US3280027A - Lubricants and lubricated structures - Google Patents

Lubricants and lubricated structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US3280027A
US3280027A US522014A US52201465A US3280027A US 3280027 A US3280027 A US 3280027A US 522014 A US522014 A US 522014A US 52201465 A US52201465 A US 52201465A US 3280027 A US3280027 A US 3280027A
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United States
Prior art keywords
aluminum
oil
vinyl
lubricant
lubricants
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Expired - Lifetime
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US522014A
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English (en)
Inventor
Pierre Leon E St
Robert S Owens
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Priority to FR893894A priority Critical patent/FR1324455A/fr
Priority to GB13828/62A priority patent/GB988062A/en
Priority to DEG34692A priority patent/DE1286248B/de
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US522014A priority patent/US3280027A/en
Priority to FR73316A priority patent/FR90699E/fr
Priority to GB37792/66A priority patent/GB1141548A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3280027A publication Critical patent/US3280027A/en
Priority to DE19661594450 priority patent/DE1594450C/de
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/18—Ethers, e.g. epoxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32—Esters
    • C10M105/34—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32—Esters
    • C10M105/48—Esters of carbonic acid
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    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/50—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing halogen
    • C10M105/54—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing halogen containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen and oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/74—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing phosphorus
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    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
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    • C10M111/00—Lubrication compositions characterised by the base-material being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M101/00 - C10M109/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M111/02—Lubrication compositions characterised by the base-material being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M101/00 - C10M109/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being a non-macromolecular organic compound
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    • C10M2201/02—Water
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    • C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
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    • C10M2201/042—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black halogenated, i.e. graphite fluoride
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    • C10M2201/066—Molybdenum sulfide
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    • C10M2201/10—Compounds containing silicon
    • C10M2201/102—Silicates
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    • C10M2201/105—Silica
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    • C10M2203/02—Well-defined aliphatic compounds
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/241—Manufacturing joint-less pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/242—Hot working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/243—Cold working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/245—Soft metals, e.g. aluminum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/246—Iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/247—Stainless steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/01—Emulsions, colloids, or micelles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/015—Dispersions of solid lubricants
    • C10N2050/02—Dispersions of solid lubricants dissolved or suspended in a carrier which subsequently evaporates to leave a lubricant coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/10—Semi-solids; greasy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improved lubricants and uses of these materials as lubricants for various contacting metallic surfaces, particularly aluminum surfaces. More particularly, the invention relates to a new class of lubricants which are monoolefinic compounds containing a polar group and a long chain saturated aliphatic group. These lubricants have been found to be especially useful in those cases where new metal surfaces are being created or where high wear is a problem particularly in cases of boundary lubrication. These lubricants may be used either alone, or as emulsions, suspensions, for example, in aqueous media.
  • lubricating materials having the desired lubricating viscosity such as mineral oils, silicone oils, diester lubricants, etc., in the form of solutions, emulsions, suspensions, etc.
  • the lubrication of such aluminum surfaces is especially diificult in cases Where extreme pressure conditions exist requiring lubrication under boundary conditions, i.e., actual solid-to-solid contact, for instance, as may be found in a hearing before a hydrodynamic film of lubricant is created or where new solid surfaces are being generated, for example, in shaping by drawing through a die, in cutting, for example, in a lathe or punch-press, in shaping, for example, by stamping, drawing, extrusion, spinning, cold-rolling, in polishing, for example by lapping, burnishing, etc.
  • boundary lubrication this type of lubrication is hereinafter referred to as boundary lubrication.
  • monoolefinic compounds in the unpolymerized that is, the monomeric state, having a polar group or no more than 4 carbon atoms removed from the olefinic groups
  • lubricating compositions being especially adaptable for lubricating relatively moving surfaces at least one surface of which is an aluminum surface
  • these lubricating compositions are also useful in effecting improved lubrication of other solid surfaces moving relative to each other, especially when one of these surfaces is a metal used for fabricating structural shapes, for example, iron, molybdenurn, silver, copper, beryllium, tungsten, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, tin, etc.
  • various metal compositions for example, alloys of the aforesaid metals, of which typical examples are steels, brasses, the various alloys of magnesium, cobalt, zinc, zirconium, beryllium, iron (e.g., stainless steel), etc.
  • the other surface may be the same or different metal, or it may be another solid material for example, wood, molded synthetic resins, laminates, etc., or a special compounded composition, such as, porous metal, graphite, graphite-impregnated metal, soft bearing alloys, e.g., babbitts, etc., or very hard compositions, for example, metal carbides, nitrides, etc.
  • FIG. 1 shows, partly in section, the portion of a standard four-ball wear tester which has been modified to evaluate lubricating compositions using metals in various shapes other than balls;
  • FIG. 2 shows the bell housing, partly in section, of one end of an electric motor cut away to show an aluminum sleeve bearing integrally cast as part of the bell housing;
  • FIG. 3 shows an end view of a portion of the bell housing of FIG. 2 along line 3 3.
