US3434222A - Method and an apparatus for the drying of wood in a channel - Google Patents

Method and an apparatus for the drying of wood in a channel Download PDF

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Publication number
US3434222A
US3434222A US658213A US3434222DA US3434222A US 3434222 A US3434222 A US 3434222A US 658213 A US658213 A US 658213A US 3434222D A US3434222D A US 3434222DA US 3434222 A US3434222 A US 3434222A
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wood
drying
channel
dryer
moisture ratio
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US658213A
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Lars Malmquist
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Svenska Flaktfabriken AB
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Svenska Flaktfabriken AB
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
    • F26B21/06—Controlling, e.g. regulating, parameters of gas supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B15/00—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B15/00—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form
    • F26B15/10—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form with movement in a path composed of one or more straight lines, e.g. compound, the movement being in alternate horizontal and vertical directions
    • F26B15/12—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form with movement in a path composed of one or more straight lines, e.g. compound, the movement being in alternate horizontal and vertical directions the lines being all horizontal or slightly inclined
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
    • F26B21/02—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure
    • F26B21/022—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure with provisions for changing the drying gas flow pattern, e.g. by reversing gas flow, by moving the materials or objects through subsequent compartments, at least two of which have a different direction of gas flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
    • F26B21/02—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure
    • F26B21/04—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure partly outside the drying enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B2210/00—Drying processes and machines for solid objects characterised by the specific requirements of the drying good
    • F26B2210/16—Wood, e.g. lumber, timber

