US3594609A - Plasma generator with magnetic focussing and with additional admission of gas - Google Patents

Plasma generator with magnetic focussing and with additional admission of gas Download PDF

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Publication number
US3594609A
US3594609A US721843A US3594609DA US3594609A US 3594609 A US3594609 A US 3594609A US 721843 A US721843 A US 721843A US 3594609D A US3594609D A US 3594609DA US 3594609 A US3594609 A US 3594609A
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United States
Prior art keywords
nozzle
electrode
chamber
gas
plasma
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Expired - Lifetime
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US721843A
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English (en)
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Alexandru Vas
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Ministerul Industriei Constructiilor de Masini
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Ministerul Industriei Constructiilor de Masini
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
    • B05B7/226—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material being originally a particulate material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K10/00—Welding or cutting by means of a plasma
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/40—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles using applied magnetic fields, e.g. for focusing or rotating the arc

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a plasma arc generator, 3 cums 6 Dn'hg operating with a DC or AC supply and having improved [52] U.S.Cl 315/111, characteristics by virtue of arrangements for rotating the arc 219/75, 219/121 P, 219/123, 313/161 and the injected gas, which may be air or nitrogen for exam- [51] Int. Cl 1105b 31/28 pie.
  • the plasma arc generator is suitable for cutting, welding, [50] Fieldol Search 219/74, 75, built-up welding, (i.e. welding, in which a deposit of metals is built-up), metallizing and promoting chemical reactions.
  • Numerous types of plasma arc generators are known and utilized for cutting, buildup welding or metallizing, with or without a transferred arc. These generators, if utilized in systems with a transferred are, present the disadvantage that they require the use of gas mixtures without oxygen or, in order to protect the cathode, the simultaneous utilization of an inert shielding gas, e.g. argon. For this reason the known methods for cutting or buildup welding or metallization have a reduced economical efficiency and due to the reduced concentration of the plasma are, especially if utilized for the cutting of metals, they need a high consumption of electrical energy, and their efficiency and productivity is low.
  • Such generators cannot be satisfactorily utilized for welding, buildup welding or metallization, being suited only for special chemical reactions and they are characterized by a low efficiency and a rapid consumption of the electrodes.
  • the present invention enables all these disadvantages to be avoided or reduced.
  • a plasma arc generator comprising a nozzle, means for feeding gas through the nozzle and also through a peripheral passage around the nozzle, current supply means for establishing an are between the nozzle and an electrode within the nozzle, the current supply means including a coil which carries the whole of the nozzle current'and embraces a ferromagnetic core surrounding the nozzle, and a second coil embracing a second ferromagnetic core for creating a low-pressure zone at the said electrode to protect the same.
  • the two coils cause simultaneous rotation of the plasma arc inside as well as outside the nozzle and the introduction of air and other gases through the nozzle as well as outside the nozzle can be effected as to impart rotary motion to the gases.
  • the relative senses of rotation can be so chosen as to increase the enthalpy and increase or reduce the consumption of energy, as appropriate for each application. Since air, instead of other gases, can be used in the case of cutting the economic efficiency is increased also.
  • the generator can readily be modified for AC use with a single electrode by using two mutually insulated nozzles, both coaxial with the jet axis.
  • the phases of a three-phase supply are connected to the electrode and two nozzles respectively. This permits gas mixture containing oxygen to be used without causing consumption of the electrode. Due to the rotation of the arc and to the direct injection of additional turbulent gas in the arc zone after the first nozzle, the efficiency of the generator is very high.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a plasma arc generator embodying the invention, for direct-current operation;
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary lateral view taken in the direction of an arrow II in FIG. 1;