  • R is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl radicals with from 11 to 60 carbon atoms, and linear fluoroalkyl radicals with from 11 to 60 carbon atoms.
  • X and R" together represent the monovalent group -XR" which encompasses the radicals where R is as previously defined.
  • the radical represented by is the representative of the following more specific formulae when n is 0, it represents the two radicals all and when n is 1, it is representative of the following three It will be recognized that when R is either hydrogen or fluorine, Formulae w and b represent the same radicals, and Formulae c, d and 2 also represent the same radicals. However, when R is methyl, or one of the three fluorornethyl radicals, all four formulae represent different radicals.
  • radicals represented by Formulae a and b are, for example vinyl, propeny'l, l-methylvinyl and the fluorine-substituted derivatives of these three hydrocarbon radicals, for exaxmple,
  • Typical of the radicals covered by Formulae c, d and e are, for example allyl, crotonyl, (Z-butenyl), isocrotonyl, (Z-isobutenyl), l-methylallyl, 2-methylallyl and the fluorine-substituted derivatives of these five hydrocarbon radicals, for example,
  • radicals represented R are the linear alkyl radicals, e.g., undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, dicosyl, tri-cosyl, heptacosy-l, tr-iacontyl, dotriacontyl, tetrac-ontyl, pentaoontyl, hexacontyl, and the fluorosubstituted derivatives of these hydrocarbons, in which one or more, up to all, of the hydrogen atoms have been substituted by a fluorine atom.
  • linear fluoroalkyl radicals are, by way of example, the mono, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, up to pentacosylfluorododecyl, the mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, et-c., up to hentetracontylfluoroeicosyl, etc., radicals.
  • the compounds are monoolefinic alkyl ethers when X is oxygen; monoolefinic alkyl sulfides sometimes also known as thioethers, when X is sulfur; monoolefinic alkyl ketones when X is carbonyl; monoole-finic alkyl carbonates when X is carbonate; monoolefinic alkyl sulfoxides when X is sulfoxy; monoo'lefinic alkyl sulf-ones when X is sulfonyl; and may be either the monoole-finic alcohol ester of an alkyl carboxylic acid, or an alkyl alcohol ester of a monoolefinic unsaturated carboxylic acid when X is carbony-loxy.
  • acontyl ether vinyl dotriacontyl ether, vinyl tetracontyl ether, vinyl pentacontyl ether, vinyl hexac-ontyl ether, 1- methylvinyl dodecyl ether, al-lyl dodecyl ether, Z-methylallyl dodecyl ether, isocrotenyl dode-cyl ether, crotenyl dodecyl ether, allyl dodecyl sulfide, Z-methylallyl tetradecyl ketone, crotonyl hexadecyil carbonate, .isocrotonyl octadecyl sulfoxide, 2 methy-lallyl eicosyl sulfone, hexadecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, oc-tadecyl vinylacetate, eicosyl cro
  • vinyl, allyl and crotonyl esters of the saturated fatty acids having from 11 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups of the carboxylic acid, or crot-onic acid esters of linear alkyl alcohols having from 11 to 24 carbon atoms.
  • All of the above materials may be used alone, mixed with each other, or mixed with other well known lubricants, for example, mineral oils of lubricating viscosity,
  • compositions improve the lubrication of two solid surfaces moving relative to each other especially when one of these surfaces is a metal used for fabricating structural shapes, e.g., iron, molybdenum, silver, copper, beryllium, tungsten, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, tin, etc., and various metal compositions, for example alloys, of which typical examples are steels, brasses, the various alloys of magnesium, cobalt, zinc, zirconium, beryllium, aluminum, iron (e.g., stainless steels), etc.
  • a metal used for fabricating structural shapes e.g., iron, molybdenum, silver, copper, beryllium, tungsten, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, tin, etc.
  • various metal compositions for example alloys, of which typical examples are steels, brasses, the various alloys of magnesium, cobalt, zinc, zi
  • the other surface may be the same or a different metal or it may be another solid material, e.g., wood, molded synthetic resins, laminates, etc., or a special compounded composition such as porous metal, graphite, graphite impregnated metal, soft bearing alloys, e.g., babbitts, etc., or very hard compositions, e.g., metal carbides, nitrides, etc.
  • both solid surfaces are the same material if the wear is to be equal on both parts or one is made of a material softer than the other when the wear is to be essentially all on the softer part. This 6 is usually done when one part is easier to replace than the other or the one part is being cut or shaped by the other.
