US3313620A - Steel with lead and rare earth metals - Google Patents
Steel with lead and rare earth metals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3313620A US3313620A US344261A US34426164A US3313620A US 3313620 A US3313620 A US 3313620A US 344261 A US344261 A US 344261A US 34426164 A US34426164 A US 34426164A US 3313620 A US3313620 A US 3313620A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- lead
- rare earth
- steels
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 14
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 62
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 62
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910000691 Re alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000915 Free machining steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Pb]=S XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007970 homogeneous dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical class [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020159 Pb—Cd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020220 Pb—Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000331 delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052949 galena Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/0006—Adding metallic additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/03—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C11/00—Alloys based on lead
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
- Y02P10/134—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by avoiding CO2, e.g. using hydrogen
Definitions
- the present invention provides a new method of manufacturing free machining steels, through introduction of new lead compounds or alloys or mixtures; the invention also relates to free machining lead steels containing rare earth elements and other materials mentioned herein.
- the accompanying drawing is a longitudinal sectional view of an ingot divided into four pieces by three horizontal cuts, each piece being subsequently formed into a rod or coil for which test data is given below.
- the lead is homogeneously dispersed or scattered in the interdendritic spaces and the mechanical and technological properties of the resulting steels are improved.
- Another object of the invention is to produce a lead steel which includes one or more metals of the rare earth group, and creates a more homogeneous dispersion of the lead in the steel and improves the properties of the final product.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide a lead alloy with one or more rare earth metals, or a corresponding sinterized aggregate or sinter, said alloy or sinter being designed to be introduced into the steel for production of lead steels having the above defined particular properties.
- Metals of the rare earths are intended those of the lanthanides group, which are those include-d from No. 58 to No. 72 of the Mendelieif Periodic System. It is preferred to use metals (hereinafter referred to as misch metal) produced from chlorides by electrolysis which may be used in any proportion.
- misch metal metals produced from chlorides by electrolysis which may be used in any proportion.
- Standard production practices used in the manufacture of steels can be followed up to the moment of the introduction of Pb-RE alloys or sinters.
- the addition may be made with total combined Pb-RE percentages from 0.10% to 0.80% with respect to the steel.
- Pb-RE alloy or sinter which may be added to all types of steel, including carbon steel, low and high alloy steels and stainless steels.
- the Pb-RE alloy may be added in the form of ingots, splits, balls or small pieces of other shapes, or in powdered form.
- the addition may be effected in furnace, ladles or ingot moulds.
- the addition in ingot moulds will allow the use of smaller percentages of Pb-RE alloy or sinteral material to obtain the desired effects; in fact this type of addition reduces the loss from evaporation and oxidation. In any case, disadvantages due to the introduction of lead added alone are avoided.
- a Pb-RE alloy or sinterized compounds of the same elements are produced, wherein RE serves as a vehicle for introduction of lead and as .an homogeneizer of the lead particles in the steel, de-
- the manufacture of the lead-misch metal although presenting some metallurgical difficulties, can be made with controlled atmosphere furnaces (especially in nitrogen and argon), or with other particular crucible furnaces, using some protection salts, provided the conditions of not letting the misch metal oxidize, during the group, Ce, La, Ne, Pr and others.
- controlled atmosphere furnaces especially in nitrogen and argon
- other particular crucible furnaces using some protection salts, provided the conditions of not letting the misch metal oxidize, during the group, Ce, La, Ne, Pr and others.
- Preference is for alloys in which the percentage ofrare earths included is in the range from 5 to 25% with respect to the weight of the alloy or the sinter.
- the percentages of use of the Pb-RE alloy or sinter in weight of steel vary with the contents of Pb and RE which is desired to be added.
- This carbon steel was treated with a Pb-RE type alloy with 80% Pb and 20% RE.
- the addition was effected in the ladle with 0.33% alloy, equal to kilos 3.300 per 4 metric ton of steel, and thus with 0.264% of Pb and 0.066% of RE.
- the structure was comparable to a low carbon steel having a uniform grain of K2 size.
- a process for the manufacture of lead steel which comprises the steps of: melting a steel to which lead is to be added; and introducing a mixture of lead'and at least one rare earth metal into said molten steel.
- a steel according to claim 7, wherein said conventional elements are selected from the group consisting of carbon, manganese, silicon and phosphorous, the total weight of all of the members of said group not exceeding about 1% of the weight of said steel.
