US3384544A - Injectable solutions or suspensions of antigens in optically clear colloidal solutions - Google Patents
Injectable solutions or suspensions of antigens in optically clear colloidal solutions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3384544A US3384544A US642727A US64272767A US3384544A US 3384544 A US3384544 A US 3384544A US 642727 A US642727 A US 642727A US 64272767 A US64272767 A US 64272767A US 3384544 A US3384544 A US 3384544A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tween
- solution
- solutions
- toxoid
- water
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 title description 15
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 title description 12
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 title description 12
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 title description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 60
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 58
- -1 fatty acid aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 34
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 31
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 30
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 21
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 16
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229960004279 formaldehyde Drugs 0.000 description 14
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000019256 formaldehyde Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N squalane Chemical compound CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 9
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241000193403 Clostridium Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-BFWOXRRGSA-N [(2r)-2-[(3r,4s)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)C1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-BFWOXRRGSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 6
- JXTPJDDICSTXJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Triacontane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC JXTPJDDICSTXJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229940032094 squalane Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000256 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-bis(12-hydroxyoctadecanoyloxy)propyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001214 Polysorbate 60 Polymers 0.000 description 4
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-MGMRWDBRSA-N [(2R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] (Z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-MGMRWDBRSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RWLALWYNXFYRGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Chemical compound CCCC(O)C(CC)CO RWLALWYNXFYRGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DUIOKRXOKLLURE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O DUIOKRXOKLLURE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-chloro-2-n,2-n-diethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=NC(N)=CC(Cl)=N1 XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000588832 Bordetella pertussis Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000193449 Clostridium tetani Species 0.000 description 3
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940035044 sorbitan monolaurate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000008174 sterile solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- MQWCXKGKQLNYQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylcyclohexan-1-ol Chemical compound CC1CCC(O)CC1 MQWCXKGKQLNYQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000186581 Clostridium novyi Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000193466 Clostridium septicum Species 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004907 Macro-emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004147 Sorbitan trioleate Substances 0.000 description 2
- PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N Sorbitan trioleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJCWFDPJFXGQBN-RYNSOKOISA-N [(2R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-octadecanoyloxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-octadecanoyloxyethyl] octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IJCWFDPJFXGQBN-RYNSOKOISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006285 cell suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010013023 diphtheria Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008206 lipophilic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-M oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019337 sorbitan trioleate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960000391 sorbitan trioleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000001589 sorbitan tristearate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011078 sorbitan tristearate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960004129 sorbitan tristearate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CTWLAMKOJQOQLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecyl tetradecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC CTWLAMKOJQOQLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-KVTDHHQDSA-N (2r,3r,4r)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JDRAOGVAQOVDEB-KTKRTIGZSA-N (3-hydroxy-2,3,3a,5,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-6-yl) (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound OC1COC2C(OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)COC21 JDRAOGVAQOVDEB-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589567 Brucella abortus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000206044 Clostridium chauvoei Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000711450 Infectious bronchitis virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical class OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVUMOYIDDBPOLL-XWVZOOPGSA-N Sorbitan monostearate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O HVUMOYIDDBPOLL-XWVZOOPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010043376 Tetanus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WPMWEFXCIYCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO WPMWEFXCIYCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920004923 Triton X-15 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920004895 Triton X-35 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LWZFANDGMFTDAV-BURFUSLBSA-N [(2r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LWZFANDGMFTDAV-BURFUSLBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000240 adjuvant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002421 anti-septic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001147 anti-toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005875 antibody response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940064004 antiseptic throat preparations Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940056450 brucella abortus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- DTPCFIHYWYONMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N decaethylene glycol Polymers OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO DTPCFIHYWYONMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003976 glyceryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(O[H])([H])C(O[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000005337 ground glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005660 hydrophilic surface Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940072106 hydroxystearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940057995 liquid paraffin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002646 long chain fatty acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IUBSYMUCCVWXPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N metoprolol Chemical compound COCCC1=CC=C(OCC(O)CNC(C)C)C=C1 IUBSYMUCCVWXPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002113 octoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012053 oil suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010951 particle size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940066827 pertussis vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000244 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001818 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010989 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001587 sorbitan monostearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011076 sorbitan monostearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035048 sorbitan monostearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940114926 stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002766 tetanus vaccines Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
- A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
Definitions
- injectable compositions for veterinary or human medicine in which an antigen is dissolved or suspended in a particular type of vehicle.
