US3520297A - Iontophoretic toothbrush - Google Patents

Iontophoretic toothbrush Download PDF

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Publication number
US3520297A
US3520297A US612934A US3520297DA US3520297A US 3520297 A US3520297 A US 3520297A US 612934 A US612934 A US 612934A US 3520297D A US3520297D A US 3520297DA US 3520297 A US3520297 A US 3520297A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
ions
fluoride
metals
brush
pieces
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US612934A
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English (en)
Inventor
Arthur W Bechtold
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cooper Laboratories Inc
Original Assignee
Chemway Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of US3520297A publication Critical patent/US3520297A/en
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B15/00—Other brushes; Brushes with additional arrangements
    • A46B15/0002—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B15/00—Other brushes; Brushes with additional arrangements
    • A46B15/0002—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process
    • A46B15/0016—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process with enhancing means
    • A46B15/0022—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process with enhancing means with an electrical means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/20—Halogens; Compounds thereof
    • A61K8/21—Fluorides; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/20—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes continuous direct currents
    • A61N1/30—Apparatus for iontophoresis, i.e. transfer of media in ionic state by an electromotoric force into the body, or cataphoresis
    • A61N1/303—Constructional details
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B2200/00—Brushes characterized by their functions, uses or applications
    • A46B2200/10—For human or animal care
    • A46B2200/1066—Toothbrush for cleaning the teeth or dentures
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/80—Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
    • A61K2800/83—Electrophoresis; Electrodes; Electrolytic phenomena

