US3244929A - Multi-work function cathode - Google Patents

Multi-work function cathode Download PDF

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Publication number
US3244929A
US3244929A US161849A US16184961A US3244929A US 3244929 A US3244929 A US 3244929A US 161849 A US161849 A US 161849A US 16184961 A US16184961 A US 16184961A US 3244929 A US3244929 A US 3244929A
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United States
Prior art keywords
zone
sintered
work function
electrode
electronic work
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US161849A
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English (en)
Inventor
Kuhl Bernhard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
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Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/073—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps
    • H01J61/0735—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps characterised by the material of the electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J1/02—Main electrodes
    • H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
    • H01J1/20—Cathodes heated indirectly by an electric current; Cathodes heated by electron or ion bombardment
    • H01J1/28—Dispenser-type cathodes, e.g. L-cathode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/02—Details
    • H01J17/04—Electrodes; Screens
    • H01J17/06—Cathodes
    • H01J17/066—Cold cathodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/0064—Tubes with cold main electrodes (including cold cathodes)
    • H01J2893/0065—Electrode systems
    • H01J2893/0066—Construction, material, support, protection and temperature regulation of electrodes; Electrode cups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sintered electrodes for gaseous and/or vapor discharge lamps, and more particularly to high pressure discharge lamps or devices, the sintered electrode body of which contains at least one of the oxides of barium, calcium, thorium and at least one high-melting metal, as tungsten, molybdenum and the like.
  • cathodes which consist of a porous sintered body of a metal of high melting point in which oxides of the alkaline earth metals and of aluminum are embedded.
  • cathodes for electric discharge devices are known in which a porous sintered body of refractory metal, such as tungsten or molybdenum, is interspersed with emission-stimulating substances and in which the cathode body consists alternately of layers of thorium compounds and refractory metals and is provided with a covering layer of tungsten or molybdenum.
  • Such electrodes constitute a storage cathode in which, within a porous covering, the percentage of emission-stimulating substance is not limited. All of these well-known electrodes are porous storage cathodes which require either too high igniting voltage, especially at low ambient temperatures, or which in operation of the lamp tend toa very early blackening of the discharge device envelope due to strong sputtering.
  • the present invention is directed to provision of an electrode of such a construction and produced in such a manner that in the use thereof the functions occurring in the electrode on ignition and those during operation are separated.
  • the invention proposes a cathode having distinct zones differing in vaporization speed and in electronic Work function.
  • the invention accomplishes a much slower depletion of the emission characteristic of the cathode than with prior art cathodes.
  • Another object of the invention is to both delay and diminish blackening of the envelope in which the cathode is employed.
  • An important object of the invention is to lower the required starting voltage for striking the arc to the cathode.
  • the inice sure mercury lamp as an example of an electric discharge device utilizing the improved electrode of the present invention.
  • FIGURES 2, 3 and 4 are longitudinal sections, very much enlarged from actual size, of electrodes embodying the invention, and respectively showing three forms thereof which may be employed in accordance with my concept.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a general example of a discharge device or lamp designated by numeral 1, coaxially within which, near opposite ends thereof, are electrodes 2 in opposed coaxial alignment.
  • the space within the lamp between the electrodes is known as the discharge space.
  • each electrode comprises two joined bodies 5, 6 having ends juxtaposed to each other and in the final state of fabrication are sintered together at said ends.
  • the other ends of said bodies are remote from each other in axial direction, so that the far end of one body 5 faces its respective lamp stem whereas the far end of the other body 6 faces toward the discharge space and therefore toward vention obtains a cathode which avoids rectifier effect on starting the arc in the lamp or device in which used.
  • a further object of the invention is to accomplish operation with a low D.C. percentage and a lower H.F. interference from previously used electrodes.
  • Another object is to provide a structure which is readily and economically manufactured.
  • FIGURE 1 shows, in longitudinal sect-ion, a high presthe other electrode.
  • These said bodies constitute respectively what will be descriptively termed a starting zone 5 and an operating zone 6 for an electric are produced between the two electrodes in operation of the lamp.
  • the materials composing the two said bodies differ in certain respects from each other and the electrodes are formed :by compression and sintering of those materials all of which will be explained in greater detail in the description given herebelow.
  • the materials used for constituting the said bodies 5, 6, and arrangement of said bodies are such that the two zones, exposed at the exterior of the electrode, are provided having different vaporization speed and different electronic work function one from the other.
  • Said body 5, which is at that part of the electrode more remote from or turned away from the discharge space, is composed of materials having a lower electronic work function, that zone only being subjected to temperatures of 1050 3 to 1300" C.
  • electrodes contain several peripherally superposed layers in order to give the outer layer a very low electronic work function, whereas the electrode according to the present invention contains adjacent exposed zones of different vaporization Speeds and work functions of the emitter constituents on the exposed surfaces thereof, so that the different functions of the electrode -in the gas 'cli'schargestarting and operationmay be obtained.
  • the different electrode zones may be arranged as shown in FIG. 2 in such a manner that the sintered body zone of lower electronic work function is located and exposed as a cylinder more remote in axial direction from the discharge area by being axially behind a similar, though longer, cylinder body zone 6 of higher electronic work function.