  • a concentration of as little as 0.1% by weight of our compositions in another lubricant improves the boundary lubricating properties of these materials, but we have found that for a solid surface of aluminum or a metal composition containing at least aluminum, such as an alloy of aluminum (hereinafter all these aluminum materials being referred to as aluminum composition), moving relative to another solid surface of an aluminum composition, or another metal, the ooefiicient of friction suddenly decreases by a considerable amount when the amount of our monomeric compound is at least 10% by Weight of the total lubricant.
  • aluminum composition such as an alloy of aluminum
  • our monomeric compounds, or mixtures thereof permit aluminum compositions to be shaped, for example, by drawing, spinning, extrusion, and the like, with a very smooth finish.
  • the aluminum composition is formed with a very smooth, mirror-like finish which is impossible to obtain by the use of any previously known lubricant.
  • Typical examples of the various aluminum compositions that may be lubricated by our monomeric compounds are those disclosed on pages 851-853 and 865958 of Metals Handbook, volume 1, Properties and Selection of Metals, American Society for Metals, Novelty, Ohio, eighth edition, 1961, for example, the high purity aluminum alloys which are greater than 99% aluminum, e.g., EC alloy, 1060 alloy, 1100 alloy, etc., and alloys of aluminum with other metals, for example, copper, silicon, magnesium, tin, zinc, etc., as are more fully described on pages 955958 of the above reference.
  • Typical of the mineral or hydrocarbon oils of lubricating viscosity are the hydrocarbon lubricants obtained from petroleum. These products normally have viscositics in the range of 25 to 10,000 Saybold Universal Seconds (S.U.S.), and may be a single mixture of hydrocarbons.
  • silicone lubricating oils are those disclosed in, for example, US. 2,4l0,346-Hyde; 2,456,- 496Ford et al.; 2,469,888 Patnode; 2,469,890Patnode; 2,970,162-Brown; etc.
  • Typical of the diester and polyester lubricants are those disclosed in U.S. 2,450,221-Ashburn et al.; 2,450,222-Ashburn et al.; U.S. 2,977,301-Bergen et al.; and on pages 1624 of Technical Publication No. 77, published by American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, entitled Symposium on Synthetic Lubricants.
  • Other lubricating materials, as well as suitable mixtures of these; lubricating materials may be used in the practice of our invention without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • compositions of our invention covered by the above general formula vary from liquid to solid materials.
  • the solids when dissolved in lubricating oils are capable of producing fluids and greases having lubricating properties depending on the composition and concentration. In low concentrations the effect is to lower the viscosity of some of the oils.
  • non-abrasive fillers such as silica gel, carbon black, diatomaceous earth, molybdenum sulfide, tin sulfide, graphite, etc.
  • soaps or other materials may be incorporated to produce a gel structure.
  • Particularly useful soaps are the metallic soaps such as the alkaline or alkaline earth soaps of the fatty acids, but other soaps may also be used, for example, zinc, tin, lead, copper, etc., soaps of the fatty acids.
  • a particularly desirable grease composition may be made from lithium stearate and lithium hydroxy stearate.
  • These grease compositions may be made by any of the well known methods, for example, as disclosed in US. Patent 2,450,22 lAshburn et al.; 2,450,222Ashburn et al.; and 2,260,625Kistler.
  • bearings are designed so that the temperature of the bearing does not exceed 200 F. and preferably l60180 F. If polymerization does occur, there is a marked increase in the viscosity of the lubricant. In carrying out the specific examples illustrating our invention, we never detected any viscosity increase of the lubricant.
  • a material dissolved in the lubricant which will inhibit polymerization.
  • a host of materials are well known in the art which will inhibit or retard polymerization. These are generally compounds which contain one or more of the following groups: nitro, nitroso, quinoid, phenolic hydroxyl, amino, etc. Sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds also can be used.
  • Typical specific examples are: picric acid, trinitrobenzene, 2,5 -dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, chloranil, 9,10-phenanthroquinone, tert-butylcatechol, 4-amino-1-naphthol, hydroquinone, phenyl-fl-naphthylamine, triphenyl phosphite, nitrodimethylaniline, hydroxydimethylaniline, nitrosodimethylaniline, sulfur, paraformaldehyde, phenylacetylene, the condensation products of aliphatic aldehydes with aromatic amines, etc.
  • the choice and amount used is dependent on the particular desires of the user and the properties desired in the lubricant. In general, it should be one that is soluble in the lubricant, is compatible with other ingredients and will not deleteriously affect the lubricant or the lubricated parts. Generally, a small but effective amount, sufiicient to stabilize the composition against polymerization during use, should be used. Such an amount is known as a stabilizing amount.
  • inhibitors and retarders to prevent polymerization varies between the particular compounds.
  • inhibitors are more effective in preventing polymerization than retarders, but the latter are effective if used in amounts larger than normally used with inhibitors.
  • These properties of inhibitors and retarders are well known and are discussed in detail in many books on polymerization.