Definitions

  • iontophoresis The process of influencing ionic motion known as iontophoresis has been suggested as a way to facilitate the amount and depth of penetration of the fluoride ions. Iontophoresis is the introduction by means of an electric current of ions of soluble salts into the tissues of the body for therapeutic purposes and has been in use some fifty or more years. In the case of anti-caries therapy with fluoride ion, increased penetration of the enamel by fluoride ions is obtained by the use of iontophoresis.
  • An iontophoresis toothbrush is presently marketed which includes an electric circuit having a dry cell arranged in the handle to provide the current, see U. S. Pat. 2,834,344 to Kauai.
  • This arrangement is disadvantageous, however, since it requires a wet hand to grip the handle and the dry cell limits the design of the brush, makes it bulky, adds to its cost and increases maintenance since it must be periodically replaced. Additionally, the circuit which extends through the arm and head is substantially longer than through the lips as in this invention and persons using the brush can experience headaches.
  • iontophoresis can be used to introduce ions of other soluble medicaments into the body tissues such as fingernails and skin.
  • body tissues such as fingernails and skin.
  • iontophoresis the penetration of pharmagel into the nail in the treatment of brittle nails can be facilitated by iontophoresis.
  • sulfacetamide in gum infections and the use of selenium compounds in scalp treatments for dandruff causing organisms can be assisted.
  • the apparatus and system of this invention is suitable for these uses, and others, although hereinbelow for simplicity it will be described with reference to the penetration of tooth enamel by fluoride ions.
  • this invention is directed to a self-energizing iontophoresis apparatus for introducing ions into the body tissues
  • a self-energizing iontophoresis apparatus for introducing ions into the body tissues
  • a brush having a handle 3,520,297 Patented July 14, 1970 mice made of an electrical non-conductor carrying a plurality of bristles and two dissimilar metal pieces.
  • the two metal pieces are arranged so that they do not touch and one metal piece is arranged so that it does not contact the body tissue during use of the brush.
  • the other metal piece is affixed in such a position on the brush handle that it contacts the body tissues, e.g. the lips adjacent the teeth which are to be treated by iontophoresis.
  • Electromotive Force Series of Elements is a compilation of the electrode potentials of various metals utilizing a standard hydrogen reference electrode.
  • a solution containing the ions to be introduced into the body tissues e.g. a saliva solution of tooth cleansers containing a fluoride salt, forms an electrolyte, and since the human body is electrically conductive, when the brush is used with the solution, an electrical circuit is closed through the two metal pieces, the body and the saliva solution through which circuit flows a current generated by the dilference in potentials of the two metals.
  • the direction of current flow in the circuit is controlled by choosing the particular metals.
  • the metal piece touching the body has a higher potential than the other metal piece, a positive charge will be applied to the body tissues at the electrolyte.
  • This system is desirable when the ions to be introduced into the body tissues, such as fluoride ions, sulfacetamide, etc., have a negative charge, since the positively charged tissue attracts the negatively charged ions facilitating penetration of the tissues by the ions. Reversing the position of the metals reverses the flow of current and applies a negative charge to the body tissues at the electrolyte.
  • positively charged therapeutically active ions such as those found in anesthetics, zinc sulfate, streptomycin HCl, epinephrine HCl, copper sulfate, etc. facilitates their penetration. It is apparent that if both metal pieces touched the body, a short circuit occurs between the two points of contact rather than at the desired area of treatment so this is avoided.
  • the two dissimilar metals in this invention are selected from the Electromotive Force Series of Metals to provide a cell voltage and generate a current sufiicient to place a charge on the body tissues, e.g. a positive charge on the teeth having sufficient strength to attract the desired ions and increase the penetration thereof into the body tissues.
  • the cell voltage will be between about 0.3 v. and 2 v., preferably about 0.5 to about 1 v. and the current strength between about 20 and 2000 microamps, preferably about 40 to 600 microamps.
  • the current should generally not exceed about 2000 microam-ps due to physical discomfort such as tingling of the tissues, sore fillings and headaches which can develop with higher currents.
  • the current flow is affected not only by the particular metal combination, but also by the relative surface areas of the two metals in contact with the ionic solution of the medicament, the particular medicament and concentration of ions, etc. Suitable sizes of the electrodes vary over a wide range and are limited only by brush size. In general, the greater the area of the more positive metal piece exposed to the ionic solution, the larger the current generated. Also, the size of the negative, or less positive, metal piece will affect the life of the brush since it is used up to provide the electron flow. In either case only a small portion of the metal piece need touch the body tissue.