- This vehicle comprises a physiologically acceptable lipophilic dispersion medium, water and at least one physiologically acceptable nonionic surface active substance. It exists in the form of an optically clear colloidal solution in which the aggregates of water and surface active substance are of a size Within the range of 50-800 A. and the ratio of water to surface active substance is within the range of 1:1 to 1:10.
- the water content of the composition is within the range of 0.522.5% by weight.
- This invention concerns a novel type of injectable composition of use in medicine and incorporating one or more high-molecular weight physiologically active substances.
- the present invention is particularly concerned with the problem of formulating high molecular weight, hydrophilic, oil-insoluble physiologically active substances such as bacterial toxoids and other antigens in an oily medium without losing the desired physiological activity and without encountering the above-described difficulties associated with the use of emulsions.
- optically clear solutions of non-ionic amphiphilic surface active material and Water in a physiologically acceptable lipophilic dispersion medium have the remarkable property of holding in solution a wide variety of high molecular weight hydrophilic substances such as antigens, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc., and of releasing such physiologically active substances on injection.
- Such media are also particularly advantageous as delayed release vehicles for insoluble antigens such as living or dead micro-organisms.
- compositions consisting of or containing water in solution in a physiologically acceptable lipophilic dispersion medium, which is liquid at body temperature, by means of one or more non-ionic, amphiphilic, physiologically acceptable surface active substances, said water having dissolved or suspended therein one or more physiologically-active micro-organisms and/or physiologically active high molecular weight hydrophilic oil-insoluble materials.
- solution is used herein to indicate a system in which the water is held by the surface-active material in a continuous lipophilic dispersion medium and that the resulting systems are virtually optically clear when viewed by transmitted light, as distinct from emulsions or suspensions which are cloudy or opaque, unless additional components such as thickening agents are added which themselves lend opacity to the solutions.
- Optically clear solutions of the kind utilised in the present invention include all colloidal solutions wherein the aggregates of water and surface-active materials are of a diameter below about 800 A. and thus no longer cause appreciable opacity to visible light.
- the size range of the aggregates is thus approximately 50-800 A.; above about A. within this range the solutions are sometimes termed microemulsions. This is in contradistinction to normal or macroemulsions wherein the droplet size is of the order of 2,000 A.
- the conditions required for formation of solutions are such that the resulting aggregates are thermodynamically stable, in contrast to macroemulsions which are necessarily thermodynamically unstable, even though the equilibrium conditions of phase separation may be greatly delayed (L. I. Osipow, J. Soc. Cosmetic Chem. 1963 14, 277-288; L. M. Prince, J. Colloid and Interface Science, 23, -173).
- the physiologically active material may itself be solubilised in the above sense to give a clear solution or may remain in suspension; micro-organisms of course will always he in suspension. Even suspensions of the above kind may sometimes be virtually optically clear in transmitted light if the refractive index of the organisms is close to that of the mediuml
- the new compositions being in general optically clear solutions, are not only more elegant in appearance than emulsions or suspensions but have manufacturing advantages. They are far easier to sterilise because filtration methods may be employed and the preparations are, in general, more stable to transport vibration and temperature fluctuation on storage. They may be readily produced by simply mixing the components without energetic homogenisation which could in somecases be detrimental to the physiologically active substances. These factors are of considerable economic value.
- the solutions can be prepared to have viscosity levels permitting easy handling and injection.