  • FIGS. 3 to 5 are sections taken on lines Ill-III, IV-lV and V-V respectively in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the principles as applied to three-phase AC operation, of the generator shown in FIG. I.
  • the generator of FIG. 1 generates an electric arc between a tungsten electrode 1 and a nozzle 2, electrically isolated by a ceramic insulator 3 and a textolite insulator 4.
  • the air Qp (or other gaseous mixture) is introduced through a pipe connector 5 into an equalization chamber 6.
  • Helical channels 6a provided around an electrode holder 70 cause the gas to execute a turbulent motion, with a speed increasing as the electrode holder 7b tapers downwardly within a correspondingly tapered passage through the insulator 4. The maximum speed is reached at the lower end, in the zone between the ceramic insulator 3 and the cone of the electrode holder 7b. An adiabatic expansion then takes place in the zone of the nozzle 2.
  • the sense of rotation created electromagnetically by the two coils 8 and 10 is identical with the sense of rotation of the gas O
  • the rotation of the plasma jet caused by the intense magnetic field generated in the outside zone of the nozzle 2 by the coil I0, through which passes the entire current of the nozzle 2 create a low-pressure zone outside the nozzle 2, too.
  • a jet of air QH-QE or of other gaseous mixture is injected through a pipe connection 12 (methane gas, hydrogen etc.), this jet having also a turbulent character, due to the action of helical channels 0, provided round the nozzle 2, in the zone between the nozzle and a copper ring 13 shrouding the end of the nozzle.
  • the rotation of the are caused by the coil 10 is in the opposite sense to the rotation of the gas Qs+QE outside the nozzle imparted by the channels a.
  • the high rotation speed of the electric arc and of the plasma jet outside the nozzle 2 which causes the displacement also of the unionized particles of gas, in the entire zone of the electrical discharge, increases the vacuum surrounding the electrode 1, which preventsits consumption in the presence of oxygen, contained by the gas Qp.
  • the generator can work in the case of cutting, with air or with gas mixture, with a high content of oxygen, without utilizing inert gases for the protection of the cathode.
  • the electrode is also cooled by a part of the gas Op and by the simultaneous creation of a low pressure in the zone of the cathode and as the reutilization of the same gas in the zone outside the nozzle causes cooling around the nozzle, the quantity of cooling water may be dispensed with.
  • the generator can be utilized with alternating single-, two or three-phase current.
  • a plasma arc generator comprising a nozzle (2) forming a frustoconical nozzle chamber converging in the direction of a nozzle mouth from which a plasma emerges; means (60 for feeding an ionizable gas (Qp) into said chamber and along the exterior of said noulc and therearound; and electrode 1) extending into said chamber; current supply means connected across said nozzle and said electrode for striking an are within said chamber; and an electromagnetic coil (10) surrounding said nozzle and connected in series with said current supply means, said electrode and said nozzle for traverse by the entire current of said arc, and a ferromagnetic core (11) surrounding said nozzle and cooperating with said coil for generating a magnetic field causing the plasma issuing from said nozzle to rotate about the axis thereof; and a second electromagnetic coil (8) and a second ferromagnetic core (9) coaxial with said nozzle, said coils and said cores generating within said chamber a low-pressure zone around said electrode.
  • Staubly Attarney--Sandoe, Hopgood and Calimafde ABSTRACT A process using a beam of radiant energy, such as electron beams and laser beams, for removing material from a workpiece wherein the workpiece is made of a material which has a low degree of energy absorption for the kind of radiant energy used consists in finely distributing an auxiliary material having a high beam absorbing characteristic within the workpiece material in at least the portion thereof from which material by absorbing heat builds up vapor pressure which carries the adjacent molten material out of the work zone.
  • a beam of radiant energy such as electron beams and laser beams

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)
US721843A 1967-04-17 1968-04-16 Plasma generator with magnetic focussing and with additional admission of gas Expired - Lifetime US3594609A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
RO5357167 1967-04-17

Publications (1)

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US3594609A true US3594609A (en) 1971-07-20

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US (1) US3594609A (en:Method)
BE (1) BE713818A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE1765169B1 (en:Method)
FR (1) FR1602401A (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1221317A (en:Method)