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the drying of wood in a channel, through which the wood is fed by steps while being exposed to a gaseous drying medium being advanced in the longitudinal direction of the channel.
  • the chamber dryers are less suit-able, because of their high degree of discontinuity in operation. So there is a tendency of changing over to dryers, which operate more continuously.
  • certain advantages are offered by the channel dryers, in which the drying medium is circulated in the longitudinal direction and the wood stacked in so-called packages is fed through them on rail-bound cars or on roller beams.
  • the channel dryers are much less expensive in relation to their capacity than the chamber dryers with respect both to the initial costs and the operation costs, and they allow for good drying continuity. It is, however, not possible to select as freely as in a chamber dryer the drying schedule of an individual wood package for its passage through a channel dryer with longitudinal circulation.
  • a channel dryer operates substantially in such a manner that a certain number (l0-20) of wood packages are simultaneously enclosed in a channel.
  • all of the remaining packages are advanced by one step 3,434,222 Patented Mar. 25, 1969 towards the discharge end and a new package is inserted at the receiving end.
  • the condition of the air, to which a wood package in a channel dryer for longitudinal cir culation is subjected in an arbitrary position within the drying channel cannot be controlled individually, but is determined by the position and the drying speed of the other packages in the channel. It is understood, thus, that it is very difficult to provide the control and ow arrangement for the drying medium in such a manner that an individual wood package is made the subject of a certain ideal drying schedule.
  • the drying speed at a given condition of the drying air is greater at a high moisture ratio of the wood than at a low moisture ratio
  • a change of the ingoing wood moisture ratio will cause a change of the condition of the drying air through the dryer (the drying schedule).
  • Such changes in the ingoing wood moisture ratio may arise, for example, when wood from different plant areas or with different cutting times is sawed, when lboth floated wood and truck-transported wood is sawed, or when boards of different dimensions are mixed in one and the same channel. It is very complicated and in practice scarcely applicable to measure the ingoing mean moisture ratio and, therefore, it is dicult to adjust the drying schedule in a. suitable way.
  • both systems show the disadvantage that the drying speed of the wood becomes too high in the section, where the moisture ratio has become so low as to be close to the bre saturation moisture ratio, i.e. that ratio in the wood where the free moisture has been eliminated. It is here, namely, that the wood commences to shrink heavily in its surface, and in order to prevent crack formation, the wood must shrink as homogenously as possible. In other words, the moisture ratio gradient in the surface layer of the wood must be not too great. Consequently, the wood must dry very slowly within this section.
  • the solution of the problem according to the invention is characterized in that in a drying channel being divided into two sections and wherein the drying medium is divided into two partial flows, one of which is caused to flow through the rst section of the channel in a direction counter-current to the direction of motion of the wood, and the second partial flow is caused to ow through the second section of the channel in the direction concurrent to the direction of motion of the wood, there is imparted to the partial flows of the drying medium prior to their contact with the wood such -a condition in common that the one partial flow subsequent to its passage through the second section of the drying channel has achieved the desired condition.
  • the invention is particularly adapte-d for the drying of so-called export wood, which prior to its shipment is dried down to a moisture ratio of about 20%, i.e. not substantially below the fibre saturation moisture ratio, which is about 30%, but it is also adapted for use -as a pre-dryer in a plant comprising both a preand an after-dryer, wherein the wood in the pre-dryer is dried down to immediately ⁇ below the fibre saturation moisture ratio.
  • An apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention comprises a drying channel adapted for stepwise feeding therethrough of wood, which on conveyors is stacked in packages separated from each other, said packages being passed through by a gaseous drying medium being advanced in the longitudinal direction of the channel, which channel is divided into two sections, between which there is provided a longitudinal intermediate space, into which a gaseous drying medium can be introduced transversely and be caused to flow longitudinally through the two sections in two partial flows.
  • the apparatus is characterized in that means for measuring thetemperature and the humidity are mounted in the flow path of the drying medium subsequent to its passage through the second section.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a drying channel with the invention applied therein
  • FIGS. 2-7 show the drying operation under different conditions, both according to the invention and in a conventional drying arrangement.
  • FIG. 1 a number of wood packages 1 wait in front of the inlet door 2 of a drying channel for wood.
  • the packages 1 are supported on cars 3 adapted to be moved on a conveyor 4 running through the entire channel.
  • To the inside of the inlet door 2 three wood packages 5 are located in a first section of the channel, and four packages 6 in a second section of the channel.
  • An intermediate space 7 between said sections is provided, in the roof of which a number of axial fans 8 is disposed.
  • An outlet door 18 is provided after the packages 6 in the second section. Between the inlet door 2 and the packages 5 in the first section a free space 19 is provided. Between the outlet door 18 and the packages 6 in the second section a free space 20 is located. To the outside of the outlet door 18 some completely dried wood packages 21 are located.
  • the air -passage 11 which is located nearest to the outlet door 18 comprises a ventilation air outlet 22 provided with a damper 17 and an exhaust fan 23.
  • the air passage 11 below the outlet 22 are mounted in the ow path of the drying medium two temperature sensing members 24 and 25, one 24 for sensing the dry temperature and the other 25 for sensing the wet bulb temperature of the outgoing ventilation air. Both members 24 and 25 are connected to a governor 26, to which also the steam valves 14 and 15 and the damper 17 are connected.
  • the axial fans 8 effect the circulation of the drying medium through the wood packages 5 and 6.
  • the drying medium is moist air.
  • From the fans 8 the air is pressed down into the intermediate space 7, where it is divided into two flows, the left-hand flow flowing to the left in a counter-flow through the wood packages 5 in the first section of the channel, where it takes up humidity from the wood and continues therefrom into the space 19 and upwards into the passage 10.
  • the air, which now is very moist is mixed with relatively dry outside air flowing in through the inlet 16.
  • the mixture continues to the right through a heating element 12 to the fans 8, in which it is mixed with air arriving in a fiow to the left through the passage 11,
  • the right-hand flow of the two air flows in the intermediate space 7 is pressed to the right through the wood packages 6 in a flow concurrent with them and thereby takes up humidity.
  • the air is deflected upwardly by the discharge door 18 and is there divided into two partial flows, whereof one iiows to the left through the heating element 13 in the passage 11 and back to the circulation fans 8.
  • this partial ow flows past the temperature sensing members 24 and 25, which measure the dry and the wet bulb temperature of said partial flow and forward the measuring values to the governor 26, which by actuating the valves 14 and 15 in the steam lines to the heating elements 12 and 13 can maintain constant the dry temperature at the point 24, and by actuating the damper 17 in the ventilation air outlet 22 can maintain constant the wet bulb temperature at the point 25.
  • the second partial flow is sucked out 'by the exhaust fan 23 through the ventilation air outlet 22 into the atmosphere.
  • the doors 2 and 18 are opened at equal time intervals, and the wood package located closest to the discharge door 18 is pushed out to the completely dried packages 21, whereafter all of the wood packages 5 and 6 are advanced by one step, and a new package 1 is inserted among the packages 5.
  • the package, which was located farthest to the right in the first section has been moved past the intermediate space 7 to the position farthest to the left in the second section.
  • the wood is moved in this way intermittently in a definite direction, the definitions concurrent and countercurrent between the drying medium and the wood can be used.
  • the drying speed In the drying of wood the drying speed must be low in certain phases of the drying for obtaining a high quality.
  • One of these phases takes place immediately subsequent to the insertion of the wood into the dryer, while it is being warmed up, when in the wood the development of a moisture ratio gradient required for the drying is being started. If the drying-out occurs too rapidly in this phase it results in so-called surface dryness, which causes complications in the latter phases of the drying.
  • the second phase takes place, as mentioned, when the moisture ratio in the wood surface has decreased to the fibre saturation moisture ratio. It is then, namely, that the hygroscopically bound water in the cell walls of the wood commences to dry out, where-by said cell walls will shrink.
  • the drying speed, or the time derivatives du/ dt of the moisture ratio u depends in a pure convection dryer a.o. the socalled psychrometer difference of the drying medium, i.e. the difference (t- V) between the dry temperature t and the wet bulb temperature 6v of the drying medium. This relation is utilized to the extent possible for controlling the drying process in a drying channel.
  • FIGURES 2-7 show in a graphic manner certain results of the study.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are directly comparable to each other.
  • the psych-rometer difference of the drying medium and the moisture ratio of the wood are shown for an arrangement according to the invention as a function of a longitudinal coordinate in the dryer, which was made equal to zero in the recetiving end and equal to 18 meters in the discharge-end
  • both dryers have a low psychrometer difference in the receiving end, i.e. low drying speed, which is needed for preventing damages of the wood.
  • the counter-tlow dryer has a psychrometer difference of more than 13 degrees, while the dryer according to the invention only has 6.5 degrees and, thus, a substantially lower drying speed.
  • the surface layer is supplied by the existing moisture ratio gradient at the beginning with the same water flow from the inner parts of the wood, i.e. the moisture ratio of the surface layer will tend to increase. Besides, the drying of the surface layer towards the equilibrium moisture ratio corresponding to the psychrometer difference will be retarded, because this equilibrium moisture ratio increases at decreased psychrometer diffrence.
  • the psychrometer difference decreases successively, and therefore said difference will effectively contribute to a decrease in the drying-out of the surface layer of the wood so that the concurrent flow part will be characterized by a drying with small varying surface moisture ratio and decreasing moisture ratio gradient in the wood.
  • This is of essential importance in that phase of the drying, when the wood surface proceeds towards fibre saturation and a thin surface layer commences to shrink.
  • This shrinking is obstructed -by wood parts located farther inwardly, which have not yet commenced to shrink, and as long as the shrinking surface layer is thin, it has a low strength against tensile stresses produced and develops indications of fractures, which during continued drying-out -result in crack formation.
  • the situation is reverse in that an accelerated surface drying takes place, which is unfavourable to crack formation.
  • the concurrent part arranged according to the invention further involves the advantage that a relatively high psychrometer difference (drying speed) can be applied in the intermediate phase of the drying, where the moisture ratio in the wood surface still is above the bre saturation moisture ratio and no shrinking yet has commenced. A great lbut in this drying phase not dangerous moisture ratio gradient is then developing and results in a quick drying in this phase, which compensates for the lower drying speed in the later phase of the drying.
  • the concurrent part offers the advantage that the psychrometer difference at the end of the drying (at the discharge end) is only 5 C., compared with 14.6 C. in the counter-fiow dryer.
  • a wet bulb temperature of, for example, 3035 C. this corresponds to an equilibrium moisture ratio of the wood of ⁇ about 12% and about 6% respectively, which moisture ratios the wood surface endeavors to assume.
  • this ratio after completed drying can be expected to lie for the dryer according to the invention not insignificantly above 12%, while for the counter-How dryer it can be expected to lie close to 6%.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are also directly comparable with each other.
  • FIG. 4 refers to the same dryer as in FIG. 2, .and FIG. 5 refers to the same dryer as in FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 an investigation has been made on how an increase of the feed speed by 10 percent (for example in order to temporarily increase the dryer capacity at the expense of a deviation from the desired final moisture ratio) affects the moisture -ratio of the wood delivered from the dryer.
  • FIG. 4 shows that in the dryer according to the invention a decrease by 10 percent of the drying time will result in an increase of the moisture ratio in the outgoing wood by 1.2%-units from 20% to 21.2%
  • FIG. 5 shows that the corresponding values for the counter-flow dryer are 8%-units from 20% to 28%.
  • the dryer according to the invention is substantially more favourable than the conventional arrangement.
  • FIG. 6 shows, therefore, the procedure in a conventional counter-ow dryer with the drying medium condition being maintained constant in the discharge end of the dryer, i.e. the same arrangement as referred to in FIG. 3.
  • the circulating air quantity, however, in FIG. 6 has been made twice as great as in the preceding figures, but the pressure drop was maintained. This can be achieved by giving the dryer a greater height and at the same time stacking the wood thinner.
  • the initial costs of the dryer are, of course, higher and lalso the fan effect, which is twice as high as before.
  • FIG. 6 refers to a dryer having the same length, the same passing time for the wood, the same drying capacity (ie. the same wood flow), twice as great a fan effect, the same drying medium speed, twice as great a drying medium flow past the wood, the same moisture ratio of the ingoing wood and the same moisture ratio of the outgoing wood.
  • FIG. 6 shows that for an increase of the final moisture ratio by 1%-unit from 20% to 21% at unchanged feed speed an increase in the mean moisture ratio of the ingoing wood by only 3.9%-units is required, while the corresponding value in FIG. 2 -was 15.9%-units, i.e. the capacity of correcting variations in the mean moisture ratio of the ingoing wood is in this case four times greater for the invention than for the conventional arrangement.
  • FIG. 7 iinally shows how much the moisture ratio of the outgoing wood increases, if the feed speed is increased by 10%.
  • the value is 4%-units (from 20% to 24%) in comparison to 1.2%-units (from 20% to 21.2% for the invention (FIG. 4).
  • the invention thus, still is superior in this respect.
  • the dryer according to FIG. ⁇ 6 requires a greater building vol-ume for the same production and twice as much fan energy per ton of wood, it is easy to understand that the invention constitutes a step forward in the art.
  • a method according to claim 1 wherein the humidity of the merged partial ows is regulated by exhausting the portion of one of said partial flows prior to said merger and introducing a like portion of fresh drying medium without directly affecting the condition of the second partial flow prior to said sensing.
  • Apparatus for drying Wood to a certain moisture ratio comprising a drying channel divided into two sections, means to feed the wood stepwise longitudinally in sequence through said sections, fan means to introduce drying medium into said channel intermediate said sections to eect two partial flows, the first of which is caused to flow through the rst section of the dryer countercurrent to the direction of motion of the wood and the second of which is caused to flow through the second section of the dryer in the direction of motion of the wood, conduit means extending from each end of the dryer to said fan means to effect recirculation of said medium and merger of said partial flows for re-introduction into said channel, temperature and humidity sensing means mounted in the flow path of the second partial flow after passage through said second section and prior to its merger with the first partial How, and temperature and humidity regulators in said conduit means responsive to said sensing means to regulate the temperature and humidity of the merged partial flows so to maintain the temperature and humidity of the second partial tiow after its passage through the second section substantially constant.