  • the ionic solution should generally be either acidic or basic and, preferably will have a pH below about 5 or above about pH 8.
  • any metal combination which exhibits the desired EMF and generates the desired current can be used in this invention. Since the apparatus is designed for use on human tissue, however, non-toxic materials are used. Suitable metals include generally those above copper in the electromotive series, such as iron, tin, nickel, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, etc., as well as non-toxic compounds such as oxides of these materials and hereinafter when metals are referred to it is intended to include such compounds. Carbon, e.g. in the form of graphite, and silver can also be used. Also, when selecting metals for toothbrushes, it is desirable to use metals having an EMF above the constituents of dental filings in the electromotive series since otherwise use of the toothbrush would cause deterioration of the filings.
  • Desirable metal combinations are tin-zinc, tin-magnesium, tin-aluminum, zinc-silver, copper-zinc, silver-magnesium, etc.
  • the metals can be present in various forms such as a powder embedded in the bristles of the brush or in the back surface of the brush handle, as well as actual strips or foils afiixed to the brush, and the terms strips and pieces are intended to encompass such forms.
  • the toothbrush generally designated as 10, includes bristles 16 and a body having a handle portion 12 and a head portion 14 of conventional construction.
  • Two dissimilar metal pieces 18 and 20 are afiixed to head 14 by conventional means. As afiixed, the metal pieces do not touch and only piece 20 will touch the body tissues, e.g., the lips, when the brush is used. If desired, piece 20 can extend rearward on handle 12 to where it touches the hand.
  • the tin foils used had areas of 600 sq. mm., 150 sq. mm. and 75 sq. mm. and the magnesium foil an area of about sq. mm.
  • Approximately /3 inch of dentifrice was applied to a wetted brush and the toothbrush heads were dipped in a slurry of toothpaste containing equal parts of water and toothpaste. Current readings were taken at room temperature as the toothbrush was moved in the slurry in a circuit formed by connecting the metal pieces. The electrical potential reached 1.08 volt.
  • Table I sets forth the current flow obtained using the tin foils with several commercial dentifrices.
  • Amrn-i-dent fluoride 40 10 Oral B (fluoride) 200 8 8 Fact (fluoride) 108 110 Crest (fluoride) 180 26 22 Cue (fluoride) 200 35 32 EXAMPLE III
  • the amount and depth of penetration of tooth enamel by fluoride ions is improved with the following dentrifrice when using a brush constructed as in Examples I and II.
  • An article of manufacture adapted to be held which comprises a bristle carrying and handle means made of electrically non-conductive material, a plurality of bristles carried by said first-mentioned means, first and second metal pieces aifixed in open circuit relationship to said first-mentioned means at said bristles, said first and second metal pieces being of dissimilar metals, one of said first and second metal pieces being arranged on said firstmentioned means so that it is adapted to touch the holder during use of the article and the other of said first and second metal pieces being arranged on said first-mentioned means so that it does not normally touch the holder during use of the article, said metal pieces each being arranged with respect to said bristles whereby each will communicate electrically with an electrically conductive liquid carried by said bristles, said dissimilar metals having an electrode potential therebetween on the standard hydrogen reference electrode scale, said electrode potential and the relative sizes of said first and second metal pieces being effective to provide a cell voltage therebetween and generate a current of above 20 microamps when placed in
  • a system for the introduction of medicaments into body tissues of humans by iontophoresis comprising an electrically conductive ionic solution of said medicament arranged on the tissue to be treated, and brush means adapted to be held in contact with said solution at the tissue to be treated comprising bristle carrying and handle means made of electrically non-conductive material, a plurality of bristles carried by said bristle carrying means, first and second metal pieces affixed in open circuit relationship to said bristle carrying means at said bristles, said first and second metal pieces being of dissimilar nontoxic metals having, respectively, a higher and a lower electrode potential on the standard hydrogen reference electrode scale, said metal pieces being arranged with respect to said bristles so that each will communicate electrically with said ionic solution as it is carried by the bristles, one of said first and second metal pieces being arranged one said bristle carrying means so that it is adapted to touch the holder during use of the brush means and the other of said metal pieces being arranged on said bristle carrying means so that it does not normally touch the
  • the difierence between the higher and lower electrode potentials and the relative sizes of said first and second metal pieces being effective to provide a cell voltage therebetween and generate a current in excess of 20 microamps through said solution and the body tissues.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Brushes (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
US612934A 1967-01-31 1967-01-31 Iontophoretic toothbrush Expired - Lifetime US3520297A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US61293467A 1967-01-31 1967-01-31