- compositions according to this invention may be held in the compositions according to this invention and substantially non-viscous compositions, suitable for injection through a narrow bore needle, may be prepared quite simply, without the need for expensive equipment for particle size reduction and control in the case of suspensions, or homogenising machinery in the case of emulsions, which processes are diflicult to control.
- thicker compositions may be obtained if required, by varying the nature of the wetting agent and lipophilic dispersion medium.
- compositions according to the invention may thus include one or more physiologically active high molecular weight susbtances.
- These substances will preferably be non-dialysable, their molecular weight being preferably above 1,000, and they include, for example, antigenic substances, e.g., bacterial toxoids, etc., proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc.
- antigenic substances e.g., bacterial toxoids, etc.
- proteins e.g., proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc.
- the microorganisms which may be present can be, for example, living or dead bacteria or viruses.
- veterinary field for example, in the veterinary field,
- hydrophilic oil-insoluble substances that can be dissolved in the compositions according to this invention will depend in each case on the components that are present, especially the surface-active components.
- amphiphilic surface liquidisers include physiologically acceptable fatty acid aldehydes, ketones and, in particular, amphiphilic alcohols, for example mono, dior polyhydric alcohols having 3-10 carbon atoms, e.g., n-decanol, 2-ethyl-hexane-l,3-di0l, 4-methyl-cyclohexanol, etc.
- the weight ratio of added surface liquidiser to total amphiphilic material advantageously employed to obtain transparent stable solutions is strongly dependent on the temperature range over which clarity is required. The amount is also dependent on the nature of the oil and other amphiphilic surface-active agents employed. In our preferred mixtures We have found the percentage by weight of surface liquidiser based on the total amphiphilic material for clarity at body temperature advantageously to be 40%, preferably from 025%. It may be noted that the minimum quantity of amphiphilic surface-active material required to produce a clear solution may often be lower when a surface liquidiser is present.
- the new vehicle used in the compositions according to the invention is optically clear and is capable of holding considerable quantities of hydrophilic substances in a clear solution in oil.
- Such solutions may readily be prepared in a thin non-viscous form suitable for injection in contrast to the conventional waterin-oil emulsions which are usually too thick to be easily injected.
- thicker solutions may be obtained.
- the lipophilic dispersion medium may, for example, be an oil which is liquid at body temperature.
- the lipophilic component is preferably liquid at 35 (3., more preferably at room temperature and below, to facilitate handling of injectable preparations.
- Triton X 100 Polyoxyethylene (10) octyl pheno fatty acid esters or mixtures thereof such as tridecyl myristate, n-octyl oleate or vegetable oils such as coconut oil.
- the surface active material When the lipophilic material is an ester or a straight or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon, such as paraffin oil or squalane, the surface active material preferably possesses an H.L.B. (hydrophile-lipophile balance) value in the range 7 to 12, advantageously between 8 and 11, the optimal value being between 8.5 and 10. It should be noted that where a mixture of surface active agents is used, it is the H.L.B. value of the mixture which should fall within the above range.
- H.L.B. hydrophile-lipophile balance
- the preferred surface active agents fall in the follow ing four classes:
- Fatty acid esters of sugar alcohol anhydrides for example of sorbitan or mannitan.
- Fatty acid moieties in such substances include oleate, stearate, laurate residues etc.
- Soroitan mono-oleate and mannitan mono-oleate are especially useful and mannitan mono-oleate is obtainable in a. specially purified grade widely used in injectable preparations.
- Commercial products of this class include Arlacel A (mannitan mono-oleate), Arlacel 8O (sorbitan mono-oleate) and Arlacel 2O (sorbitan mono-laurate).
- Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate and monolaurate are particularly useful.
- Commercial products of this class include Tween (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate), Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-laurate), Tween 81 (polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitan mono-oleate), Tween 85 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate), Tween 61 (polyoxyethylene (4) sorbitan mono-stearate) and Tween 65 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate).
