Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/189—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
  • C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
  • C10L1/306—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond) organo Pb compounds

Definitions

• This invention relates to a hydrocarbon fuel composition of high octane rating. More specifically, it involves the discovery that the octane rating of leaded gasoline fuels is substantially improved by the addition of carboxylic acids.
• Catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming which are the most Widely used refining operations in the production of high octane fuels, produce substantial quantities of aromatics; catalytic cracking also produces a substantial amount of olefins. It is well-known that ole-fins and aromatics, although possessing high octane ratings, have a poorer response to organo-lead compounds such as tetraethyl lead than saturated aliphatic gasoline components. Accordingly, as the aromatic and olefinic content of the gasolines have increased to meet the octane levels required by modern automotive high compression engines, the lead response of the resulting fuels has diminished.
• the octane increment obtainable by the addition of an organo-lead compound decreases as the aromatic and olefin contents of the base fuel increase.
• the subject invention involves the discovery that the octane rating of leaded motor fuels containing a substantial concentration of high octane components, that is, aromatics, olefins and mixtures thereof, is markedly improved by the addition of a small amount of a monocarboxylic acid.
• the high octane hydrocarbon motor fuel of this invention comprises high octane components including a substantial concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons, olefinic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof, an organo-lead antiknock agent, and a monocarboxylic acid in a concentration of at least 0.1 volume percent of the fuel.
• the action of monocarboxylic acids in raising the octane rating of gasoline is characterized by several unusual features.
• the carboxylic acids appear to be ineffective in raising the octane rating of gasolines unless an organo-lead anti-knock agent, normally tetraethyl lead, is a component of the gasoline mixture.
• the second unusual characteristic of the action of monocarboxylic acids in appreciating the octane rating of gasolines is the fact that equal concentrations of acids appear to cause a greater octane improvement above the 100 octane level than below the 100 octane level.
• a 3.9 unit octane improvement on the research scale has been realized with 0.5 weight percent concentration of Z-ethylhexanoic acid in 105 octane base fuel
• the third unusual feature of the action of monocarboxylic acids is that they appear to have substantially no effect on the octane rating of a gasoline consisting essentially of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons even though an organo-lead anti-knock agent is present. Since organolead anti-knock agents exert their greatest octane appreciation in predominantly saturated paraflinic base hydrocarbon gasolines and have the least effect on the octane rating of aromatic and olefin rich gasolines, the present invention neatly complements tetraethyl lead as an octane improver. Monocarboxylic acids have their minimum effect where tetraethyl lead has its maximum effect and exert their maximum effect on octane values where tetraethyl lead has its minimum effect.
• novel fuel compositions of this invention have a minimum concentration of aromatic and/or olefin components of at least 10 volume percent.
• the aromatic and/or olefin components of the motor fuel of the invention can constitute as high as volume percent thereof but usually fall between 20 and 20 volume percent.
• the minimum 10 percent concentration is necessary for monocarboxylic acids to exert a significant octane improvement.
• the aromatic components of the motor fuel of the invention are generally supplied by catalytic reforming or catalytic cracking operations. Catalytic reformate is particularly high in aromatics.
• the olefin components of the motor fuel of the invention are derived either from thermal cracking, catalytic cracking or polymerization.
• the organo-lead reagent necessary for the action of monocarboxylic acids as octane improvers is a tetraalkyl lead compound of the class known to possess anti knock action.
• Tetraethyl lead is practically universally used as an anti-knock agent but other tetraalkyl lead compounds such as tetramethyl lead, tetrabutyl lead, tetraamyl lead, tetrapropyl lead, etc. are known to possess antiknock properties and may be used in the fuel compositions of the invention in conjunction with monocarboxylic acids.
• tetraethyl lead mixtures commercially available for automotive use contain an ethylene chloride-ethylene bromide mixture as a scavenger for removing lead from the combustion chamber in the form of volatile lead halides.
• tetraethyl lead fluid denotes the commercial product which comprises tetraethyl lead, ethylene chloride and ethylene bromide, the latter two reagents being present in 1.0 theory and 0.5 theory respectively, theory denoting the stoichiometric amount required for reaction with the lead content of the tetraethyl lead.
• the organo-lead reagent is present in the fuel compositions of the invention in concentrations between 0.5 ml. per gallon up to the statutory limit of organo-lead reagent concentration which, at the present time, is 3 ml. per gallon in the case of automotive fuel and 4.6 ml. per gallon in the case of aviation fuel.
• the usual concentration of tetraethyl lead is between 1 and 3 ml. per gallon in automotive gasoline and 2-4.'6 ml. per gallon in aviation gasoline.
• the action is a function of the carboxylic acid radical since aliphatic acids from formic acid up to and including behenic acid, aryl acids such as benzoic acid and cumic acid and cycloaliphatic acids have been effective in raising the octane rating of the fuel compositions of the invention.