Publications (1)

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US3520297A true US3520297A (en) 1970-07-14

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Family Applications (1)

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US612934A Expired - Lifetime US3520297A (en) 1967-01-31 1967-01-31 Iontophoretic toothbrush

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US (1) US3520297A (da)
AT (1) AT299439B (da)
BE (1) BE710152A (da)
CH (1) CH499286A (da)
DE (1) DE1639155A1 (da)
ES (1) ES350272A1 (da)
FR (1) FR1583683A (da)
GB (1) GB1219632A (da)
NL (1) NL6800928A (da)

Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4502497A (en) * 1983-01-28 1985-03-05 Joseph Siahou Toothbrush for polarizing the active ingredients of toothpaste
US4526570A (en) * 1982-10-25 1985-07-02 Shiken, Ltd. Dental hygienic device
US4632135A (en) * 1984-01-17 1986-12-30 U.S. Philips Corporation Hair-grooming means
US4691718A (en) * 1985-06-29 1987-09-08 Kabushiki Kaisha Sangi Toothbrush
US4702732A (en) * 1984-12-24 1987-10-27 Trustees Of Boston University Electrodes, electrode assemblies, methods, and systems for tissue stimulation and transdermal delivery of pharmacologically active ligands
WO1988003821A1 (en) * 1986-11-21 1988-06-02 Boston University Electrode assembly for transdermal drug delivery
US4767401A (en) * 1975-04-22 1988-08-30 Maurice Seiderman Iontophoretic administration of ionizable or polar medicaments to a mammalian body
US4786277A (en) * 1986-11-21 1988-11-22 Trustees Of Boston University Electrodes, electrode assemblies, methods, and systems for tissue stimulation
US5115533A (en) * 1989-09-12 1992-05-26 Hiroshi Hukuba Toothbrush with voltage tester
US5372501A (en) * 1989-02-20 1994-12-13 Solar Wide Industrial Ltd. Dental aid
US5921251A (en) * 1997-08-07 1999-07-13 Ceramatec, Inc. Brush that delivers beneficial agents
USRE37796E1 (en) 1997-12-16 2002-07-23 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Methods for iontophoretic delivery of antiviral agents
US20020142340A1 (en) * 1986-04-18 2002-10-03 Carnegie Mellon University Cyanine dyes as labeling reagents for detection of biological and other materials by luminescence methods
US20030054321A1 (en) * 2000-08-24 2003-03-20 Moran Francis Xavier Electrolytic method and device
US20030199808A1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2003-10-23 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc. Systems and methods for electrokinetic delivery of a substance
USRE38341E1 (en) * 1996-05-08 2003-12-09 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Method for electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
GB2390023A (en) * 2002-06-27 2003-12-31 Kieron Loy Iontophoretic hairbrush with handle return electrode
US20040039328A1 (en) * 1998-09-15 2004-02-26 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Iontophoretic drug delivery electrodes and method
US6735470B2 (en) 2000-05-31 2004-05-11 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
US20040091834A1 (en) * 1997-06-20 2004-05-13 Rizoiu Ioana M. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20040111051A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2004-06-10 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc. Electrokinetic delivery system for self-administration of medicaments and methods therefor
US20060070195A1 (en) * 2004-10-05 2006-04-06 Lion Corporation Oral cavity cleaning tool
US20060281042A1 (en) * 2005-05-18 2006-12-14 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20070009856A1 (en) * 2005-05-25 2007-01-11 Biolase Technology, Inc. Device having activated textured surfaces for treating oral tissue
US20070212665A1 (en) * 2005-10-14 2007-09-13 Jimenez Eduardo J Generating a chemical agent in situ
US20090087813A1 (en) * 2007-10-02 2009-04-02 Colgate-Palmolive Company Bio-activated oral care instrument
DE102008026067A1 (de) * 2008-05-30 2010-01-14 Schaffrath, Paul, Dr. Gerät zur Verbesserung der Mundhygiene
US20100167228A1 (en) * 1997-06-20 2010-07-01 Rizoiu Ioana M Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
WO2013043769A1 (en) * 2011-09-20 2013-03-28 The Gillette Company Oral care devices having automatic mode selection
US9597496B1 (en) 2015-10-16 2017-03-21 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement with conductive protrusions
US9636195B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-05-02 Stephen H. Wolpo Hands free oral hygiene system
US9907633B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2018-03-06 Stephen H. Wolpo Oral care system with mouthpiece
US10561232B2 (en) 2017-06-27 2020-02-18 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US10639467B2 (en) 2017-06-27 2020-05-05 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US11019918B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2021-06-01 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care device
US20210169624A1 (en) * 2015-12-30 2021-06-10 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral Care Device with Sacrificial Electrode
US11071854B2 (en) 2017-06-27 2021-07-27 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US11103058B2 (en) 2017-06-27 2021-08-31 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US20210267344A1 (en) * 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 L'oreal Device for electrostatically charging the scalp or hair to attract formulations
US20220031060A1 (en) * 2018-09-04 2022-02-03 Pet Projects Inc. Bacteria resistant automatically self sanitizing oral care appliance
US11241084B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2022-02-08 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care device