- the numerical values given in parentheses in the nomenclature for the above products refers to the approximate number of oxyethylene units. The products are, in fact, always mixtures and this figure merely represents the average chain length.
- the surface active material and the lipophilic material must be compatible with the biologically active component.
- compositions according to the invention may, if
- H.L.B. values of these surface can in some cases be modified by heating to relatively active combinations are all about 10. 30 high temperatures, for example above 40 C., whereby As indicated previously, the preferred HLB. values water separates out to give a turbid appearance. It is prestated above are those which apply when the lipophilic ferred, therefore, that the compositions remain clear on medium is a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon and, heating to at least body temperature. It should be borne especially, paraifin oil or squalane. Where other lipophilic in mind that some animals have a relatively high body media are selected, the optimal H.L.B. values will differ temperature, for example the body temperature of sheep although they can readily be ascertained by experiment. is normally around C.
- the percentage of water in the compositions may vary
- the new compositions according to the invention are widely and up to about 22.5% water can be incorporated intended for pharmaceutical and veterinary use.
- the virin oils such as liquid parafiin while still maintaining a tually clear compositions according to the invention in adclear solution.
- the association of a large 40 dition to the physical advantages described above have quantity of water with the physiologically active material also shown surprisingly marked adjuvant effects on the may not be necessary and as little as 0.5 water or even properties of the active material. Thus, for example, in less may be present.
- the high molecular weight the case of Cl.
- the height component is difficult to obtain in concentrated aqueous of the antibody response was increased in our experiments solution, as is often the case with bacterial toxoids and by a factor of ten and the duration of protection was also particularly where a mixture of several toxoids is reincrease-d.
- the percentage of water should and indeed human vaccines, it is important that the durabe, for example 10 to 15% with Tween 81 as surfactant. tion of protection be as long as possible and if the num- Such percentages can be obtained by using relatively large her of injections necessary to give protection can be miniquantities of surface active agent.
- centage of water be kept relatively low, for example in that the increased effectiveness of the active material is the range 0.5% to 7%, more preferably between 2.5% and due to delayed release from the lipophilic medium. 6.0%, so that the amount of surface active agent present
- active agent is preferably in the range 1:1 to 1:10, advantageously 1:4 to 1:7, for example about 1:5.
- compositions of the invention may be prepared in of a P y Of 4,500 -f m1 1.45 a number of ways.
- Puremor extract llght Whlte P a n Oil
- volthe surface active agent may be dissolved in the oil and for 100 the aqueous material to be added thereto, preferably slow- M thod of preparation ly. It is also possible to mix the aqueous components with the hydrophobic phase and to add surface active material to produce solubilisation.
- the surface active agent may 70 (1) A solution of 10 grams of Arlacel 80 in sufiicient Puremor to produce 191 ml. was sterilised by passage through a Millipore membrane filter.
- Tween 20 was sterilised by autoclaving at 10 p.s.i. hydrophobic 'P mixed Subsequently therewith one (3) Tween 20 (3.25 ml.) was aseptically measured into further methOdis especially useflllwhefe the Physiological 95.5 ml. of sterile Arlacel 80 solution, and the toxoid ly active material is available only in dilute solution, namesolution added. The mixture was stirred until homogeneous ly to prepare an emulsion of the aqueous and hydroand packed.
- Clostridium welchii type D purified formol toxoid solution containing 4,000 Lf/ml. v./v Puremor extra light white parafiin oil, to
- Method of preparation (1) 15.0 grams of Tween 81 was dissolved in sufficient Puremor to produce 148 ml. of solution. This solution was sterilised by passage through a sterile Millipore membrane filter.
- Triton X-100 was sterilised by autoclaving at 10 p.s.i.
- Triton X-100 was mixed aseptically with 50 ml. Triton X-l5 solution. The toxoid was added and the product made to 100 ml. with sterile Puremor.
- Method of preparation A mixture of toxoids to the proportions shown were freeze dried, and reconstituted in water for injection to produce 5 ml. of antigen solution per ml. of vaccine.
