US3500906A - Subsurface wellhead and connector - Google Patents

Subsurface wellhead and connector Download PDF

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Publication number
US3500906A
US3500906A US731382A US3500906DA US3500906A US 3500906 A US3500906 A US 3500906A US 731382 A US731382 A US 731382A US 3500906D A US3500906D A US 3500906DA US 3500906 A US3500906 A US 3500906A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wellhead
connector
vessel
wellhead assembly
assembly
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Expired - Lifetime
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US731382A
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English (en)
Inventor
William H Petersen
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Shell USA Inc
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Shell Oil Co
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/02—Surface sealing or packing
    • E21B33/03—Well heads; Setting-up thereof
    • E21B33/035—Well heads; Setting-up thereof specially adapted for underwater installations
    • E21B33/038—Connectors used on well heads, e.g. for connecting blow-out preventer and riser

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to apparatus for use at underwater oil well locations and, more particularly, to apparatus for making a remote connection between a subsurface production wellhead assembly and a floating vessel.
  • maintenance or other undersea operations relating to a producing wellhead assembly are initiated by establishing guide means, such as guidelines, between the floating vessel and the well site.
  • guide means such as guidelines
  • a suitable wellhead connector device is then normally lowered by means of a pipe string along the guide means to the wellhead assembly.
  • the assembly is pulled up to the vessel along the guide means by means of the pipe string.
  • a new wellhead assembly may then be lowered along the guide means and operatively attached to the wellhead and production may be resumed.
  • the original assembly after inspection and/or repair on board the vessel may be returned to its operative position on the wellhead along the guide means.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide cooperating means on an underwater wellhead assembly and a wellhead connector to orient said wellhead connector with respect to said wellhead assembly so that it may be placed into operative engagement therewith.
  • Orienting means including a pin and slot arrangement, is employed on the connector and the assembly to effect a predetermined relative position with respect thereto. After such orientation has taken place the conductor and assembly are locked into engagement and guideline means, including latch means, are fastened to upstanding guide post means fixedly positioned with respect to the wellhead assembly.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic view taken in longitudinal projection illustrating a floating drilling vessel positioned at the surface of a body of water with the elements of the present invention shown prior to operative engagement there'between;
  • FIGURE 2 is a longitudinal, enlarged, partial crosssectional view illustrating details of the present invention with the elements thereof being positioned prior to operative engagement;
  • FIGURE 3 is an isometric, enlarged, partial cross-sectional view illustrating details of the present invention with the elements thereof placed in operative engagement;
  • FIGURE 4 is an isometric cross-sectional view illusstrating one form of entry conduit closure device employed in the present invention
  • FIGURE 5 is an isometric exploded view illustrating a portion of an alternate form of entry conduit closure device.
  • FIGURE 6 is an enlarged frontal view of the apparatus according to the present invention.
  • a drilling vessel or barge 11 of any suitable floatable type is illustrated as floating on the surface of a body of water 12 and substantially fixedly positioned over a preselected location by suitable barge positioning means or by being anchored to the ocean floor 13 by suitable anchors (not shown) connected to anchor lines 14 and 15.
  • Equipment, of this type may be used when carrying on operations in water depths varying from about 100 to 1500 feet or more.
  • the vessel is equipped with a suitable derrick 16 as well as other auxiliary equipment needed during well work-over or maintenance operations.
  • the derrick 16 is positioned over a slot 17 which extends vertically through the vessel in a conventional manner.
  • the slot of vessel 11 may be either in. Strings of production tubing and 21 are suspended within the well casing and extend into the well in the usual manner.
  • the production control unit or wellhead assembly is in fluid communication with the production tubing and comprises the necessary piping, valves, chokes, and other equipment normally connected together and mounted on the top of a well, and known as a Christmas tree, together with the necessary hydraulic or electrical systems, including pumps, reservoirs, motors, etc., to operate the valves at the head of the well from a remote location.