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH01178256A (ja) * 1988-01-05 1989-07-14 Hideo Suyama 電子歯ブラシ
KR100666458B1 (ko) * 2005-03-11 2007-01-09 권영준 압력완화부재가 내장된 칫솔 및 그 제조방법
CN101252968A (zh) 2005-09-15 2008-08-27 Tti优而美株式会社 棒式离子电渗疗装置
US20070232983A1 (en) * 2005-09-30 2007-10-04 Smith Gregory A Handheld apparatus to deliver active agents to biological interfaces
GB0807224D0 (en) * 2008-04-21 2008-05-28 Univ Dundee Remineralisation of calcified tissue
US8261399B2 (en) * 2008-06-25 2012-09-11 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement with mechanical energy harvesting

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US415274A (en) * 1889-11-19 Electro therapeutic
US2834344A (en) * 1954-07-22 1958-05-13 Lion Brush K K Device for penetrating teeth with fluoride
US3412731A (en) * 1965-03-29 1968-11-26 Luther W. Reynolds Electrophoretic toothbrush

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US415274A (en) * 1889-11-19 Electro therapeutic
US2834344A (en) * 1954-07-22 1958-05-13 Lion Brush K K Device for penetrating teeth with fluoride
US3412731A (en) * 1965-03-29 1968-11-26 Luther W. Reynolds Electrophoretic toothbrush