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
US658213A 1966-08-22 1967-08-03 Method and an apparatus for the drying of wood in a channel Expired - Lifetime US3434222A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3867765A (en) * 1974-04-08 1975-02-25 Koppers Co Inc Pole kiln and method for drying logs
US4106215A (en) * 1976-07-14 1978-08-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Wood impingement dryer
US4127946A (en) * 1975-02-18 1978-12-05 Adolf Buchholz Method for steam drying
US4343095A (en) * 1981-03-24 1982-08-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Pressure dryer for steam seasoning lumber
US4620373A (en) * 1984-07-23 1986-11-04 Laskowski Donald R Dry kiln and method
US5197201A (en) * 1988-09-27 1993-03-30 Ekono Oy Process for drying timber
EP1128145A3 (de) * 2000-02-24 2003-10-29 LBE Feuerungstechnik GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von Holzfasern
US20050223590A1 (en) * 2004-04-12 2005-10-13 Erickson Robert W Restraining device for reducing warp in lumber during drying
CN103398548A (zh) * 2013-07-29 2013-11-20 蔡京鹏 一种汽化热可大部回收利用的烘干、干馏或热解方法及装置
CN105716373A (zh) * 2016-01-30 2016-06-29 安徽福沃德干燥设备有限公司 杨木在干燥窑内的干燥方法及其使用的干燥窑
CN105890315A (zh) * 2016-05-04 2016-08-24 安徽省同辉光电科技有限公司 一种包括热循环装置的节能灯烘干箱
CN106369973A (zh) * 2016-08-19 2017-02-01 海宁兄弟家具有限公司 一种面料的烘干装置