  • a typical example of a suitable underwater production control unit or wellhead assembly for use at an offshore well location, and its manner of operation, is shown and described in the aforementioned US, Patent No. 3,064,735, issued Nov. 20, 1962, to R. J. Bauer et al.
  • Wellhead assembly 25 includes a pair of radially projecting fluid flow handling conduits or production flowlines 26 and 27 and an upstanding wellhead entry conduit 28. Fluid flow handling conduits 26 and 27 communicate with production tubing strings 20 and 21, respectively, and are smoothly curved in an are which would permit objects, such as through-the-flowline tools to be circulated therethrough into the well.
  • upstanding wellhead entry conduit 28 has fixedly disposed therein, such as by means of plate member 29, connector elements 30 and 31 which comprise lengths of tubing in communication at their lower ends with production tubing strings 20 and 21.
  • valve means (not shown) interrupts the fluid communication between tubing strings 20 and 21 and their respective connector elements 30 and 31.
  • U.S. Patent No. 3,064,735 may again be referred to for a more detailed description of an arrangement of this type.
  • Wellhead entry conduit 28 differs from that disclosed in the aforementioned patent in that a pair of indents 32 and 33 are disposed in opposition to one another as shown at the upper end thereof in the manner shown in FIGURES 2 and 3.
  • two tapered keyway channels or grooves 34 and 35 are provided in the outer cylindrical wall of entry conduit 28 for the purpose which will be more fully brought out below.
  • the upper end of entry conduit 28 is closed by means of a suitable end closure device, such as closure member 36, to help protect the interior of the entry conduit from the possible harmful effects of the sea water, sediment, etc.
  • closure member 36 comprises a circular disc 37 constructed of rubber or other suitable resilient material which is cut into a plurality of independently movable wedge members 38.
  • wedge members 38 When in the unstressed position illustrated, wedge members 38 form a substantially liquidtight seal with one another. Integrally attached to disc 37 is a downwardly depending, circular flange member 39, which is adapted to be positioned against the inner wall of entry conduit 28 and secured thereto by any desired expedient.
  • the chamber within entry conduit 28 which is defined at one end by closure member 36 and at the 4 other end by plate member 29 (FIGURE 2) is preferably filled with non-buoyant oil or grease (not shown) which provides additional protection against the harmful effects of the sea water.
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of an end closure device which may be used to protect the interior of entry conduit 28.
  • the end closure device may be comprised of a plurality of relatively thin-walled, disc-elements placed in face-to-face contact with one another.
  • FIGURE 5 is an exploded view showing two such thin-walled, disc-like elements 40 and 41.
  • disc-like elements 40 and 41 are divided into a plurality of wedge members 42 and 43, respectively.
  • the various disc-like elements comprising the end closure device should be angularly disposed with respect to one another so that the respective wedge members thereof overlap (as shown in FIGURE 5) to form a more effective seal.
  • the wellhead connector has a frame means depending therefrom, by means of which guideline carrying means 46 and 47 are mounted.
  • Wellhead assembly locating and positioning means including a hydraulically actuated, extensible sonar unit 48 and a television camera 49, of conventional design, are also frame-mounted on the connector.
  • wellhead connector 44 includes a cylindrical body member 50 defining a throughbore into which extend tubing runs 51 and 52. Tubing runs 51 and 52 extend upwardly within pipe string 45 to vessel 11.
  • tubing runs 51 and 52 are each comprised of individual tubing sections of substantially the same length as the sections of pipe comprising pipe string 45 and are attached thereto by suitable internal frame means (not shown) to form integral units.
  • suitable internal frame means not shown
  • the tubing runs may be independently disposed within and along the length of pipe string 45 if desired.
  • the lower ends of tubing runs 51 and 52 pass through a mounting plate means 53 and are connected thereto by any suitable means such as welding.
  • Plate means 53 is integrally attached to a portion 54 of the body member 50 which is mounted for downwardly extensible axial movement with respect to the rest of the body member.