Cited By (57)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3725633A (en) * 1971-01-08 1973-04-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Corpuscular beam in the atmosphere
US3902035A (en) * 1972-12-01 1975-08-26 Koninkl Mij De Schelde Nl19721 Apparatus and method for arc working work-pieces with a rotating arc
US3927337A (en) * 1974-04-05 1975-12-16 Reynolds Metals Co Magneto hydrodynamic generator
US3940641A (en) * 1974-04-05 1976-02-24 Reynolds Metals Company Plasma jet electrode for magnetohydrodynamic generators
US3976852A (en) * 1975-08-20 1976-08-24 Chemetron Corporation Welding torch
EP0002623A1 (en) * 1977-12-20 1979-06-27 National Research Development Corporation Electric arc apparatus and method for treating a flow of material by an electric arc
US4194106A (en) * 1975-01-27 1980-03-18 Secheron Soudure S.A. Methods and devices for cutting, eroding, welding and depositing metallic and non-metallic materials by means of an electric arc
FR2527891A1 (fr) * 1982-05-28 1983-12-02 Innovations Sous Marines Et Perfectionnement aux canons a plasma
FR2581284A1 (fr) * 1985-04-25 1986-10-31 Npk Kontrolno Zavarachni Rabo Buse composite pour un chalumeau a arc-plasma
US5202544A (en) * 1988-10-20 1993-04-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho Method of machining plate materials with a plasma cutter and plasma torch
US5235155A (en) * 1989-10-23 1993-08-10 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Plasma cutting device
US5767627A (en) * 1997-01-09 1998-06-16 Trusi Technologies, Llc Plasma generation and plasma processing of materials
US5773787A (en) * 1996-08-28 1998-06-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Plasma-gun voltage generator
US5852927A (en) * 1995-08-15 1998-12-29 Cohn; Daniel R. Integrated plasmatron-turbine system for the production and utilization of hydrogen-rich gas
US5887554A (en) * 1996-01-19 1999-03-30 Cohn; Daniel R. Rapid response plasma fuel converter systems
US6121571A (en) * 1999-12-16 2000-09-19 Trusi Technologies Llc Plasma generator ignition circuit
US6203661B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2001-03-20 Trusi Technologies, Llc Brim and gas escape for non-contact wafer holder
US6398823B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2002-06-04 Tru-Si Technologies, Inc. Dynamic break for non-contact wafer holder
US6402843B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2002-06-11 Trusi Technologies, Llc Non-contact workpiece holder
US20030047147A1 (en) * 2001-09-10 2003-03-13 Daniel Michael J. Plasmatron-internal combustion engine system having an independent electrical power source
US20030143445A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 Daniel Michael J. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to provide reformate gas to both a fuel cell and an emission abatement device
US20030143442A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 Daniel Michael J. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to generate multiple reformate gases
US20030140622A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 William Taylor Combination emission abatement assembly and method of operating the same
US20030196611A1 (en) * 2002-04-23 2003-10-23 Daniel Michael J. Plasmatron having an air jacket and method for operating the same
US20030200742A1 (en) * 2002-04-24 2003-10-30 Smaling Rudolf M. Apparatus and method for regenerating a particulate filter of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine
US20040020191A1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-05 Kramer Dennis A. Method and apparatus for advancing air into a fuel reformer by use of a turbocharger
US20040020447A1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-05 William Taylor Method and apparatus for advancing air into a fuel reformer by use of an engine vacuum
US20040020188A1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-05 Kramer Dennis A. Method and apparatus for generating pressurized air by use of reformate gas from a fuel reformer
US20040028964A1 (en) * 2002-08-12 2004-02-12 Smaling Rudolf M. Apparatus and method for controlling the oxygen-to-carbon ratio of a fuel reformer
US6702991B1 (en) 2002-11-12 2004-03-09 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for reducing power consumption of a plasma fuel reformer
US20040052693A1 (en) * 2002-09-18 2004-03-18 Crane Samuel N. Apparatus and method for removing NOx from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine
US20040050345A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-03-18 Bauer Shawn D. Fuel reformer control system and method
US20040050035A1 (en) * 2002-09-18 2004-03-18 Smaling Rudolf M. Method and apparatus for purging SOx from NOx trap
US6715452B1 (en) 2002-11-13 2004-04-06 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for shutting down a fuel reformer