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DE3239250A1 (de) * 1982-10-23 1984-04-26 Dirk Dipl.-Ing. 2000 Hamburg Bohm Anordnung zur einstellung der abluftmenge insbes. bei trocknern
FI74136B (fi) * 1983-04-19 1987-08-31 Tekma Oy Genomkoerbar kammartork foer virke.
FI98092B (fi) * 1988-09-27 1996-12-31 Valmet Paper Machinery Inc Menetelmä puutavaran kuivaamiseksi
AT504578B1 (de) * 2006-11-21 2009-11-15 Muehlboeck Kurt Verfahren zum trocknen von in stapeln zusammengefasstem holz
CN104075554B (zh) * 2014-07-09 2016-01-13 湖南长笛龙吟竹业有限公司 一种竹木材料干燥隧道窑
CN107763964A (zh) * 2017-09-07 2018-03-06 重庆市红槽坊酒业有限公司 一种酒槽粉碎干燥设备
CN115751906B (zh) * 2022-11-24 2025-02-11 齐鲁中科电工先进电磁驱动技术研究院 工业生产烘燥系统的控制方法和烘燥设备
CN116428819A (zh) * 2023-05-30 2023-07-14 重庆优玛医疗科技有限公司 一种高效真空鼓风干燥柜
CN118670119B (zh) * 2024-06-28 2025-01-28 珠海高新区维得力生物工程有限公司 一种低水分活度低聚果糖粉的干燥工艺