  • Body member portion 54 is connected to pipe string 45 by means of a coupling member 55.
  • the body member portion 54 is normally biased by any suitable means, such as spring means (not shown), into the retracted position illustrated in FIGURE 2.
  • a flange member 56 comprises an integral part of body member portion 54 and a resilient O-ring is preferably accommodated thereby which sealingly engages the inner Wall of body member 50.
  • the annular space or chamber 57 formed between body member 50 and body member portion 54 communicates by means of conduits 58 with a series of hydraulic accumulators 59 which are fixedly disposed about body member 50.
  • Suitable valve means (not shown) are positioned in conduits 58 to establish or break the fluid communication between the accumulators 59 and chamber 57 as desired. The actuation of these valves would be accomplished remotely from vessel 11 many well-known manner.
  • valves referred to above are normally closed and upon actuation thereof will open to establish fluid communication between chamber 57 and the accumulators 59. Upon such actuation the hydraulic fluid will act upon flange member 56 forcing the body member portion 54, tubing runsv 51 and 52, and pipe string 45 in a downward direction whereby the body member portion will be in its extended position.
  • a direct hydraulic circuit could be provided between chamber 57 and a suitable pressurized fluid source (not shown) on board vessel '11 through a hydraulic cable extending from the chamber to the vessel.
  • Latch members 60 and 61 which may be either spring or hydraulically operated, are disposed near the lower end of body member 50 in the manner shown in FIG- URE 2. A portion of each latch member extends through the body member 50 into the throughbore defined thereby. Disposed at a 90 degree angle from latch members 60 and 61 and fixedly positioned on the inner cylindrical wall of body member 50 is a pin member 62. If desired, a second pin member (not shown) of similar construction may be mounted on the inner cylindrical wall of body member 50 in opposition to pin member 62.
  • tubing runs 51 and 52 are axially aligned with connector elements 30 and 31, respectively.
  • the valves (not shown) in conduits 58 are then opened thereby forcing body member portion 54, tubing runs 51 and 52, and pipe string 45 in a downward direction in the manner which has been described above and is more fully set forth in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 731,381.
  • tubing runs 51 and 52 in this extended position form a fluid-tight seal with connector elements 30 and 31, respectively.
  • the body member portion will pass therethrough, due to the flexibility of the wedge members, as it is extended. Suitable well work-over or other operations may then be carried out from vessel 11.
  • FIGURE 6 illustrates the position assumed by the wellhead connector 44 after it has been rotatably oriented and locked into position in the manner previously described. It should also be noted that pipe string 45 has been pulled downwardly by virtue of its interconnection with body member portion 54. It will be obvious upon inspection of FIGURE 6 that after the above-outlined operations have been completed, guideline carrying means 46 and 47 are positioned over and axially aligned with vertical guide columns 22 and 23, respectively. Slidably disposed in guideline carrying means 46 and 47 are tubular members 65 and 66 having lower flanged ends 67 and 68 and apertured top plates 69 and 70, respectively. Guidelines 71 and 72 depending from vessel 11 pass through the apertures in the top plates and pass into the interior of tubular members 65 and 66 in the manner shown.
  • Guidelines 71 and 72 have attached to the respective lower ends thereof guideline connector means, such as latching means 73, which may be of any known type.
  • guideline connector means such as latching means 73
  • latching means 73 which may be of any known type.
  • US. Patent No. 3,050,140 issued on Aug. 21, 1962, to W. J. Hayes, discloses latching mechanisms which may be utilized for this purpose.
  • Guidelines 71 and 72 are each kept under constant tension by suitable apparatus such as winch means (not shown) on vessel 11 as the guideline carrying means 46 and 47 are lowered along with wellhead connector 4 from the vessel. This tension is maintained until the conhector has been positioned on and latched to the wellhead assembly as shown in FIGURE 6.