  • stabilizers or polymerization stabilizers When either an inhibitor or retarder are used in amounts to essentially prevent polymerization, they are called stabilizers or polymerization stabilizers. Generally, amounts from 0.01 to 5% by weight of the polymerizable material are effective amounts to stabilize the compositions against polymerization.
  • the following examples are given by Way of illustartion, and not by way of limitation.
  • the olefinic compounds were unpolymerized, i.e., they were monomeric in form and retained the olefinic group, and the percentages are by weight.
  • Example 1 A billet of commercially pure aluminum (1100 alloy) 1 inch in diameter by 3 inches long was heated to 200 F. and forward extruded through a inch die heated to 260 F. using an extrusion force of 66,000 lbs./ square inch. Vinyl stearate was melted onto the surface of the billet before being placed in the extruder to act as a lubricant. The aluminum extruded smoothly producing a rod with a smooth, highly polished mirror finish.
  • an oil composition made by dissolving 25% by weight vinyl stearate, 25% by weight ot-hexadecylene and 50% by weight of a mineral lubricating oil having a viscosity of 600 S.U.S. (Saybolt Universal Seconds), the aluminum also extruded readily to produce an aluminum rod having a smooth matte finish.
  • Example 2 A round bar of commercially pure aluminum (1100 alloy) 1% inches in diameter was placed in an engine lathe equipped to measure the cutting force exerted on the tool tip, the radial force exerted on the cutting tool, and the feed force necessary to feed the cutting tool along the surface of the aluminum.
  • the tool was set to feed at the rate of 10 mils per revolution, the depth of cut was mils, and the speed of rotation of the test piece was such as to give a surface speed of 10 feet per minute.
  • the aluminum had a Brinell hardness of 27.2.
  • Three test cuts were made, one using no lubricant, the second using a commercially available aluminum cutting fluid, and the third using a 20% by weight solution of vinyl stearate in a mineral lubricating oil of nominal 300 S.U.S.
  • Table I presents the results of the three forces using the three test conditions as Well measured in TAB LE I 10 by means of machine bolt 7 to a base member 5 which is restrained from rotation with respect to chamber 6.
  • a reservoir of lubricant 8 under test is maintained around the test pieces.
  • a heater (not shown) is provided in l machine aluminum] 5 the base of chamber 6 to permit operation at various temperatures.
  • Chamber 6 rides on a series of ball bear- No t cigi nme c iai gg g y ings, one of which is shown as 9, which ride upon mem- Lubman mg m sysop ber 10, which forms the uppermost portion of plunger 11, which is connected to a hydraulic system (not shown) Cutting 450 230 115 to permit various loadings to be established between the Feed 125 two test samples 1 and 2.
  • rider 1 is rotated against g 59 45 test washer 2 by means of clock-wise rotation of shaft 3, chamber 6 will rotate upon member 10 due to the frictional force existing between members 1 and 2.
  • this pad onto the cold rolls as lubricant, the a111m 1m1m P W Since this pad must be resistant to oil and heat, it is satisfactorily Sheeted to Produce an alumlnum P With conveniently made of silicone rubber. This pad not only a smooth finish.
  • Vinyl stcarate (tested at 110 F.) Ha dened steel, -62 Aluminum alloy 43 0.12 Highly polished 1-2 micro inch finish, Rockwell. 5% wear track 20-30 micro inch deep aftcr3hrs. Do 1100 aluminum 1100 aluminum" 0.1 Slight wear track after3 hrs. 47% vinyl stcarate, 53% GAE-10 spindle oil. Hardened steel, 60-62 Aluminum alloy 0.17 Highly polished 1'2 micro inch finish, Rockwell. igvgar track 20-30 micro inch deep after TS. Cold rolled steel, do 0. 12 Polished wear track in 3 hrs.
  • Example 5 The apparatu described in Example 4 was used to measure the coefiicient of friction of various percentage compositions of vinyl stearate in SAE-lO spindle oil. The rider and test washed were both made from aluminum. The results are shown in Table III.
  • the bearing 20 is made by machining shaft hole 21 to a size which permits a steel babbitted bearing to be pressed int-o place. This bearing is machined to fit shaft 22 with the necessary clearance.
  • Cylindrical oil felt 23 has three fingers 24-, one of which is shown in FIG. 2, which protrude from slots 25a, 25b and 250. Oil is added to oil hole 26 and is fed through felt 23 to shaft 22. Any oil creeping along the shaft is thrown off by slinger rings 27 and 27'.
  • a similar bearing is at the opposite end of the motor.
  • One motor was made in the usual way with a babbitted bearing at each end of the motor.
  • Four other motors were made; in each case, the bell housing 23 was cast in one piece with the diameter of hole 21 as cast being slightly smaller than the diameter of shaft 22 to permit machining and finishing of the bearing surface with nominal bearing clearance.