- a steel according to claim 9, wherein said conven- 6 tional elements are selected from the group consisting of carbon, manganese, silicon and phosphorous, the total weight of all of the members of said group not exceeding about 1% of the weight of said steel.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT363063 | 1963-02-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3313620A true US3313620A (en) | 1967-04-11 |
Family
ID=11110888
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US344261A Expired - Lifetime US3313620A (en) | 1963-02-18 | 1964-02-12 | Steel with lead and rare earth metals |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3313620A (en(2012)) |
| AT (1) | AT267571B (en(2012)) |
| BE (1) | BE643928A (en(2012)) |
| DE (1) | DE1235965B (en(2012)) |
| GB (1) | GB1049930A (en(2012)) |
| LU (1) | LU45431A1 (en(2012)) |
| SE (1) | SE301166B (en(2012)) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3770396A (en) * | 1970-07-29 | 1973-11-06 | Olin Corp | Composite metal article |
| US3871870A (en) * | 1973-05-01 | 1975-03-18 | Nippon Kokan Kk | Method of adding rare earth metals or their alloys into liquid steel |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4244737A (en) * | 1979-08-29 | 1981-01-13 | Inland Steel Company | Method and alloy for introducing machinability increasing ingredients to steel |
| DE3739154A1 (de) * | 1987-11-19 | 1989-06-01 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Bleihaltiges zusatzmittel fuer stahlschmelzen |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2182758A (en) * | 1938-05-14 | 1939-12-05 | Inland Steel Co | Steel |
| US2197259A (en) * | 1938-05-02 | 1940-04-16 | Inland Steel Co | Method of and apparatus for adding lead to steel |
| US2259342A (en) * | 1940-04-17 | 1941-10-14 | Inland Steel Co | Method of adding lead to steel |
| US2811720A (en) * | 1954-12-15 | 1957-10-29 | Baso Inc | Electrically conductive compositions and method of manufacture thereof |
| US2811721A (en) * | 1954-12-15 | 1957-10-29 | Baso Inc | Electrically conductive compositions and method of manufacture thereof |
| US2961387A (en) * | 1957-09-18 | 1960-11-22 | Timax Corp | Electrolysis of rare-earth elements and yttrium |
| US3016436A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1962-01-09 | Gen Electric | Vacuum circuit interrupters |
| US3152889A (en) * | 1961-10-31 | 1964-10-13 | Inland Steel Co | Free machining steel with lead and tellurium |
| US3203788A (en) * | 1961-09-27 | 1965-08-31 | Gustad P Contractor | Free machining steels of improved transverse mechanical properties and method of making same |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1052328A (fr) * | 1951-03-12 | 1954-01-22 | Stahlwerke Su Dwestfalen Ag | Procédé pour la fabrication d'acier au plomb |
-
1964
- 1964-02-12 US US344261A patent/US3313620A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1964-02-14 GB GB6289/64A patent/GB1049930A/en not_active Expired
- 1964-02-15 DE DEE26414A patent/DE1235965B/de active Pending
- 1964-02-15 LU LU45431D patent/LU45431A1/xx unknown
- 1964-02-17 BE BE643928D patent/BE643928A/xx unknown
- 1964-02-17 SE SE1885/64A patent/SE301166B/xx unknown
- 1964-02-18 AT AT135664A patent/AT267571B/de active
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2197259A (en) * | 1938-05-02 | 1940-04-16 | Inland Steel Co | Method of and apparatus for adding lead to steel |
| US2182758A (en) * | 1938-05-14 | 1939-12-05 | Inland Steel Co | Steel |
| US2259342A (en) * | 1940-04-17 | 1941-10-14 | Inland Steel Co | Method of adding lead to steel |
| US2811720A (en) * | 1954-12-15 | 1957-10-29 | Baso Inc | Electrically conductive compositions and method of manufacture thereof |
| US2811721A (en) * | 1954-12-15 | 1957-10-29 | Baso Inc | Electrically conductive compositions and method of manufacture thereof |
| US2961387A (en) * | 1957-09-18 | 1960-11-22 | Timax Corp | Electrolysis of rare-earth elements and yttrium |
| US3016436A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1962-01-09 | Gen Electric | Vacuum circuit interrupters |
| US3203788A (en) * | 1961-09-27 | 1965-08-31 | Gustad P Contractor | Free machining steels of improved transverse mechanical properties and method of making same |
| US3152889A (en) * | 1961-10-31 | 1964-10-13 | Inland Steel Co | Free machining steel with lead and tellurium |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3770396A (en) * | 1970-07-29 | 1973-11-06 | Olin Corp | Composite metal article |
| US3871870A (en) * | 1973-05-01 | 1975-03-18 | Nippon Kokan Kk | Method of adding rare earth metals or their alloys into liquid steel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE643928A (en(2012)) | 1964-06-15 |
| GB1049930A (en) | 1966-11-30 |
| DE1235965B (de) | 1967-03-09 |
| SE301166B (en(2012)) | 1968-05-27 |
| LU45431A1 (en(2012)) | 1964-04-15 |
| AT267571B (de) | 1969-01-10 |
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