- EXAMPLE 8 Percent Tween 81 w./v 15.0 Brucella abortus strain 45/20, packed cells w./v 5.0 Thixin-R w./v 1.0 Puremor, to by volume 100 Method of preparation (1) The packed cells (which contain approximately 50% water) were dispersed thoroughly in sterile Tween 81.
- Tween 80 and Tween 81 were autoclaved at 10 p.s.i. for 30 min. to sterilise.
- EXAMPLE 10 Formula: Percent Infectious Bronchitis virus suspension v./v 20 Tween 81 1 w./v 20 Puremor to by volume 100 1 sterilised by filtration.
- Vacuum approximately 28 inches of mercury, was applied to the system, and water at 27 C. circulated through the jacket. Water was condensed from the system, stirring continually, until the product was clear. The product was made to 5 ml. with Puremor.
- the moisture content of the product was measured as 11.7 percent w./w.
- Tetanus vaccine Percent Tween 80 W./v 2.0 Tween 81 w./v 18.0 Clostridium tetani purified formol toxoid solution at 150 Lf/ml. v./v 5.0 Puremor, to 100.0
- Tween 81 and 4 g. of Tween 80 were dissolved in sufficient Puremor to produce 190 mls. of solution. This solution was sterilised by passage through a sterile Millipore membrane filter.
- EXAMPLE 13 Pertussis vaccine: Percent Tween 81 w./v 20.0 Cell suspension containing 200x B. Pertussis organisms/ml. v./v 5.0 Puremor, to 100.0
- EXAMPLE 14 Tween 60 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) g 10 Arlacel 8O (sorbitan monoleate) g 10 2-ethy1-1,3-hexanediol g 4.8 Mixture of suitable solutions to contain, for each ml.
- An injecta'ble composition comprising a parenterally effective quantity of at least one physiologically active antigenic substance dissolved in a liquid vehicle consisting essentially of an optically clear colloidal solution containing a physiologically acceptable lipophilic dispersion medium liquid at 35 C. selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons and long chain fatty acid esters, water and :at least one physiologically acceptable non-ionic amphiphilic surface active substance, the aggregates of Water and surface active substance having a size range between 50-800 A., the ratio of water to surface active substance being within the range of 1:1 to 1:10, and said composition containing from 0.5-22.5% by weight of water.
- composition -as claimed in claim 1 which contains microorganisms in suspension as an antigenic substance.
- composition as claimed in claim '1 in which said lipophilic dispersion medium is a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons.
- composition as claimed in claim 5 in which the hydrocarbon is a member selected from the group consisting of purified paraflin oil and squalane.
- composition .as claimed in claim 10 in which said surface active substance is polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitan mono-oleate.
- a composition as claimed in claim 15 in which said amphiphilic substance of shorter chain length is an alcohol selected from the group consisting of monohydric, dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, said alcohol having 3-110 carbon atoms.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
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Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB25595/66A GB1171125A (en) | 1966-06-08 | 1966-06-08 | Improvements in or relating to Injectable Preparations |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3384544A true US3384544A (en) | 1968-05-21 |
Family
ID=10230237
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US642727A Expired - Lifetime US3384544A (en) | 1966-06-08 | 1967-06-01 | Injectable solutions or suspensions of antigens in optically clear colloidal solutions |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3384544A (nl) |
BE (1) | BE699678A (nl) |
FR (1) | FR7316M (nl) |
GB (1) | GB1171125A (nl) |