US20040107987A1 (en) * 2002-12-06 2004-06-10 Ciray Mehmet S. Thermoelectric device for use with fuel reformer and associated method
US20040139729A1 (en) * 2003-01-16 2004-07-22 William Taylor Method and apparatus for removing NOx and soot from engine exhaust gas
US20040139730A1 (en) * 2003-01-16 2004-07-22 William Taylor Method and apparatus for directing exhaust gas and reductant fluid in an emission abatement system
US20040144030A1 (en) * 2003-01-23 2004-07-29 Smaling Rudolf M. Torch ignited partial oxidation fuel reformer and method of operating the same
US20040159289A1 (en) * 2003-02-13 2004-08-19 William Taylor Method and apparatus for controlling a fuel reformer by use of existing vehicle control signals
US20040216378A1 (en) * 2003-04-29 2004-11-04 Smaling Rudolf M Plasma fuel reformer having a shaped catalytic substrate positioned in the reaction chamber thereof and method for operating the same
US20050072140A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2005-04-07 William Taylor Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to regenerate a DPNR device
US20050087436A1 (en) * 2003-10-24 2005-04-28 Smaling Rudolf M. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer so as to purge soot therefrom
US20050086865A1 (en) * 2003-10-24 2005-04-28 Crane Samuel N.Jr. Method and apparatus for trapping and purging soot from a fuel reformer
US20050183542A1 (en) * 2004-02-05 2005-08-25 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Plasma processing apparatus for powder and plasma processing method for powder
US20060257303A1 (en) * 2005-05-10 2006-11-16 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for selective catalytic reduction of NOx
US20060287802A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 ArvinMeritor Emissions Method and apparatus for determining local emissions loading of emissions trap
US20060283176A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 Arvinmeritor Emissions Technologies Gmbh Method and apparatus for regenerating a NOx trap and a particulate trap
US20070033929A1 (en) * 2005-08-11 2007-02-15 Arvinmeritor Emissions Technologies Gmbh Apparatus with in situ fuel reformer and associated method
US20070095053A1 (en) * 2005-10-31 2007-05-03 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for emissions trap regeneration
US20090188898A1 (en) * 2008-01-28 2009-07-30 Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc Electrode Assemblies, Plasma Apparatuses and Systems Including Electrode Assemblies, and Methods for Generating Plasma
US20090223939A1 (en) * 2007-10-19 2009-09-10 Honeywell International, Inc. Variable orifice torch
US20120148421A1 (en) * 2005-02-07 2012-06-14 Graeme Huntley Ejector Pump
CN106270989A (zh) * 2016-09-23 2017-01-04 卓拓精密工具（苏州）有限公司 一种金属切削焊接用等离子弧焊设备
US20170311432A1 (en) * 2014-09-24 2017-10-26 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Energy Generation By Igniting Flames Of An Electropositive Metal By Plasmatizing The Reaction Gas
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Cited By (84)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3725633A (en) * 1971-01-08 1973-04-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Corpuscular beam in the atmosphere
US3902035A (en) * 1972-12-01 1975-08-26 Koninkl Mij De Schelde Nl19721 Apparatus and method for arc working work-pieces with a rotating arc
US3927337A (en) * 1974-04-05 1975-12-16 Reynolds Metals Co Magneto hydrodynamic generator
US3940641A (en) * 1974-04-05 1976-02-24 Reynolds Metals Company Plasma jet electrode for magnetohydrodynamic generators
US4194106A (en) * 1975-01-27 1980-03-18 Secheron Soudure S.A. Methods and devices for cutting, eroding, welding and depositing metallic and non-metallic materials by means of an electric arc
US3976852A (en) * 1975-08-20 1976-08-24 Chemetron Corporation Welding torch
EP0002623A1 (en) * 1977-12-20 1979-06-27 National Research Development Corporation Electric arc apparatus and method for treating a flow of material by an electric arc
WO1979000413A1 (en) * 1977-12-20 1979-07-12 A Chan Electric arc apparatus and method for treating a flow of material by an electric arc
JPS55500023A (en:Method) * 1977-12-20 1980-01-24
US4355262A (en) * 1977-12-20 1982-10-19 Chan Anthony K F Electric arc apparatus
FR2527891A1 (fr) * 1982-05-28 1983-12-02 Innovations Sous Marines Et Perfectionnement aux canons a plasma
FR2581284A1 (fr) * 1985-04-25 1986-10-31 Npk Kontrolno Zavarachni Rabo Buse composite pour un chalumeau a arc-plasma
US5202544A (en) * 1988-10-20 1993-04-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho Method of machining plate materials with a plasma cutter and plasma torch
US5235155A (en) * 1989-10-23 1993-08-10 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Plasma cutting device