• the radical attached to the carboxylic acid radical in the general formula RCOOH can be hydrogen, a saturated hydrocarbon radical, an unsaturated hydrocarbon radical, an aryl radical, an alkaryl radical, an aralkyl radical, or a cycloalkyI radical.
• Monocarboxylic acids that have been effective in the fuel compositions of the invention as octane improvers are the following:
• monocarboxylic acids containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms are effective in the fuel compositions of the invention, the preferred acids contain 6 to 14 carbon atoms and are either aliphatic monocarboxylic acids or aromatic monocarboxylic acids.
• Monocarboxylic acids containing less than 6 carbon atoms are effective as octane irnprovers but have the serious drawbacks of being water-soluble, odoriferous and corrosive to metals.
• Preferred acids are Z-ethylhexanoic, benzoic, caprylic, capric, lauric, and myristic.
• Hydroxy monocarboxylic acids such as salicylic and ricinoleic acid, halogenated carboxylic acids such as alphachloro-propionic acid and sulfhydryl-su-bstituted carboxylic acids such as mercapto-acetic acid, are ineffective in raising the octane rating of leaded fuels containing a substantial content of aromatics and olefins.
• Amino acids are too insoluble in gasoline hydrocarbons to be effective as actane appreciators.
• the ineffectiveness of the substitued hydrocarbon monocarboxylic acids of the types mentioned is another surprising feature of this invention.
• the monocarboxylic acids must be present in the leaded aromatic and/ or olefin-containing compositions of the invention in a minimum concentration of 0.1 volume percent before a significant octane appreciation is realized. With monocarboxylic acid concentrations below 0.1 volume percent, no octane improvement is obtained in leaded gasoline containing at least 10 volume percent aromatics and/ or olefins.
• the preferred concentration of monocarboxylic acid in the fuel compositions of the invention falls between 0.2 and 1.0 volume percent with maximum octane appreciation generally being obtained at a concentration level of about 0.5 volume percent. Concentrations of monocarboxylic acids as high as 5 volume percent can be incorporated in the fuel compositions but no additional octane improvement is realized at the higher concentrations and economic considerations preclude the use of such concentrations in commecrial fuel compositions.
• Table I there is shown the action of monocarboxylic acids in raising the octane rating of the leaded fuel compositions of the invention.
• the base gasoline to which the various acids were added in the indicated concentrations was a catalytically reformed naphtha containing 3 cc. of tetraethyl lead fluid per gallon and having an IBP of 130 F. and an end point of 394 F.
• the base fuel had a leaded research octane rating of 96.6 and an aromatic concentration of 48 volume percent as measured by Fluorescent Indicator Analysis (FIA) Method.
• FIA Fluorescent Indicator Analysis
• Table II there is shown the action of various acids in improving the octane rating of a leaded gasoline having an octane rating of 100.
• the base fuel employed in Table II was a blend comprising approximately 5 percent butane, 38 percent light fluid catalytically cracked naphtha, and 57 percent catalytically reformed naphtha.
• the base fuel contained 3 cc. of tetraethyl lead fluid per gallon and had an aromatic content of approximately 24 volume percent as measured by FIA Method.
• the 100 octane base fuel had an IBP of 98 F. and an end point of 363 F.
• Table VII there is compared the action of monocarboxylic acids on the octane ratings of three different blends of high octane gasoline components.
• the aromatic gasoline blend had a boiling point range of 228 to 378 F. and comprised 84I percent aromatics, 15 percent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and 1 percent olefinic hydrocarbons.
• Olefinic gasoline blend A consists essentially of a mixture of dimers and trimers of propylene having a boiling point range of 102430 F.
• Olefinic gasoline blend B comprised 50 percent isooctene and 50 percent isoheptene.
• the isoparafiinic gasoline blend comprised 10 percent isopentane, 5 percent n-heptane and 85 percent isooctane.
• Aromatic gasoline 108.3 Aromatic Gasoline+0.5 vol. percent benzoic acid 110.6 Aromatic gasoline+0.5 vol. percent 2 ethylhex- Isoparaflinic gasoline blend+0.5 vol. percent 2- ethylhexanoic acid 105.1
• Table VIII data are presented to show the ineifec tiveness of hydroxy monocarboxylic acids, halo-substituted monocarboxylic acids, and mercapto-substituted monocarboxylic acids in raising the octane rating of leaded gasoline.
• the base fuel employed in Table VHI was the catalytically reformed naphtha described in connection with the data presented in Table I. This base fuel had an aromatic concentration of 48 volume percent and contained 3 cc. of tetraethyl lead fluid per gallon.
• amino acids are unable to exert any positive action in raising the octane rating of leaded fuels containing the requisite aromatic and/or olefin content because of their insolubility in gasoline hydrocarbons.
• a hydrocarbon fuel in the gasoline boiling range containing an organo-lead anti-knock agent, high octane components selected from the group consisting of olefinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof in a concentration of at least about 10 volume percent of said fuel and an aromatic monocarboxylic acid containing up to 30 carbon atoms in a concentration between 0.1 and 5.0 volume percent, said amount being sufiicient to effect substantial improvement of the octane rating of said organo-lead-containing hydrocarbon fuel.
• organo-lead anti-knock agent high octane components selected from the group consisting of olefinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof in a concentration of at least about 10 volume percent of said fuel and an aromatic monocarboxylic acid containing up to 30 carbon atoms in a concentration between 0.1 and 5.0 volume percent, said amount being sufiicient to effect substantial improvement of the octane rating of said organo-lea

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• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

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