IT (1) | IT1035004B (nl) |
NL (1) | NL159283B (nl) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3678149A (en) * | 1970-01-26 | 1972-07-18 | Samuel J Prigal | Method of enhancing the action of a medicament |
US4053585A (en) * | 1974-06-25 | 1977-10-11 | National Research Development Corporation | Immunological preparations |
US4156719A (en) * | 1977-02-28 | 1979-05-29 | Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Compositions for rectal use |
US4530832A (en) * | 1978-12-07 | 1985-07-23 | Schering Corporation | Method of vaccination for prevention of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection |
EP0521562A1 (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1993-01-07 | Yamanouchi Europe B.V. | Vesicles in non-polar media |
WO1999021533A2 (en) * | 1997-10-24 | 1999-05-06 | Neorx Corporation | Delivery vehicles for bioactive agents and uses thereof |
US20070014805A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-18 | Sanofi Pasteur | Immuno-adjuvant emulsion |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2629871A (en) * | 1970-03-17 | 1972-09-14 | Merck & Co., Inc | Solubilization of water and aqueous solutions in non-aqueous liquids |
EP0059521B1 (en) * | 1981-03-03 | 1985-01-02 | Centraal Diergeneeskundig Instituut | Water-in-oil emulsion for use in the potentation of the immune system of animals |
FR2501526A1 (fr) * | 1981-03-13 | 1982-09-17 | Montagne Noire Produits Chimiq | Nouveaux emulsionnants et leur application pour la production de vaccins |
US4707470A (en) * | 1985-05-17 | 1987-11-17 | Smithkline Beckman Corporation | Polyene antibiotic emulsion formulation |
GB2222770B (en) * | 1988-09-16 | 1992-07-29 | Sandoz Ltd | Pharmaceutical compositions containing cyclosporins |
US6007840A (en) * | 1988-09-16 | 1999-12-28 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising cyclosporins |
US5688761A (en) * | 1991-04-19 | 1997-11-18 | Lds Technologies, Inc. | Convertible microemulsion formulations |
DE69229779T2 (de) * | 1991-04-19 | 1999-12-23 | Lds Technologies Inc | Konvertierbare mikroemulsionsverbindungen |
US6262022B1 (en) | 1992-06-25 | 2001-07-17 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions containing cyclosporin as the active agent |
ATE147619T1 (de) | 1992-05-13 | 1997-02-15 | Sandoz Ag | Opthalmische zusammensetzungen enthaltend ein cyclosporin |
ES2168271T3 (es) | 1992-09-25 | 2002-06-16 | Novartis Ag | Composiciones farmaceuticas que contienen ciclosporinas. |
WO1994008610A1 (en) * | 1992-10-16 | 1994-04-28 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Pharmaceutical emulsion compositions |
DK17093D0 (da) * | 1993-02-15 | 1993-02-15 | Lyfjathroun H F | Farmaceutisk praeparat til topisk administrering af antigener og/eller vacciner til pattedyr via slimhinder |
ATE218359T1 (de) | 1994-11-03 | 2002-06-15 | Novartis Erfind Verwalt Gmbh | Neue zubereitungsformen des cyclosporins zur oralen applikation mit einfacher zusammensetzung und hoher bioverfügbarkeit und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
SI0750907T1 (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 2002-08-31 | American Cyanamid Company | Stable macrolide and macrolide vaccine compositions |
DE19549852B4 (de) | 1995-11-29 | 2009-06-04 | Novartis Ag | Cyclosporin enthaltende Präparate |
US6245349B1 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 2001-06-12 | éLAN CORPORATION PLC | Drug delivery compositions suitable for intravenous injection |
AU728221B2 (en) | 1996-06-05 | 2001-01-04 | Ashmont Holdings Limited | Injectable compositions |
TR199901686T2 (xx) | 1997-01-30 | 1999-09-21 | Norvartis Ag | Esasen ya�s�z farmakolojik kompozisyonlar� i�eren sert jelatin kaps�ller. |
US7732404B2 (en) | 1999-12-30 | 2010-06-08 | Dexcel Ltd | Pro-nanodispersion for the delivery of cyclosporin |