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US1598980A (en) * 1925-09-12 1926-09-07 Dahlberg & Company Inc Method of and apparatus for drying moving material
US2202143A (en) * 1935-06-03 1940-05-28 Cobb James Forrest Dry kiln and in the art of kiln drying

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US2920398A (en) * 1955-01-15 1960-01-12 Svenska Flaektfabriken Ab Channel driers
DE1022525B (de) * 1956-06-27 1958-01-09 Keller Spezialtechnik G M B H Trockner, insbesondere fuer Ziegelsteine
GB812042A (en) * 1956-09-06 1959-04-15 Svenska Flaektfabriken Ab Drier for wallboard and similar sheet-like materials
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US1598980A (en) * 1925-09-12 1926-09-07 Dahlberg & Company Inc Method of and apparatus for drying moving material
US2202143A (en) * 1935-06-03 1940-05-28 Cobb James Forrest Dry kiln and in the art of kiln drying

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3867765A (en) * 1974-04-08 1975-02-25 Koppers Co Inc Pole kiln and method for drying logs
US4127946A (en) * 1975-02-18 1978-12-05 Adolf Buchholz Method for steam drying
US4106215A (en) * 1976-07-14 1978-08-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Wood impingement dryer
US4343095A (en) * 1981-03-24 1982-08-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Pressure dryer for steam seasoning lumber
US4620373A (en) * 1984-07-23 1986-11-04 Laskowski Donald R Dry kiln and method
US5197201A (en) * 1988-09-27 1993-03-30 Ekono Oy Process for drying timber
EP1128145A3 (de) * 2000-02-24 2003-10-29 LBE Feuerungstechnik GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von Holzfasern
US7987614B2 (en) * 2004-04-12 2011-08-02 Erickson Robert W Restraining device for reducing warp in lumber during drying
US20050223590A1 (en) * 2004-04-12 2005-10-13 Erickson Robert W Restraining device for reducing warp in lumber during drying
CN103398548A (zh) * 2013-07-29 2013-11-20 蔡京鹏 一种汽化热可大部回收利用的烘干、干馏或热解方法及装置
CN103398548B (zh) * 2013-07-29 2016-01-20 蔡京鹏 一种汽化热可大部回收利用的烘干、干馏或热解方法及装置
CN105716373A (zh) * 2016-01-30 2016-06-29 安徽福沃德干燥设备有限公司 杨木在干燥窑内的干燥方法及其使用的干燥窑
CN105890315A (zh) * 2016-05-04 2016-08-24 安徽省同辉光电科技有限公司 一种包括热循环装置的节能灯烘干箱
CN105890315B (zh) * 2016-05-04 2018-06-29 安徽省同辉光电科技有限公司 一种包括热循环装置的节能灯烘干箱
CN106369973A (zh) * 2016-08-19 2017-02-01 海宁兄弟家具有限公司 一种面料的烘干装置
CN106369973B (zh) * 2016-08-19 2019-06-21 海宁兄弟家具有限公司 一种面料的烘干装置

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FI52629C (fi) 1977-10-10
ES344108A1 (es) 1968-09-16
SE368740B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1974-07-15
AT283216B (de) 1970-07-27
NO124560B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1972-05-02
CH470642A (de) 1969-03-31
DE1729259A1 (de) 1972-05-18
DE1729259B2 (de) 1972-10-19
GB1149985A (en) 1969-04-23
NL158609B (nl) 1978-11-15
NL6711495A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1968-02-23
BE702920A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1968-01-15
FI52629B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1977-06-30
DE1729259C3 (de) 1975-11-27

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