US3467045A - Ship's rudder - Google Patents

Ship's rudder Download PDF

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Publication number
US3467045A
US3467045A US693862A US3467045DA US3467045A US 3467045 A US3467045 A US 3467045A US 693862 A US693862 A US 693862A US 3467045D A US3467045D A US 3467045DA US 3467045 A US3467045 A US 3467045A
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Prior art keywords
rudder
fin
main
ships
main rudder
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Expired - Lifetime
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US693862A
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English (en)
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Walter Brohl
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from DEB69183U external-priority patent/DE1965625U/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H25/00—Steering; Slowing-down otherwise than by use of propulsive elements; Dynamic anchoring, i.e. positioning vessels by means of main or auxiliary propulsive elements
    • B63H25/06—Steering by rudders
    • B63H25/38—Rudders
    • B63H25/381—Rudders with flaps

Definitions

  • the fin On deflection of the rudder through a certain angle, the fin is to be moved by double the said angle to the ships longitudinal plane, so as to be able to deflect the current.
  • Reasonable results of this formation of the fin rudder are, however, only obtained when the leading edge of the main rudder is made considerably larger than normal. It thus reaches a greater length than the distance between the rotary axis of the main rudder and the pivot point of the fin. Even in this single-surface. fin-rudder the degree of conversion of thrust from forward into transverse is restricted.
  • the object of this invention is to increase the efliciency of the fin-rudder into a high performance rudder by keeping the motive power for the rudder at a minimum and making short steering times possible.
  • the ships rudder constructed according to the invention includes a pivotable main rudder having a fin pivotally joined at each end thereof.
  • the rotary axes of the pivotal fins can be connected by a rod running di agonally to the main axis of the rudder. This connection may include guides which are rigidly connected to the fins at the said rotary axes.
  • a steering arm fixedly attached at one end thereof to the stern engages with a guide at the other end.
  • the steering rod in the twin-fin main rudder includes a fixed disc mounted on the stationary axis of the main rudder.
  • a rotatable ring is set around the fixed disc and rod parts extend from the ring to the fins located at the ends of the main rudder.
  • the fixed disc is transfixed by the king-pin for the main rudder. In this way, the entire ships rudder can be rotated through 360 degrees. This necessarily includes both of the fins as well as the main rudder structure.
  • twin-fin main rudder includes two separate rotatable rings set around the fixed disc wherein a rod part extends from each separate ring to a fin located at one end of the main rudder. In this way each fin is separately linked to its own particular rotatable ring.
  • a main rudder having two linked and steerable fins can be mounted on both sides of the longitudinal axis of the screw.
  • the engine can be put into forward gear again, with the same rudder position, thereby allowing reverse thrust and steering-impulse to port and starboard with the screw rotating in the same direction.
  • the vessel can thus be hove to very quickly. Again, turning on the spot can be done in an extremely short time, because of great transverse thrust taking effect at a main rudder position of about 30-40 degrees. Radial deflection is possible also on rotation of the rudder kingpin through 90 degrees, allowing reverse travel without reversing the engine, the screw still turning the same Way as in forward travel. This is particularly important for ships equipped with a ship reversing gear, as the screw can be used in the emergency gear only for forward travel.
  • the so-called heaving-to of the ship is particularly important in downstream navigation, especially in pushers and pushed groups made up of barge and motor ship. Extremely short steering-times for the transverse thrust from port to starboard and vice versa can be obtained, as full rotation of the rudder from hard port to hard starboard becomes unnecessary. Again, rotation simultaneous with reverse travel can be obtained. Steering and reversing with an exchanged tunnel in the 90 degree position of the rudder is particularly desirable in an unballasted voyage, especially at low water. This feature of the rudder is particularly important for entry into canal locks, as it can occur that an engine in reverse can jump into forward gear, lock-gates etc. being damaged as a result.
  • FIG. 1 shows a simple, i.e., one-surface rudder installation according to the invention, in plan view, with different positions of the fin-rudder.
  • FIG. 2 is a twin rudder installation with the fin-rudder according to the invention shown diagrammatically in plan view, in various positions.
  • FIG. 3 shows a sketch partly in section of the steeringrod for the fin-rudder as used in FIG. 2, along line HI- III of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of the steering-rod along line IV-IV of FIG. 3, in a twin-rudder installation.
  • the rudder generally designated 1 is mounted relatively close to screw 10.
  • the rudder 1 includes three parts comprising a main rudder 4, a rear fin 5 and a forward fin 3.
  • the fins 3 and 5 are connected to the main rudder 4 by means of piano like hinges 6.
  • a rudder stem 2 is used to rotate the main rudder 4.
  • the stem 2 is located either centrally or eccentrically on the main rudder 4 along its longitudinal axis.
  • Guide rods 7 and 8 are fixedly attached to the upper side of fins 3 and 5 respectively at the axes of the hinges 6. Both guide rods 7 and 8 extend in opposite directions with respect to each other.
  • a rod 9 running diagonally to the main axis of the main rudder 4 joins the guide rods 7 and 8 at pivoting connections 7a and 8a respectively.
  • the steering arm 11 fixedly mounted on the stern at point 12 can engage at the other end thereof either one of the guide rods 7 or 8.
  • the fins 3 and 5 are pivoted to the same side of the main rudder 4 and in the direction of the screw 10. In this way, a deeply curved surface is formed which very efiectively deflects the current.
  • the pitch angle is that angle measured between the longitudinal axis of the particular fin or rudder portion from the longitudinal axis of the ship.
  • the particular pitch angle for any one portion of the ships rudder is a function of the current speed.
  • the rear fin pitch angle is from 90 to 110 degrees over the ships longitudinal axis.
  • the pitch angles shown in FIG. 1 include a forward fin 3 pitch angle alpha equal to about 30 degrees, a main rudder 4 pitch angle beta equal to about 60 degrees and a rear fin 5 pitch angle gamma equal to about 90 degrees. At these angles the water is conveyed at right angles to the ships longitudinal axis. The highest etficiency, relative to transverse thrust performance, is attained at pitch angles of beta about 37 to 40 degrees, alpha about degrees and gamma about 60 degrees. These pitch angles can be altered to obtain special eifects.
  • Each fin can also have an independent steering-rod of its own, the steering-arm engaging on the guide of each fin being fixed on its own at the other end.
