Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
  • C07C7/148—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
  • C07C7/163—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound by hydrogenation
  • C07C7/167—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound by hydrogenation for removal of compounds containing a triple carbon-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
  • C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • C07C2521/04—Alumina
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury

Definitions

• Cadmium metal unexpectedly proves to be a highly selective hydrogenation catalyst, when deposited on a refractory oxide support (such as porous alumina), to provide highly selective results in the direct catalytic hydrogenation of small or even trace portions of acetylenic and di-olefinic hydrocarbons contained in hydrocarbon mixtures which are predominantly mono-olefinic and without hydrogenating the mono-olefinic hydrocarbons.
• a refractory oxide support such as porous alumina
• This invention relates to the direct and selective catalytic hydrogenation of hydrocarbons more unsaturated than olefins in mixture with olefins and, more particularly, to methods and metal catalyst compositions of such high selectivity that only such more unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrogenated Without hydrogenating the olefins and even when such more saturated hydrocarbons are present in the olefin mixture in only small or even merely trace concentrations.
• hydrocarbons more unsaturated than olefins as used herein, is meant to include those having at least one triple bond between carbon atoms (such as acetylenic hydrocarbons) and those which have at least two double bonds between carbon atoms (such as diolefins, tri-olefins, etc.) whether aliphatic or cyclic.
• a number of more or less selective catalysts are available for industrial use from among the various metals having hydrogenation catalyst properties.
• molybdenum and cobalt deposited on an alumina support, nickel and copper alone or admixed with other metals, and noble metals such as platinum or palladium.
• noble metals such as platinum or palladium.
• the desired or optimum selectivity for the particice ular uses to which this invention relates can be approached only with difiiculty and/ or requires special measures for increasing the spatial velocity, controlling or preventing the poisoning of the catalyst activity by sulphur or water vapor, or controlling or limiting the hydrogen content of the reactant charge.
• cadmium metal also produces exetremely high selectivity for the direct catalytic hydrogenation of hydrocarbons more unsaturated than mono-olefins, even when present in mono-olefin mixtures at no more than trace amounts, and without also hydrogenating the mono-olefins, when such cadmium catalysts are deposited on or impregnated into refractory oxide supports by the deposition thereon of soluble cadmium salts.
• cadmium hydrogenation catalyst materials and methods for the production and use thereof with greater economy and simplicity than those required for other highly selective hydrogenation catalysts previously used, yet with the catalysts in accordance herewith producing at least as great or greater selectivity, notwithstanding the fact that the cadmium materials are not generally understood to be hydrogenation catalysts for treating unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• illustrative catalyst materials are set forth, as well as the means for depositing such materials. on an appropriate refractory oxide support (such as alumina), to produce the enhanced hydrogenation selectivity in accordance herewith.
• the phrase adsorption surface is intended to mean the actual 'active surface per gram of the porous catalyst support, determined by the procedure of Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (B.E.T.); that is to say by measuring the quantity of nitrogen adsorbed at l95 C. on the support previously degasified at +250 C. for 2 hours and at a pressure of l mm. Hg or less, and by considering that the surface occupied by a nitrogen molecule in a liquid state is about 16.2 A. similarly, reference herein to minimum surface acidity is determined by chemisorption of ammonia at 175 C. following the method described by Webb in Industrial Engineering Chemistry (1957) 49, 261-3.
• the amount of cadmium deposited on the alumina support is within the range of about 0.01-30% by weight of the catalyst.
• the catalytic activity decreases substantially if the cadmium content of the catalyst is below about 0.03%, and little, if any, advantage is achieved by having it over 3% by weight, so that these quantities define a preferred concentration range of cadmium on the alumina support in accordance herewith.
• Cadmium catalysts in accordance herewith are satisfactorily prepared by immersing the refractory oxide support in a solution of a cadmium salt until such time as an equilibrium condition is established between the salt impregnated into or adsorbed on the support and the remaining cadmium salt concentration in the solution.
• Such impregnation is readily accomplished by immersing the support in a cadmium salt solution in which the concentration of cadmium salt is such that final equilibrium conditions will produce the desired amount of salt deposited on and retained by the support.