  • the bell housing was cast from aluminum alloy 43 containing 95% aluminum, 5% silicon.
  • the motor with the babbitted bearings and one motor with the machined aluminum bearing were lubricated with the mineral hydrocarbon oil having a nominal viscosity of 150 S.U.S. recommended by the manufacturer for lubrication of the standard motor.
  • the other three motors were lubricated with the same type of hydrocarbon oil but containing 20% by weight vinyl stcarate.
  • vinyl stearate is a solid material at room temperature, it lowers the viscosity of a hydrocarbon oil when it is dissolved. In order to eliminate any effect of viscosity, the vinyl stearate was dissolved in a hydrocarbon oil having a nominal viscosity of 300 S.U.S., which gave the resulting solution a nominal viscosity of S.U.S., the same viscosity as the oil Without vinyl stearate used to lubricate the other two motors.
  • a weight was suspended through a ball bearing On the end of the shaft of the motor with the babbitted bearings and one of the motors containing the machined aluminum bearings lubricated with the vinyl stearate-hydrocarbon oil lubricant composition to give a bearing pressure in each motor of 147 lbs/square inch.
  • the other three motors had a bearing pressure of 5'lbs./square inch.
  • the two motors with the high hearing pressure and one of the other motors lubricated with the vinyl stearatc hydrocarbon oil composition were placed on cyclic operation where they ran for 30' minutes and were off for 10 minutes. The other two motors were placed on continuou operation.
  • Example 7 A standard production locomotive axle, made of low carbon steel, was mounted in an engine lathe and rotated against an M-2 steel finishing roller using a 50% by weight olution of vinyl stearate in kerosene.
  • Example 8 using the same technique and equipment as in Example 4, an aluminum washer and rider, both made of 1100 alloy (commercially pure aluminum) were used with the lubricants and results shown in Table IV. Each run was for one hour.
  • Example 4 demonstrates the ability of our lubricants to repair the damage caused by a poor lubricant and to then lubricate the damaged surface with almost the same ability as a smooth surface.
  • Example 9.Vinyl stearate was used as a lubricant on two wire drawing dies, and approximately 5000 feet of aluminum wire (EC aluminum) was drawn down from 0.061 to 0.57 and then to 0.051 inch by these dies. Very smooth, shiny wire was obtained with no evidence of galling, formation of slivers, or striations. 4
  • Example 10 --About 100 aluminum slugs 1100 alloy 1% x 2 /2" x A" with ends on the 1%" dimension coated with vinyl stearate and backward extruded to form cans 1%" x 2 /2" x 5" x 0.023" wall.
  • the cans had a 3- microinch surface finish which was very bright without buffing.
  • the vinyl stearate was easily removed with a trichloroethylene vapor degreaser.
  • the surface finishes were 15 and 8 rnicroinches, respectively.
  • Example 11 When the apparatus of Example 4 was used but using a load of 5 kilograms, a rider made of -12 Rockwell cold rolled steel and a washer of aluminum alloy 48, and a lubricant of 10% vinyl stearate and 90% SAE-lO spindle oil, the average coefficient of friction was 0.24 for a 16-hour test period with only a narrow spread in data. At the end of the test there was only a slight wear track.
  • Example 12 An emulsion was made by heating to C., 15 grams of vinyl stearate, 1.5 grams of triethanol amine and 2.6 grams stearic acid. After a homogeneous melt was obtained, grams of water, heated to 100 C. were slowly added with vigorous stirring which was coninued until the emulsion had cooled to room temperature. This emulsion was stable and did not separate on standing. This emulsion was tested in the apparatus described in Example 4 using an aluminum cup and washer. The coefficient of friction was 0.3 at the start and decreased to 0.08 in approximately 3 minutes where it remained constant over several hours of running. Only very slight grooving was observed on examination of the washer after the run, which probably occurred in the initial few minutes of the test before the pieces became coated with the vinyl stearate.
  • Example 13 Both aluminum and stainless steel strip 1 inch wide x 10 feet long and 55 mils thick were roll formed into decorative trim strip having a U-shaped crosssection /8 inch on the bottom with A inch side walls which were then bent into a square 30 inches on edge with 1 inch radius corners. Using commercially available lubricants, it was necessary to form the U-shaped cross-section using a soluble oil which was then washed from the piece, the piece dipped in bees wax, dried in an oven, and then bent into the square finished piece. Attempts to use a soluble oil for both the forming and bending resulted in distortion at the corners.
  • Example 14-A die was made for drawing 43 mil thick stainless steel strip into a 4% inch long tube having a 4.5 inch ID. and a Mr inch wide flange at the top, stepwise reduced to a 3.5 inch I.D. at the center and a further step reduction to a 3% inch LD. /2 inch from the bottom with a /8 inch flange at the bottom. None of the commercially available drawing lubricants would permit this part to be fabricated from the die. When a solution of 40% vinyl stearate in one of the above commercial hydrocarbon drawing oils was used as the lubricant, the parts were readily formed.