  • the guides of both fins can lie to the same side of the main .4 rudder, while the fixed points are to be attached on both sides of the main rudder.
  • FIG. 2 a twin-rudder installation is shown.
  • the activating-rod for fins 3 and 5 jointed to main rudder 4 has been altered so that, instead of the steering-arm 11 in the example in FIG. 1, a fixed disc 13 is mounted on the fixed bearing-position 12, the rotary stem 2 of the main rudder 4 passing through the said disc.
  • Fixed disc 13 lies eccentric to the stem 2.
  • bearing-rings 14 and 15 are mounted above one another on the fixed plate 13, the rings being guided and freely rotatable on disc 13.
  • Guide arms 16 and 17 are fixed and extend radially from the bearing rings 14 and 15 respectively.
  • Guide rods 7 and 8 connect the free ends of guide arms 16 and 17 to fins 3 and 5 respectively.
  • the guide rods in the other fin rudder are mounted in a corresponding, mirror image fashion.
  • the hinge-axes 6 move in a corresponding circle around the centre of stem-shaft 2.
  • each of the rod-parts 17, 8 and 7, 16 are carried along with it.
  • bearing-rings 14 and 15 move eccentrically to stem-shaft 2 around fixed disc 13, there is automatic control and pivoting of fins 3 and 5 to the same side of the main rudder, and in a direction of screw 10.
  • each fin is separately linked. Deviating from the rod-drive, there result automatic pitch angles which are not proportional.
  • angles delta and epsilon between main rudder and any fin can be of varying sizes. In the example shown, angles delta equals about 121 degrees, beta equals about degrees and epsilon equals about 127 degrees. In order to achieve greater radial reflection the angles can be altered, e.g., for angles delta and epsilon in a range of 150 to degrees.
  • the stem-shafts 2 of main rudder 4 are preferably located in the middle of the rudders longitudinal axis.
  • Transverse plates i.e., end-plates to increase the reverse thrust in radial deflection, are advantageously attached to the main rudder and on both sides of the fins, above and below.
  • transverse plate 18 can be provided above, and transverse plate 19 below the main rudder 4, the said plates being connected to the stem-shaft 2.
  • Each fin 3 and 5 has at the top a transverse plate 20 or 21 for itself, which is linked to the hinge-shaft 6.
  • Lower transverse plate 19 can also extend over the area of fins 3 and 5.
  • transverse plates can be attached, distributed over the height of the rudder or rudders, said plates being parallel with the end-plates.
  • the transverse plates can be mounted horizontally, or deviating from the horizontal. It is useful to mount the longitudinal axes of main rudder 4 and fins 3, 5, in the zero degrees position, slightly positioned backward, as shown by lines 22 and 23. In this way a more silent, easier movement is obtained.
  • Rod 9 with guides 7 and 8 can also be attached horizontally at any other position, moved downwards, the main rudder 4 being correspondingly formed, and rod 9 pasing through the main rudder.
  • rod 11 To provide motive power for moving the fins, rod 11 must then be activated with the fixed point 12 on one side, and on the other side with an additional guide 7 or '8.
  • the moving device for the rod can also be united with those of the rings which are eccentrically set, e.g., while one fin is positioned by an eccentrically-set ring, and the positioning of the other fin is led off from the former by a rod. In this way angles delta and epsilon can each be kept at the same size.
  • both fins adopt the same angle, preferably about 135 degrees.
  • the greatest transverse thrust, dependent on the drive-mechanism, is achieved at a beta angle of about 36-50 degrees.
  • the entire rudder consisting of main rudder and both fins, should, depending on their dimensions, be roughly square in surface seen from the front (FIG. 3), the height of the rudder between the end-plates corresponding at least to the screw diameter.
  • the length of each fin advantageously comes to about half the length of the main rudder.
  • the rudder installation according to the invention is suitable not only for the stern but also for the how.
  • the additional fitting of a bow installation in inshore and deep-water ships is of great importance in loading and unloading manoeuvres, in foul weather especially when sailing light in wind, in threatened damage and in other emergencies.
  • the rudders can have flake-shaped plating.
  • the plates engaging with one another can be convex and concave, or convex-concave and concave-convex, and in certain circumstances can be covered with elastic material, e.g., rubber or plastic.
  • the rudder installation according to the invention is also suitable for multi-surface installations, especially for multi-screw ships with rudder-stems lying on the same cross sectional line.
  • the middle rudder can be mounted offset from this transverse line, turned towards or away from the screw. Apart from this, staggering of several rudders in order to achieve half circles is possible.
  • the multi-fin rudder can also be mounted on barges.
  • the rudder installation is not limited to use on ships, but is also suitable in aircraft construction, e.g., as a lateral tailplane.
  • a rudder assembly for controlling transverse thrust performance of a ship comprising (a) at least one rotatable main rudder portion having a forward end and a rear end,
  • said fin portions having surfaces which are substantially in alignment when the longitudinal axis of the said fin portions are positioned in corresponding relationship to the longitudinal axis of the main rudder portion
  • said rudder assembly being rotatable in an amount effective to locate the longitudinal axis of at least one of the said portions at least up to an angle of about 90 with respect to a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ship, and
  • control means to cause said fin portions to turn to the same side of the main rudder portion and in the direction of a ships screw on rotating the main rudder portion.
  • each said main rudder portion having steerable fin portions pivotally linked thereto
  • each said rudder portion being rotatable in a mirrorimage relationship with respect to each other.
  • each said main rudder portion has a centrally located rotary axis
  • said main rudder portions are located in a spaced apart relationship with respect to each other at a distance equal to about the diameter of the ships screw.
  • the pitch angle on between the front fin portion and the longitudinal axis extends from about 30 to about 36
  • main rudder portions being movable to a transverse position of substantially 90 to the longitudinal axis of the ship, the angles between each of the fin portions and the main rudder portions attached thereto are substantially equal to each other and about I35 when said rudder portion is in said transverse position.
  • transverse plates mounted on said fin portions being offset with respect to the transverse plate mounted on said main rudder portion.
  • a steering arm fixed at one end and connected with a said guide rod at the other end.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Ship Loading And Unloading (AREA)
  • Thermally Actuated Switches (AREA)
US693862A 1966-12-29 1967-12-27 Ship's rudder Expired - Lifetime US3467045A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEB69183U DE1965625U (de) 1966-12-29 1966-12-29 Ruder fuer schiffe, insbesondere motorschiffe.
DEB0092814 1967-06-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3467045A true US3467045A (en) 1969-09-16