Cited By (80)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4767401A (en) * 1975-04-22 1988-08-30 Maurice Seiderman Iontophoretic administration of ionizable or polar medicaments to a mammalian body
US4526570A (en) * 1982-10-25 1985-07-02 Shiken, Ltd. Dental hygienic device
US4502497A (en) * 1983-01-28 1985-03-05 Joseph Siahou Toothbrush for polarizing the active ingredients of toothpaste
US4632135A (en) * 1984-01-17 1986-12-30 U.S. Philips Corporation Hair-grooming means
US4702732A (en) * 1984-12-24 1987-10-27 Trustees Of Boston University Electrodes, electrode assemblies, methods, and systems for tissue stimulation and transdermal delivery of pharmacologically active ligands
US4691718A (en) * 1985-06-29 1987-09-08 Kabushiki Kaisha Sangi Toothbrush
US20020142340A1 (en) * 1986-04-18 2002-10-03 Carnegie Mellon University Cyanine dyes as labeling reagents for detection of biological and other materials by luminescence methods
US6989275B2 (en) 1986-04-18 2006-01-24 Carnegie Mellon University Cyanine dyes as labeling reagents for detection of biological and other materials by luminescence methods
US7008798B2 (en) 1986-04-18 2006-03-07 Carnegie Mellon University Cyanine dyes as labeling reagents for detection of biological and other materials by luminescence methods
WO1988003821A1 (en) * 1986-11-21 1988-06-02 Boston University Electrode assembly for transdermal drug delivery
US4786277A (en) * 1986-11-21 1988-11-22 Trustees Of Boston University Electrodes, electrode assemblies, methods, and systems for tissue stimulation
GB2204497A (en) * 1986-11-21 1988-11-16 Univ Boston Electrode assembly for transdermal drug delivery
GB2204497B (en) * 1986-11-21 1991-02-27 Univ Boston Electrode assembly for transdermal drug delivery
US5372501A (en) * 1989-02-20 1994-12-13 Solar Wide Industrial Ltd. Dental aid
US5115533A (en) * 1989-09-12 1992-05-26 Hiroshi Hukuba Toothbrush with voltage tester
USRE38341E1 (en) * 1996-05-08 2003-12-09 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Method for electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
US20070298369A1 (en) * 1997-06-20 2007-12-27 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20100167228A1 (en) * 1997-06-20 2010-07-01 Rizoiu Ioana M Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US7261558B2 (en) 1997-06-20 2007-08-28 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20040091834A1 (en) * 1997-06-20 2004-05-13 Rizoiu Ioana M. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US6135126A (en) * 1997-08-07 2000-10-24 Microlin, L.C. Brush that delivers beneficial agents
US5921251A (en) * 1997-08-07 1999-07-13 Ceramatec, Inc. Brush that delivers beneficial agents
USRE37796E1 (en) 1997-12-16 2002-07-23 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Methods for iontophoretic delivery of antiviral agents
US20040039328A1 (en) * 1998-09-15 2004-02-26 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Iontophoretic drug delivery electrodes and method
US6895271B2 (en) 1998-09-15 2005-05-17 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Iontophoretic drug delivery electrodes and method
US7127285B2 (en) 1999-03-12 2006-10-24 Transport Pharmaceuticals Inc. Systems and methods for electrokinetic delivery of a substance
US20030199808A1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2003-10-23 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc. Systems and methods for electrokinetic delivery of a substance
US8328788B2 (en) 1999-03-12 2012-12-11 Nitric Biotherapeutics, Inc. Methods and systems for electrokinetic delivery of a substance
US6792306B2 (en) 2000-03-10 2004-09-14 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Finger-mounted electrokinetic delivery system for self-administration of medicaments and methods therefor
US20040111051A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2004-06-10 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc. Electrokinetic delivery system for self-administration of medicaments and methods therefor
US7016724B2 (en) 2000-03-10 2006-03-21 Transport Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Electrokinetic delivery system for self-administration of medicaments and methods therefor
US8352024B2 (en) 2000-03-10 2013-01-08 Nitric Biotherapeutics, Inc. Electrokinetic delivery system for self-administration of medicaments and methods therefor
US7069073B2 (en) 2000-05-31 2006-06-27 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
US20040176737A1 (en) * 2000-05-31 2004-09-09 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
US6735470B2 (en) 2000-05-31 2004-05-11 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems, Llc Electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
US20050182351A1 (en) * 2000-05-31 2005-08-18 Biophoretic Therapeutic Systems Llc Electrokinetic delivery of medicaments
US20030054321A1 (en) * 2000-08-24 2003-03-20 Moran Francis Xavier Electrolytic method and device
US20100151407A1 (en) * 2000-11-15 2010-06-17 Rizoiu Ioana M Device having activated textured surfaces for treating oral tissue
GB2390023A (en) * 2002-06-27 2003-12-31 Kieron Loy Iontophoretic hairbrush with handle return electrode
US20060070195A1 (en) * 2004-10-05 2006-04-06 Lion Corporation Oral cavity cleaning tool
US7886398B2 (en) * 2004-10-05 2011-02-15 Lion Corporation Oral cavity cleaning tool
US20090056044A1 (en) * 2005-05-18 2009-03-05 Rizoiu Ioana M Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20110200959A1 (en) * 2005-05-18 2011-08-18 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20060281042A1 (en) * 2005-05-18 2006-12-14 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US7467946B2 (en) 2005-05-18 2008-12-23 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US7942667B2 (en) 2005-05-18 2011-05-17 Biolase Technology, Inc. Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system
US20070009856A1 (en) * 2005-05-25 2007-01-11 Biolase Technology, Inc. Device having activated textured surfaces for treating oral tissue
US8241035B2 (en) 2005-05-25 2012-08-14 Biolase, Inc. Device having activated textured surfaces for treating oral tissue
US9445878B2 (en) 2005-10-14 2016-09-20 Colgate-Palmolive Company Generating a chemical agent in situ
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1583683A (da) 1969-11-28
BE710152A (da) 1968-05-30
AT299439B (de) 1972-06-26
NL6800928A (da) 1968-08-01
GB1219632A (en) 1971-01-20
CH499286A (fr) 1970-11-30
DE1639155A1 (de) 1970-06-25
ES350272A1 (es) 1969-04-16

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