  • Example 15 When attempts were made to substitute a galvanized sheet steel 90 mils thick for regular steel of the same thickness, in the making of a motor shell for use under high humidity conditions where resistance to rusting was necessary, it was found that the commercial hydrocarbon drawing oil which was satisfactory for the regular steel was incapable of producing parts from the galvanized steel because they would fracture in the final drawing operation.
  • This motor shell was in the shape of a cup approximately 6% inches ID. with a inch rim at the top, 3% inches deep with a back draw in the center of the bottom 1.5 inches in diameter and 1 inch deep.
  • a solution of 40% vinyl stearate was made in the same hydrocarbon drawing oil, the motor shell could be readily drawn from the galvanized steel without fracture occurring. The dies were then washed with solvent and attempts made to use the straight oil again. Fracturing occurred as before, but was eliminated when the vinyl stearate solution in the oil was substituted.
  • Example 16 SA-E 430 stainless steel 31 mils thick was drawn to produce a cup-shaped part having a 3% inch diameter x inch deep. In this simple part it was found that using a one draw operation, the lower edge would tear with a commercial hydrocarbon drawing oil, but by using a 25% solution of vinyl sterate in the same drawing oil, the drawing could be made and less pressure was required.
  • Example 17 In the making of a flywheel from SAE 430 stainless steel, cone-shaped dimples 1 inch in diami eter x /2 inch deep were drawn using a commercially available hydrocarbon drawing oil. it was found that it required 7 drawing operations and 3 anneals to complete the formation of the dimple. When a solution of 30% vinyl stearate in the hydrocarbon drawing oil was 1% feed rate of 0.25 g.p.m. A thermocouple was imbedded near the trailing edge of the babbitt pad.
  • a babbitted test specimen consisting of a inch layer of tin babbitt (84% Sn, 8% Sb, 8% Cu) was centrifugally cased onto a steel pad 1 inch wide by 2 inches circumferential length.
  • the inside diameter of :the babbitted pad was 25 mils greater than the rotor diameter to stimulate the clearance between a bearing and journal.
  • An oil-distributing groove cut in the leading edge of the test pad provided an inlet for the test lubricant which was supplied at 100 F. from a 3-gallon ca- O substituted, the number of drawing operations could be reof the test pad. To stimulate the action caused by a quizd to 2 with no anneals between the draws.
  • a grease 15-25 1,800 78 of substantially equivalent consistency to that of the 10% 51 88 polyvinyl stearate in the oil was made from 10% vinyl -55 3,600 195 stearate, 55% SAE 20 hydrocarbon lubricating oil and 38:8? @1383 i3? 35% lithium stearate.
  • This grease when tested in the -70 3,600 195 .same way as the polyvinyl stearate grease, had a coefii- -75 3600 195 cient of friction of 0.07.
  • the aluminum 40 washer had only a slightly polished wear track with no Tests were conducted using a standard 150 S.U.S. evidence of grooving or galling.
  • Example 21 Examples of vinyl stearate, vinyl stearate containing 0.5% hydroquinone as a polymerization inhibitor and vinyl stearate containing 0.5% hydroquinone as a polymerization inhibitor and 0.5% phenyl-ot-naphthylamine as an oxidation inhibitor were prepared. Samples of each were heated for minutes at temperatures of and 200 C. At the end of this time the samples of vinyl stearate with no additive which had been heated at 150 and 200 C.
  • vinyl stearate can be used as a lubricant with no stabilizer, at temperatures up to 100 C. with no polymerization occurring over a 90 minute period or at much higher temperatures, if stabilized with a polymerization inhibitor or retarder.
  • Example 22 Vinyl stearate containing 0.5% hydroquinone and 0.5% phenyl-a-naphthylamine was tested at 115 F. in the apparatus of Example 4 using an aluminum washer and rider. Over a period of 7 hours, the average coefiicient of friction was very steady at 0.12. The wear track was very shiny with only one slightly grooved spot.
  • Example 23 --A 10% solution of vinyl stearate and 0.5% hydroquinone in SAE 10 mineral lubricating oil was tested at 300 F. in the apparatus of Example 4 for 4 hours using an aluminum Washer and rider. During the test the average coefiicient was 0.10. Because of the high temperature at which this test was run, some volatile components of the lubricant distilled from the apparatus and the lubricant became noticeably darker in color. Infrared analysis of the lubricant before and after testing showed no evidence of polymer formation, thus showing the effectiveness of the addition of a polymerization stabilizer to the lubricant to prevent polymerization of the vinyl stearate. Similar results were obtained when 0.5% sulfur was used in place of hydroquinone.