• various alumina supports can be continuously prepared by immersing them in a cadmium salt solution in which the concentration is maintained constant by additions of cadmium salt, or, in a third fashion, by immersing the alumina support in merely the cadmium solution solvent and then adding cadmium salt to adjust the concentration to that which will produce the desired deposition of cadmium salt on the support.
• concentrations are readily determinable without inventive experimentation by noting that the concentration of salt actually retained by the support is a function of (or indicated by) a comparison of the initial and final concentration of cadmium salt in the solution, so that a few simple trials suffice to indicate the final concentration of cadmium salt in the immersing solution which corresponds to the desired quantity of cadmium salt retained on the support.
• the impregnated alumina support is dried (for example, at a temperature within the range of about -130 C.) and then calcined at a temperature high enough to cause decomposition of the cadmium salt and elimination of the anion thereof (to leave metallic cadmium on the support), yet not substantially greater than about 825 C.
• this calcining temperature is within the range of about 550-650 C.
• any of a variety of inorganic or organic cadmium salts is available for satisfactory results in the production of the catalysts in accordance herewith, as well as aqueous or other solvents (such as alcohols or ethers).
• the particular salt selected should decompose below 825 C. (which generally eliminates the sulphate) and, preferably, should not increase or otherwise modify the surface acidity of the support (which generally eliminates the halides).
• the nitrates and carbonates give satisfactory results, as well as organic salts such as oxalates, acetates, formates, etc.
• EXAMPLE Five batches of catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with aqueous solutions of cadmium nitrate.
• the alumina utilized was in the form of 2-5 mm. diameter balls and had an adsorption surface of 235 mP/gm. and surface acidity of 0.360 meq./gm., while also having a microporous volume of about 0.546 cc./ gm.
• Each of these catalysts was prepared by immersing 50 gm. of such alumina in 500 cc. of cadmium nitrate solution at room temperature, and the initial and final concentrations of the impregnating solutions are noted below in the table.
• a metallic catalyst material consisting essentially of cadmium substantially within the range of about 0.01% to 30% by weight of said catalyst composition.
• a method for the preparation of a highly selective catalyst of the character described for the direct catalytic hydrogenation of hydrocarbons more unsaturated than rnono-olefins while admixed with mono-olefins without also hydrogenating said mono-olefins the steps which comprise in combination immersing a solid and porous alumina support for said catalyst in a solution of a cadmium salt, maintaining said alumina support immersed in said solution for adsorption and impregnation with said cadmium salt until equilibrium is reached between the concentration of said cadmium salt in said solution and the concentration of said cadmium salt adsorbed and impregnated into said alumina support and which equilibrium is adjusted to produce a percent deposition in the range of 0.01% to 30% by weight of the final catalyst composition, removing said alumina with said salt deposited thereon from said solution, drying said alumina with said cadmium salt thereon, and calcining said alumina for decomposing said salt and leaving
• a method as recited in claim 6 in which the concentration of said cadmium salt in said solution is substantially less than that desired for depositing on said support, and in which the concentration of said salt is increased during immersion of said cadmium in said solution until a higher final concentration is reached.
• a method for the selective direct catalytic hydrogenation of hydrocarbons more unsaturated than monoolefins and contained as minor constituents in hydrocarbon mixtures which are predominantly mono-olefinic without hydrogenating said mono-olefinic components of said mixtures the steps which comprise in combination introducing said hydrocarbon mixtures along with a hydrogen-containing gas into a reaction zone for said selective hydrogenation thereof, providing in said hydrogenation zone a catalyst comprising a porous alumina support having deposited thereon cadmium as a hydrogenation catalyst metal, consisting essentially in an amount from 0.01% to 30% based on the weight of said support and said cadmium metal, and maintaining the reaction conditions within said hydrogenation Zone substantially within the ranges of about 100 to 300 C. temperature, to atms, pressure, and 500 to 6,000 v./v./h. space velocity of the hydrocarbon mixture charge.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)
• Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Publications (1)

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Cited By (3)

Citations (3)

• 1967
  • 1967-01-06 FR FR90299A patent/FR1513583A/fr not_active Expired
  • 1967-02-06 CH CH170467A patent/CH472348A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1967-02-13 US US615387A patent/US3444257A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1967-02-14 LU LU52995D patent/LU52995A1/xx unknown
  • 1967-02-14 GB GB6998/67A patent/GB1161156A/en not_active Expired
  • 1967-02-17 NL NL6702413A patent/NL6702413A/xx unknown
  • 1967-02-17 BE BE694260D patent/BE694260A/xx unknown
  • 1967-02-18 DE DE19671642964 patent/DE1642964A1/de active Pending

Patent Citations (3)

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