  • winch means not shown
  • the guidelines are allowed to slack from the vessel and the tubular members 65 and 66 with their respective latching means are dropped onto the guide posts.
  • the tubular members 65 and 66 perform two main functions during this operation.
  • guideline 71 is illustrated in FIGURE 6 as having been allowed to go slack from vessel 11, thus dropping tubular member 65 and latch means 73 into engagement with guide post 22.
  • Guideline 72 is illustrated as still being maintained under tension from vessel 11 with tubular member 65 being maintained upwardly and flanged end 68 thereof being held in engagement with the lower end of guideline carrying means 47.
  • 3,064,735 also describes an arrangement for effecting the removal of a wellhead assembly to the surface of a body of water for this purpose. It should be noted that upon retrieval of the wellhead connector 44 to vessel 11, integrally connected guideline carrying means 46 and 47 cooperate with top plates 69 and 70, respectively, to also remove to the surface tubular members 65 and 66 along guidelines 71 and 72, The guidelines, as is readily apparent, permit apparatus of any desired type to be conveyed quickly back and forth between vessel 11 and the well site.
  • Apparatus for making a remote connection between a subsurface production wellhead assembly and a floating vessel on the surface of a body of water comprising first means positioned on the floor of the body of water and second means lowerable from said vessel into engagement with said first means, said first means comprising:
  • base assembly means under said body of water and fixedly positioned with respect to said wellhead assembly; guide column means included on said base assembly means and extending in a substantially upward direction; said second means comprising:
  • pipe means operatively associated with said vessel and having one free end and one end held in operative engagement by said vessel; wellhead connector means afiixed to said pipe means at the end of the pipe means remote from the vessel; frame means depending from said Wellhead connector means; guideline connector means depending from said frame means; guideline means extending from said vessel and being operatively attached to said guideline connector means; cooperating orienting means having first and second portions, the first portion being carried by said wellhead assembly and the second por tion being carried by said wellhead connector means, said cooperating orienting means being adapted to operatively position said wellhead connector means with respect to said wellhead assembly and position said guideline connector means with respect to said guide column means so that operative engagement between said guideline connector means and said guide column means may be effected.
  • base assembly means underlying said water and fixedly positioned with respect to said wellhead assembly, said base assembly means including guide column means extending in a substantially upward direction;
  • guideline connector means depending from frame means on said pipe means, said guideline connector means having guideline means operatively associated therewith;
  • cooperating orienting means on said wellhead assembly and on said wellhead connector means for operatively positioning said wellhead connector means on said wellhead assembly and for substantially simultaneously bringing said guideline connector means into position with respect to said guide column means whereby operative engagement may be effected therebetween;
  • said guideline connector means comprising latching means on said guideline means for effecting attachment between the guideline means and said guide column means after said wellhead connector means has been locked to said wellhead assembly and said guideline connector means has been brought into engagement with said guide column means.