  • solid as an adjective in its broad sense to differentiate between solids, liquids, and gases.
  • solid par-t includes within its meaning those solid bodies which are hollow, honeycombed, porous, etc., bodies which have a solid surface.
  • a lubricant comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity containing dissolved therein at least 0.1 percent by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated compound having the formula where n is one of the integers 0, 1, R is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluorine, R is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, methyl, monofiuorome-thyl, difiuoromethyl, and trifiuoromethyl, X is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of and R" is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of linear alkyls having from ll-60 carbon atoms, and linear fluoroalkyls having from 11-60 carbon atoms, and a polymerization stabilizer selected from the group consisting of inhibitors and retarders in an amount effective to inhibit polymerization of said monoethylenically unsaturated compound.
  • oil of lubricat- -ing viscosity is selected from the group consisting of mineral, silicone and diester lubricating oils and the monoethylenically unsaturated compound is present in a concentration of at least 2% by weight (if the oil.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the unsaturated compound is an alkyl ester of acrylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent, linear alkyl radical having from 11-24 carbon atoms.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the unsaturated compound is a vinyl ester of an alkyl monocar-boxylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent, linear alkyl radical having from ll-24 carbon atoms.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the monoethylenically unsaturated compound is vinyl s-tear-ate.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the monoethylenically unsaturated compound is hexadecyl croton-ate.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the monoethylenically unsaturated compound is allyl stearate.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the monoethylenically unsaturated compound is dodecyl acrylate.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the m-onoethylenically unsaturated compound is dodecyl meth'acrylate.
  • the lubricant of claim 2 wherein the oil is a mineral lubricating oil and the monoethylenieally unsaturated compound is octadecyl acrylate.
  • a grease comprising an oil selected from the group consisting of mineral, silicone and diester lubricating oils containing a thickener and a monoethylenically unsaturated compound having the formula C at t X 1.
  • n is one of the integers'O, l
  • R is a monova lent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluorine
  • R is a monov-atlent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, methyl, monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, and trifluoromethyl
  • X is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of and
  • R" is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting .of linear alkyls having from 11-60 carbon atoms, and linear fiuoroalkytls having from 11-60 carbon atoms.
  • the grease of claim 13 wherein the oil is a mineral oil, the thickener is lithium stearate, and the unsaturated compound is an alkyl ester of acrylic acid wherein the alkyl group is (a monovalent, alkyl radical having from 1 1- 24 carbon atoms.
  • the lubricating grease in claim 12 wherein the oil is a mineral oil, the thickener is lithium stearate, and
  • the unsaturated compound is vinyl ester of an alkyl monocarboxylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent linear alkyl radical having from 11-24 carbon atoms.
  • the lubricant is an aqueous emulsion containing at least by Weight of the monoethylenically unsaturated compound.
  • one of the said solid surfaces is a metal composition containing at least 50% by weight aluminum.
  • the unsaturated compound is an alkyl ester of acrylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent, linear alkyl radical having from ll-24 carbon atoms.
  • the unsaturated compound is a vinyl ester of an alkyl monocarboxylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent, linear alkyl radical having from 1124 carbon atoms.
  • lubricant is an aqueous emulsion containing at least 10% by weight of the monoethylenically unsaturated compound.
  • the unsaturated compound is an alkyl ester of an acrylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent, linear alkyl radical having from 11-24 carbon atoms.