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US2966443A (en) * | 1959-06-22 | 1960-12-27 | American Cyanamid Co | Trivalent poliomyelitis live virus vaccine |
US3096249A (en) * | 1960-05-10 | 1963-07-02 | Samuel J Prigal | Emulsion composition |
US3099601A (en) * | 1959-10-02 | 1963-07-30 | Anchor Serum Company | Bacterin in aqueous polyethylene, mineral oil emulsion |
US3149036A (en) * | 1961-10-16 | 1964-09-15 | Merck & Co Inc | Adjuvant vaccine with aluminum monostearate, mannide monooleate, vegetable oil, and an aqueous phase immunolgical agent |
USRE25721E (en) * | 1965-01-26 | Swine erysipelas vaccine | ||
US3185625A (en) * | 1961-11-08 | 1965-05-25 | Brown Ethan Allan | Injectionable substances |
US3240670A (en) * | 1960-08-12 | 1966-03-15 | Beecham Group Ltd | Injectable pharmaceutical emulsions containing liquid organopolysiloxanes |
-
1966
- 1966-06-08 GB GB25595/66A patent/GB1171125A/en not_active Expired
-
1967
- 1967-06-01 US US642727A patent/US3384544A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1967-06-02 NL NL6707702.A patent/NL159283B/nl unknown
- 1967-06-06 IT IT37275/67A patent/IT1035004B/it active
- 1967-06-08 BE BE699678D patent/BE699678A/xx unknown
- 1967-09-05 FR FR119939A patent/FR7316M/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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USRE25721E (en) * | 1965-01-26 | Swine erysipelas vaccine | ||
US2966443A (en) * | 1959-06-22 | 1960-12-27 | American Cyanamid Co | Trivalent poliomyelitis live virus vaccine |
US3099601A (en) * | 1959-10-02 | 1963-07-30 | Anchor Serum Company | Bacterin in aqueous polyethylene, mineral oil emulsion |
US3096249A (en) * | 1960-05-10 | 1963-07-02 | Samuel J Prigal | Emulsion composition |
US3240670A (en) * | 1960-08-12 | 1966-03-15 | Beecham Group Ltd | Injectable pharmaceutical emulsions containing liquid organopolysiloxanes |
US3149036A (en) * | 1961-10-16 | 1964-09-15 | Merck & Co Inc | Adjuvant vaccine with aluminum monostearate, mannide monooleate, vegetable oil, and an aqueous phase immunolgical agent |
US3185625A (en) * | 1961-11-08 | 1965-05-25 | Brown Ethan Allan | Injectionable substances |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3678149A (en) * | 1970-01-26 | 1972-07-18 | Samuel J Prigal | Method of enhancing the action of a medicament |
US4053585A (en) * | 1974-06-25 | 1977-10-11 | National Research Development Corporation | Immunological preparations |
US4156719A (en) * | 1977-02-28 | 1979-05-29 | Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Compositions for rectal use |
US4530832A (en) * | 1978-12-07 | 1985-07-23 | Schering Corporation | Method of vaccination for prevention of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection |
EP0521562A1 (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1993-01-07 | Yamanouchi Europe B.V. | Vesicles in non-polar media |
WO1993000069A1 (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1993-01-07 | Brocades Pharma B.V. | Vesicles in non-polar media |
WO1999021533A2 (en) * | 1997-10-24 | 1999-05-06 | Neorx Corporation | Delivery vehicles for bioactive agents and uses thereof |
WO1999021533A3 (en) * | 1997-10-24 | 1999-07-08 | Neorx Corp | Delivery vehicles for bioactive agents and uses thereof |
US20070014805A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-18 | Sanofi Pasteur | Immuno-adjuvant emulsion |
US8703095B2 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2014-04-22 | Sanofi Pasteur S.A. | Immuno-adjuvant emulsion |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE699678A (nl) | 1967-12-08 |
NL159283B (nl) | 1979-02-15 |
FR7316M (nl) | 1969-10-06 |
NL6707702A (nl) | 1967-12-11 |
IT1035004B (it) | 1979-10-20 |
GB1171125A (en) | 1969-11-19 |
DE1617502A1 (de) | 1972-02-10 |
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