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ID=25966413

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US693862A Expired - Lifetime US3467045A (en) 1966-12-29 1967-12-27 Ship's rudder

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3467045A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE708686A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH467190A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1563767A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1216196A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL147689B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO131286C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4280433A (en) * 1976-03-19 1981-07-28 Haddock Cecil F Underwater appendages for vessels
US4307677A (en) * 1978-05-10 1981-12-29 Jastram-Werke Gmbh Kg Rudder for aquatic craft and floating apparatus
WO1999007599A1 (en) * 1997-07-23 1999-02-18 Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S High-velocity rudder
US8858085B2 (en) 2009-09-02 2014-10-14 Becker Marine Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg Upper rudder carrier bearing
CN109911165A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-06-21 威海海洋职业学院 船舶舵/翼舵同心轴连接摇臂矢量传动装置

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3573415D1 (en) 1984-07-14 1989-11-09 Barkemeyer Schiffstechnik Gmbh High-efficiency flap rudder
GB8607550D0 (en) * 1986-03-26 1986-04-30 Hydroconic Ltd Multiple rudder systems

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2996031A (en) * 1955-07-28 1961-08-15 Dravo Corp Articulated boat rudders

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2996031A (en) * 1955-07-28 1961-08-15 Dravo Corp Articulated boat rudders

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4280433A (en) * 1976-03-19 1981-07-28 Haddock Cecil F Underwater appendages for vessels
US4307677A (en) * 1978-05-10 1981-12-29 Jastram-Werke Gmbh Kg Rudder for aquatic craft and floating apparatus
WO1999007599A1 (en) * 1997-07-23 1999-02-18 Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S High-velocity rudder
US6314900B1 (en) 1997-07-23 2001-11-13 Den Norske Stats Oljelskap A.S High-velocity rudder
US8858085B2 (en) 2009-09-02 2014-10-14 Becker Marine Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg Upper rudder carrier bearing
CN109911165A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-06-21 威海海洋职业学院 船舶舵/翼舵同心轴连接摇臂矢量传动装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH467190A (de) 1969-01-15
GB1216196A (en) 1970-12-16
FR1563767A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-04-18
BE708686A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-06-28
NL147689B (nl) 1975-11-17
NL6717607A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-07-01
NO131286C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-05-07
NO131286B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-01-27

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