  • said wellhead assembly includes upstanding conduit means to which the wellhead connector is locked; said conduit means being normally closed at its upper end by end closure means through which a portion of said connector selectively protrudes.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
US731382A 1968-05-23 1968-05-23 Subsurface wellhead and connector Expired - Lifetime US3500906A (en)

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US73138268A 1968-05-23 1968-05-23

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US (1) US3500906A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5016722B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1926001A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2009180A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1265355A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3913669A (en) * 1971-12-27 1975-10-21 Subsea Equipment Ass Ltd Method of installation and control of underwater equipment
US4062402A (en) * 1976-03-18 1977-12-13 Enterprise De Recherches Et D'activites Petrolieres (E.R.A.P.) Method and apparatus for connecting a riser pipe to blow out preventer stack at the head of an oil well
US4109476A (en) * 1977-05-20 1978-08-29 Brown & Root, Inc. Docking an offshore structure with a submerged fixture
US4167215A (en) * 1977-02-26 1979-09-11 Fmc Corporation Guidelineless subsea wellhead entry/reentry system
US4174011A (en) * 1977-09-12 1979-11-13 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Subsea drilling template with carousel guidance system
US4211281A (en) * 1979-02-22 1980-07-08 Armco, Inc. Articulated plural well deep water production system
US4609046A (en) * 1983-09-15 1986-09-02 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production) Production riser foot and a process for implementing same
DE3606082A1 (de) * 1985-03-01 1986-09-18 Texaco Ltd., London Rohr-leitsystem fuer eine unterseeische bohrung
FR2580330A1 (fr) * 1985-04-11 1986-10-17 Mobil Oil Corp Ensemble de raccordement de colonne montante au fond de la mer et son procede de mise en oeuvre
FR2584770A1 (fr) * 1985-04-18 1987-01-16 Mobil Oil Corp Raccord central de colonne montante immergee
US4661016A (en) * 1985-04-11 1987-04-28 Mobil Oil Corporation Subsea flowline connector
US4823878A (en) * 1987-10-08 1989-04-25 Vetco Gray Inc. Guidelineless reentry system with fixed rollers
US4823879A (en) * 1987-10-08 1989-04-25 Vetco Gray Inc. Guidelineless reentry system with nonrotating funnel
US4893677A (en) * 1987-09-21 1990-01-16 Vetco Gray Inc. Guidelineless reentry system with retracting rollers
US5159982A (en) * 1991-07-26 1992-11-03 Cooper Industries, Inc. Double walled riser
US6408949B1 (en) * 1997-11-03 2002-06-25 Kongsberg Offshore A/S Device for use for mounting and alignment of a christmas tree on a wellhead
US20100224373A1 (en) * 2009-03-06 2010-09-09 Gregory Williams Wellhead Conversion System and Method
US10060555B2 (en) * 2009-09-16 2018-08-28 Apply Nemo As Load transferring subsea structure
CN114458200A (zh) * 2020-11-18 2022-05-10 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 一种水下井口切割回收工具及其使用方法

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2429319A1 (fr) 1978-06-21 1980-01-18 Elf Aquitaine Ensemble de connexion-deconnexion de colonne montante sur tete de puits sous-marine pour structure articulee d'exploitation
FR2529253A1 (fr) * 1982-06-25 1983-12-30 Elf Aquitaine Dispositif et procede de descente et de connexion des quatre lignes-guides sur des poteaux-guides d'une station sous-marine
US8955594B2 (en) 2011-11-22 2015-02-17 Vetco Gray Inc. Multiplex tubing hanger
GB2514191B (en) * 2013-05-17 2016-05-25 Aker Subsea Ltd Self-aligning subsea structures
JP6219536B2 (ja) * 2014-02-18 2017-10-25 トランスオーシャン セドコ フォレックス ベンチャーズ リミテッド 海中ホース交換のための方法および装置

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE34492C (de) * J. H. MEHRTENS in Berlin N., Pankstr. 16B. II Ineinandergreifende Fräser für Mutternfräsmaschinen
US3062287A (en) * 1960-12-12 1962-11-06 Shell Oil Co Method and apparatus for cleaning a wellhead guide system
US3163228A (en) * 1961-11-06 1964-12-29 Shell Oil Co Cable latching device
US3179176A (en) * 1963-09-18 1965-04-20 Shell Oil Co Method and apparatus for carrying out operations at underwater installations