US5852927A (en) * 1995-08-15 1998-12-29 Cohn; Daniel R. Integrated plasmatron-turbine system for the production and utilization of hydrogen-rich gas
US5887554A (en) * 1996-01-19 1999-03-30 Cohn; Daniel R. Rapid response plasma fuel converter systems
US5773787A (en) * 1996-08-28 1998-06-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Plasma-gun voltage generator
US5767627A (en) * 1997-01-09 1998-06-16 Trusi Technologies, Llc Plasma generation and plasma processing of materials
US6203661B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2001-03-20 Trusi Technologies, Llc Brim and gas escape for non-contact wafer holder
US6398823B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2002-06-04 Tru-Si Technologies, Inc. Dynamic break for non-contact wafer holder
US6402843B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2002-06-11 Trusi Technologies, Llc Non-contact workpiece holder
US6448188B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2002-09-10 Tru-Si Technologies, Inc. Method of preventing motion of article in an article holder
US6121571A (en) * 1999-12-16 2000-09-19 Trusi Technologies Llc Plasma generator ignition circuit
US20030047146A1 (en) * 2001-09-10 2003-03-13 Daniel Michael J. Plasmatron-internal combustion engine system having an independent electrical power source
US20030047147A1 (en) * 2001-09-10 2003-03-13 Daniel Michael J. Plasmatron-internal combustion engine system having an independent electrical power source
US20060168950A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2006-08-03 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Combination emission abatement assembly and method of operarting the same
US20030143445A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 Daniel Michael J. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to provide reformate gas to both a fuel cell and an emission abatement device
US20030143442A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 Daniel Michael J. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to generate multiple reformate gases
US20030140622A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 William Taylor Combination emission abatement assembly and method of operating the same
US20050072140A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2005-04-07 William Taylor Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to regenerate a DPNR device
US6959542B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2005-11-01 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to regenerate a DPNR device
US6976353B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2005-12-20 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to provide reformate gas to both a fuel cell and an emission abatement device
US7021048B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2006-04-04 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Combination emission abatement assembly and method of operating the same
US20060075744A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2006-04-13 Smaling Rudolph M Apparatus and method for regenerating a particulate filter of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine
US20030196611A1 (en) * 2002-04-23 2003-10-23 Daniel Michael J. Plasmatron having an air jacket and method for operating the same
US20030200742A1 (en) * 2002-04-24 2003-10-30 Smaling Rudolf M. Apparatus and method for regenerating a particulate filter of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine
US20040020191A1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-05 Kramer Dennis A. Method and apparatus for advancing air into a fuel reformer by use of a turbocharger
US20040020188A1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-05 Kramer Dennis A. Method and apparatus for generating pressurized air by use of reformate gas from a fuel reformer
US20040020447A1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-05 William Taylor Method and apparatus for advancing air into a fuel reformer by use of an engine vacuum
US20040028964A1 (en) * 2002-08-12 2004-02-12 Smaling Rudolf M. Apparatus and method for controlling the oxygen-to-carbon ratio of a fuel reformer
US20040050345A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-03-18 Bauer Shawn D. Fuel reformer control system and method
US20040050035A1 (en) * 2002-09-18 2004-03-18 Smaling Rudolf M. Method and apparatus for purging SOx from NOx trap
US6758035B2 (en) 2002-09-18 2004-07-06 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for purging SOX from a NOX trap
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DE1765169B1 (de) 1971-08-26
GB1221317A (en) 1971-02-03
BE713818A (en:Method) 1968-09-16
FR1602401A (en:Method) 1970-11-23

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