  • the unsaturated compound is a vinyl ester of an alkyl monocarboxylic acid wherein the alkyl group is a monovalent, linear alkyl radical having from 11-24 carbon atoms.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
US522014A 1961-04-10 1965-12-29 Lubricants and lubricated structures Expired - Lifetime US3280027A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR893894A FR1324455A (fr) 1961-04-10 1962-04-10 Combinaison de deux parties solides notamment en aluminium et d'un lubrifiant à base de composés monoéthyléniques
GB13828/62A GB988062A (en) 1961-04-10 1962-04-10 Improvements in and relating to lubricants
DEG34692A DE1286248B (de) 1961-04-10 1962-04-10 Schmiermittel
US522014A US3280027A (en) 1961-04-10 1965-12-29 Lubricants and lubricated structures
FR73316A FR90699E (fr) 1961-04-10 1966-08-17 Combinaison de deux parties solides notamment en aluminium et d'un lubrifiant à base de composés monoéthyléniques
GB37792/66A GB1141548A (en) 1961-04-10 1966-08-23 Improvements in lubricants and lubricated structures
DE19661594450 DE1594450C (de) 1965-12-29 1966-12-29 Schmiermittel

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US18088462A 1962-03-19 1962-03-19
US522014A US3280027A (en) 1961-04-10 1965-12-29 Lubricants and lubricated structures

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3449440A (en) * 1965-06-03 1969-06-10 Chevron Res Polyalkylene sulfides,sulfoxides and sulfones
US3499504A (en) * 1968-08-15 1970-03-10 Gen Electric Lubricated movable and interacting components for use in machines and a method for forming and breaking in such components
US3507792A (en) * 1967-11-30 1970-04-21 Sinclair Research Inc Biodegradable,water-dispersible lubricant compositions
US3514168A (en) * 1968-08-15 1970-05-26 Gen Electric Dynamoelectric machine incorporating a lubricated thrust bearing system
US4392753A (en) * 1979-10-03 1983-07-12 Permawick Bearing Corporation Cartridge bearing assembly
US4599006A (en) * 1979-10-03 1986-07-08 Permawick Bearing Corporation Cartridge bearing assembly
US5478368A (en) * 1990-04-19 1995-12-26 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Additives for distillate fuels and distillate fuels containing them
US5593466A (en) * 1985-09-06 1997-01-14 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Oil and fuel oil compositions
US5716911A (en) * 1990-10-26 1998-02-10 Virginia Tech Intellectual Property, Inc. Method for reducing friction and wear of rubbing surfaces using anti-wear compounds in gaseous phase
US5839311A (en) * 1996-09-17 1998-11-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composition to aid in the forming of metal
US5851964A (en) * 1997-01-31 1998-12-22 Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. Wear reduction using cyclic amide compounds
US6043201A (en) * 1996-09-17 2000-03-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composition for cutting and abrasive working of metal
US6294508B1 (en) 1996-09-17 2001-09-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Composition comprising lubricious additive for cutting or abrasive working and a method therefor
US20050023042A1 (en) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-03 Smith International, Inc. Dynamic seal with soft interface
US9192973B1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-11-24 Meier Tool & Engineering, Inc. Drawing process for titanium

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2020714A (en) * 1932-10-12 1935-11-12 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Lubricating hydrocarbon product
US2204597A (en) * 1937-02-23 1940-06-18 Standard Oil Co Compounded lubricant
US2257969A (en) * 1939-05-18 1941-10-07 Standard Oil Co Lubricant
US2788326A (en) * 1950-12-26 1957-04-09 Shell Dev Extreme pressure lubricant

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2020714A (en) * 1932-10-12 1935-11-12 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Lubricating hydrocarbon product
US2204597A (en) * 1937-02-23 1940-06-18 Standard Oil Co Compounded lubricant
US2257969A (en) * 1939-05-18 1941-10-07 Standard Oil Co Lubricant
US2788326A (en) * 1950-12-26 1957-04-09 Shell Dev Extreme pressure lubricant

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3449440A (en) * 1965-06-03 1969-06-10 Chevron Res Polyalkylene sulfides,sulfoxides and sulfones
US3507792A (en) * 1967-11-30 1970-04-21 Sinclair Research Inc Biodegradable,water-dispersible lubricant compositions
US3499504A (en) * 1968-08-15 1970-03-10 Gen Electric Lubricated movable and interacting components for use in machines and a method for forming and breaking in such components
US3514168A (en) * 1968-08-15 1970-05-26 Gen Electric Dynamoelectric machine incorporating a lubricated thrust bearing system
US4392753A (en) * 1979-10-03 1983-07-12 Permawick Bearing Corporation Cartridge bearing assembly
US4599006A (en) * 1979-10-03 1986-07-08 Permawick Bearing Corporation Cartridge bearing assembly
US5593466A (en) * 1985-09-06 1997-01-14 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Oil and fuel oil compositions
US5478368A (en) * 1990-04-19 1995-12-26 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Additives for distillate fuels and distillate fuels containing them
US5716911A (en) * 1990-10-26 1998-02-10 Virginia Tech Intellectual Property, Inc. Method for reducing friction and wear of rubbing surfaces using anti-wear compounds in gaseous phase
US5839311A (en) * 1996-09-17 1998-11-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composition to aid in the forming of metal
US6043201A (en) * 1996-09-17 2000-03-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composition for cutting and abrasive working of metal
US6294508B1 (en) 1996-09-17 2001-09-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Composition comprising lubricious additive for cutting or abrasive working and a method therefor
US5851964A (en) * 1997-01-31 1998-12-22 Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. Wear reduction using cyclic amide compounds
US20050023042A1 (en) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-03 Smith International, Inc. Dynamic seal with soft interface
US7117961B2 (en) * 2003-07-31 2006-10-10 Smith International, Inc. Dynamic seal with soft interface
US9192973B1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-11-24 Meier Tool & Engineering, Inc. Drawing process for titanium

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1286248B (de) 1969-01-02
GB988062A (en) 1965-04-07
GB1141548A (en) 1969-01-29
DE1594450A1 (de) 1970-10-01

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