quantity of H.C.G.O. by itself and the anthracenic oil sulmwm 3 0.54 by itself.
- the oil G has the further drawback of being evil Nitrogen m 0. 8 smelling.
- Flush lfuim'open Oil E which is also in accordance with the invention, has f j 'g $71? 2 96 2 both excellent stability and gas-absorbing properties.
- Oil D pour'puimlc 45 has the same capacity for absorption but does not contain anthracenic oil and is less stable than Oil E.
- oils K and M of the invention display exceptional gas-absorb- 10.
- a method according to claim 1 which the base oil is a mg properties and excellent stabllities compared with the oils rafiinate derived from a solvent extraction process. J. d an clea y de ons ate the syne gistic interac- 11.
- a stable mineral oil made by a process in accordance planation but in no way restrictively. Any useful modifications i h l i 1, may he made to it Without departing from its Scope as defined 13.
- a stable mineral oil comprising a base oil of low arothe PP claims- I matic content, from 2 to 50 wt. percent of heavy cycle gas oil We Claim and 0.2 to 1.0 wt. percent of coal oil, the heavy cycle gas oil 1.
- a method of making an oxygen stable oil composition having the f n i properties which comprises adding to a light straight run distillate oil from which the aromatics have been removed by solvent ex- Dusky 5C. M90 traction from 2 to 50 wt. percent of heavy cycle gas oil Viscosity ut91i.9C. 2 to a cat.
- H.C.G.O. and from about 0.2 to 1.0 wt. percent of coal oil, n i Point 25 we the weight percentages being based on the weight of the base rung mm Hg) oil.
- I 2. A method according to claim 1 m which the H.G.C.O. has and the coal 0 having the following properties: the following properties: 40 I Densit at 15 C. 1.00 to 1.20 3222;152:1 3, C. 22: Flash oint (open vessel) 120 to 200 C. 0 o Refractive Index at 60 C.
- Heavy Cycle gas oil i a dewaxed Solvent extract f a topped been subjected to an acid treatment.
- heavy cycle gas i] f ti A method according to claim 1 in which the 17.
- a concentrate for stabilizing mineral oils to oxygen Density at 15C. 1.00 to 1.20 which consists essentially of about 28 to 99.8 wt. percent Flash point (open vessel) 120 to 200C. heavy cycle gas oil (H.C.G.O.) and 72 to 0.2 wt. percent coal Refractive lrldcx at 60 C. 1.63 to 1:87 on. 2: 1;? 0 1:02 19.
- a method according to claim 8 in which the coal oil has coal oil, been selected from the anthracene oils known as pale at 5
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR181618 | 1968-12-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3625878A true US3625878A (en) | 1971-12-07 |
Family
ID=8659342
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US885970A Expired - Lifetime US3625878A (en) | 1968-12-30 | 1969-12-17 | Oxidation-resistant mineral oil |
Country Status (10)
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5049257A (en) * | 1987-07-17 | 1991-09-17 | Sodick Co., Ltd. | Fluid for electrical discharge machining |
| US5362375A (en) * | 1989-10-05 | 1994-11-08 | Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. | Oil compositions |
| EP0756921A1 (de) * | 1995-08-01 | 1997-02-05 | Total Deutschland Gmbh | Zubereitung auf der Basis eines speziellen Steinkohlenteeröls und einer Mineralölfraktion sowie deren Verwendung |
| US6355850B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2002-03-12 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Manufacture of electrical oil enriched with hydrofined gas oil for improved oxidation and electrical resistance |
| US20040009881A1 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2004-01-15 | Hessell Edward T. | Compositions of Group II and/or Group III base oils and alkylated fused and/or polyfused aromatic compounds |
| US20070090016A1 (en) * | 2005-10-20 | 2007-04-26 | Ergon Refining, Incorporated | Uninhibited electrical insulating oil |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3318799A (en) * | 1963-10-31 | 1967-05-09 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Process for obtaining mineral oils with improved resistance to oxidation |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD27654A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | ||||
| DE963986C (de) * | 1954-06-17 | 1957-05-16 | Shell Res Ltd | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrischen Isolieroeles |
| DE1046814B (de) * | 1955-11-15 | 1958-12-18 | Bataafsche Petroleum | Elektrisches Isolieroel auf Mineraloelbasis |
| NL280336A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1958-06-03 | |||
| AT233712B (de) * | 1962-03-07 | 1964-05-25 | Mineraloelwerk Luetzkendorf Ve | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrischen Isolieröls |
-
1968
- 1968-12-30 FR FR181618A patent/FR1599523A/fr not_active Expired
-
1969
- 1969-12-10 GB GB60256/69A patent/GB1236169A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-12-17 US US885970A patent/US3625878A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-12-27 JP JP45002002A patent/JPS4912325B1/ja active Pending
- 1969-12-29 SE SE18006/69A patent/SE351072B/xx unknown
- 1969-12-29 BE BE743778D patent/BE743778A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1969-12-29 DE DE1965240A patent/DE1965240C3/de not_active Expired
- 1969-12-30 NO NO5168/69A patent/NO125984B/no unknown
- 1969-12-30 NL NL6919557.A patent/NL160029C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1969-12-30 BR BR215731/69A patent/BR6915731D0/pt unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3318799A (en) * | 1963-10-31 | 1967-05-09 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Process for obtaining mineral oils with improved resistance to oxidation |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5049257A (en) * | 1987-07-17 | 1991-09-17 | Sodick Co., Ltd. | Fluid for electrical discharge machining |
| US5362375A (en) * | 1989-10-05 | 1994-11-08 | Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. | Oil compositions |
| EP0756921A1 (de) * | 1995-08-01 | 1997-02-05 | Total Deutschland Gmbh | Zubereitung auf der Basis eines speziellen Steinkohlenteeröls und einer Mineralölfraktion sowie deren Verwendung |
| US6355850B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2002-03-12 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Manufacture of electrical oil enriched with hydrofined gas oil for improved oxidation and electrical resistance |
| US20040009881A1 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2004-01-15 | Hessell Edward T. | Compositions of Group II and/or Group III base oils and alkylated fused and/or polyfused aromatic compounds |
| US7592495B2 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2009-09-22 | King Industries | Compositions of Group II and/or Group III base oils and alkylated fused and/or polyfused aromatic compounds |
| US20070090016A1 (en) * | 2005-10-20 | 2007-04-26 | Ergon Refining, Incorporated | Uninhibited electrical insulating oil |
| US7666295B2 (en) | 2005-10-20 | 2010-02-23 | Ergon Refining, Inc. | Uninhibited electrical insulating oil |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE1965240C3 (de) | 1982-01-28 |
| BE743778A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-06-29 |
| BR6915731D0 (pt) | 1973-04-17 |
| NL160029B (nl) | 1979-04-17 |
| SE351072B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-11-13 |
| DE1965240B2 (de) | 1981-05-21 |
| NL6919557A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-07-02 |
| NO125984B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-12-04 |
| NL160029C (nl) | 1979-09-17 |
| FR1599523A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-07-15 |
| GB1236169A (en) | 1971-06-23 |
| JPS4912325B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-03-23 |
| DE1965240A1 (de) | 1970-07-16 |
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