US3236302A (en) * 1962-11-05 1966-02-22 Chevron Res Apparatus for attaching and detaching a working base to an underwater well base
US3316984A (en) * 1964-11-20 1967-05-02 Cameron Iron Works Inc Well apparatus
US3322193A (en) * 1965-03-09 1967-05-30 Armco Steel Corp Underwater well installations
US3353595A (en) * 1964-05-22 1967-11-21 Cameron Iron Works Inc Underwater well completions

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE34492C (de) * J. H. MEHRTENS in Berlin N., Pankstr. 16B. II Ineinandergreifende Fräser für Mutternfräsmaschinen
US3062287A (en) * 1960-12-12 1962-11-06 Shell Oil Co Method and apparatus for cleaning a wellhead guide system
US3163228A (en) * 1961-11-06 1964-12-29 Shell Oil Co Cable latching device
US3236302A (en) * 1962-11-05 1966-02-22 Chevron Res Apparatus for attaching and detaching a working base to an underwater well base
US3179176A (en) * 1963-09-18 1965-04-20 Shell Oil Co Method and apparatus for carrying out operations at underwater installations
US3353595A (en) * 1964-05-22 1967-11-21 Cameron Iron Works Inc Underwater well completions
US3316984A (en) * 1964-11-20 1967-05-02 Cameron Iron Works Inc Well apparatus
US3322193A (en) * 1965-03-09 1967-05-30 Armco Steel Corp Underwater well installations

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3913669A (en) * 1971-12-27 1975-10-21 Subsea Equipment Ass Ltd Method of installation and control of underwater equipment
US4062402A (en) * 1976-03-18 1977-12-13 Enterprise De Recherches Et D'activites Petrolieres (E.R.A.P.) Method and apparatus for connecting a riser pipe to blow out preventer stack at the head of an oil well
US4167215A (en) * 1977-02-26 1979-09-11 Fmc Corporation Guidelineless subsea wellhead entry/reentry system
US4109476A (en) * 1977-05-20 1978-08-29 Brown & Root, Inc. Docking an offshore structure with a submerged fixture
US4174011A (en) * 1977-09-12 1979-11-13 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Subsea drilling template with carousel guidance system
US4211281A (en) * 1979-02-22 1980-07-08 Armco, Inc. Articulated plural well deep water production system
US4609046A (en) * 1983-09-15 1986-09-02 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production) Production riser foot and a process for implementing same
DE3606082A1 (de) * 1985-03-01 1986-09-18 Texaco Ltd., London Rohr-leitsystem fuer eine unterseeische bohrung
US4721163A (en) * 1985-03-01 1988-01-26 Texaco Limited Subsea well head alignment system
US4661016A (en) * 1985-04-11 1987-04-28 Mobil Oil Corporation Subsea flowline connector
FR2580330A1 (fr) * 1985-04-11 1986-10-17 Mobil Oil Corp Ensemble de raccordement de colonne montante au fond de la mer et son procede de mise en oeuvre
US4647254A (en) * 1985-04-18 1987-03-03 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine riser structural core connector
FR2584770A1 (fr) * 1985-04-18 1987-01-16 Mobil Oil Corp Raccord central de colonne montante immergee
US4893677A (en) * 1987-09-21 1990-01-16 Vetco Gray Inc. Guidelineless reentry system with retracting rollers
US4823878A (en) * 1987-10-08 1989-04-25 Vetco Gray Inc. Guidelineless reentry system with fixed rollers
US4823879A (en) * 1987-10-08 1989-04-25 Vetco Gray Inc. Guidelineless reentry system with nonrotating funnel
US5159982A (en) * 1991-07-26 1992-11-03 Cooper Industries, Inc. Double walled riser
US6408949B1 (en) * 1997-11-03 2002-06-25 Kongsberg Offshore A/S Device for use for mounting and alignment of a christmas tree on a wellhead
US20100224373A1 (en) * 2009-03-06 2010-09-09 Gregory Williams Wellhead Conversion System and Method
US8151892B2 (en) * 2009-03-06 2012-04-10 Dril-Quip, Inc. Wellhead conversion system and method
US10060555B2 (en) * 2009-09-16 2018-08-28 Apply Nemo As Load transferring subsea structure
CN114458200A (zh) * 2020-11-18 2022-05-10 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 一种水下井口切割回收工具及其使用方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5016722B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-06-16
FR2009180A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-01-30
DE1926001A1 (de) 1969-11-27
GB1265355A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-03-01

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