  • zone 5 has an emission mixture of low electronic work function, it has higher emissive power than zone 6 beyond it, and will very effectively function as the starting zone, and during and a short time after starting, the arc appends thereto.
  • Operating zone 6 is located in the lamp axially in front of starting zone 5 and is composed of a more tempera'ture-proof emission mixture, has a lower vaporization speed and has a higher electronic work function.
  • the arc appends initially to the starting zone 5 upon instigation when the pressure is low because of its low gradient to that place where the cathode voltage drop is the lowest, which is at zone 5.
  • the arc jumps over to operating zone 6 because the sum of voltage drop in the arc plus cathode and anode drop becomes smaller.
  • FIG. 3 again there is a starting zone 5 of an emission mixture of lower electronic work function.
  • the forward end of the body of zone 5 is blocked off by surface contact with the rear end of the juxtaposed body of operating zone 6.
  • the periphery of the starting zone body is surrounded peripherally by an annular apron extension formed as part of the body of said operating Zone, said starting zone body 5 having a smaller diameter than the operating zone body so as to be accommodated within said annular sleeve.
  • the end of the start ing zone body 5 toward the lamp bulb stem is exposed, and consequently the arc may be initiated thereat since the same conditions of pressure and low gradient explained above likewise prevail.
  • 3 may be performed, if desired, by first shaping and compressing the material composing operating zone body with its integral annular apron by use of a female mold andmale plunger, and then replacing the plunger with a filling of material in the formed apron to compose the starting electrode pressed therein. The formed electrode is then sintered.
  • the starting zone body may be performed under pressure in its cylindrical shape, and, if preferred, may also be pre-sintered before assembly with the other body zone 6.
  • the preformed starting zone body 5 will be introduced into the mold containing the material composing the said other body zone 5, which is appropriately compressed and then the complete electrode sintered.
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates the resultant electrode wherein, before inserting, there has been an intermingling of the constituent materials of the two zones 5 and 6 at the region 5/6 of meetingof said zones in forming the electrode. This intermingling is occasioned when introduc ing the respective materials into the forming mold.
  • the electrode periphery is a true cylinder having a constant diameter throughout its length.
  • the starting electrode zone 5 is exposed as part of the length of the cylindrical peripheral surface of'the electrode, whereas in FIG. 3, the starting electrode Zone 5
  • some part of the sintered is exposed only at its end.
  • the core pin enters the starting zone body 5 contiguous to the exposed end of said starting zone.
  • the end of the electrode core pin toward the discharge space projects, suitably, into the operating zone 6 of higher electronic work function, and said pin end may be covered by a thin layer of the material of that zone,-as shown in FIGS.
  • the core pin 4 is coaxial-1y within the two zone bodies 5, 6, and has a diameter proportioned to the diameter of the electrode periphery such that it is within the range of 1 to 2 up to l to '5. As a specific instance, in a fifty watt high pressure mercury lamp,
  • the pin appropriately has a diameter of 0.6 mm. and the electrode periphery has a diameter of 2 mm. In lamps of other wattages, the dimensions will of course be different from the ones just mentioned.
  • the discharge are strikes at its appendage surface Where the lowest possible voltage drop appears, and this will be at or near the electrode pin because the sintered body itself has a relatively high resistance.
  • the outer dimensions of the sintered bodies are, suitably, such that the temperature thereof in the vicinity of operating arc appendage amounts to about 1800-2300 C. and in the starting zone remote from the operating arc appendage, to about 1050-1300 C.
  • the proportion of the diameter to the length of the sintered body is as low as practical, since a short body 5, 6 has a short starting time.
  • a compound of 40-70% and prefer-ably 65% by weight of thorium oxide, ThO 10-40% and preferably 25.5% by weight of barium carbonate, BaCO 5-20% and preferably 8.5% by weight of calcium carbonate, CaCQ and 05-50% and preferably 1.0% by weight of finely divided silicon dioxide, SiO has proven favorable.
  • a mixture is made of said compound with tun'g sten in proportion by weight of 60% to 40% respectively, whereas for making the body of higher electronic work function of zone 6, a mixture is made in proportion of 20% to of the compound and tungsten powder respectively.
  • Another favorable emission mixture for the sintered body starting body Zone 5 of low electronic work func-' tion has been obtained by admixing 60-95%, preferably 80% by weight, of tungsten powder to 5-40% preferably 20% byweight of a compound comprising approximate preferred amounts of 25% of barium oxide, 9% of calcium oxide, 65% of thorium oxide, and 1% of silicon monoxide.
  • a favor able emission mixture for the sintered body operating zone 6 of higher electronic work function may comprise 2-30% and preferably v by weight of 5BaO-2Al O with 70-98% and preferably by weight, of tungsten powder, with respect to which the percentage of aluminum is in the range of 0.05% to 1.0%, preferably .1% by weight.
  • a further decrease in blackening of the discharge device envelope may be attained by further admixing 0.05-3.0% by weight, preferably 1.0% of Z rO
  • Another favorable emission mixture for the sintered body zone 6 of higher electronic work function may consist of admixing 60-70% of the aforementioned compound of barium oxide, calcium oxide, thorium oxide and finely divided silicon monoxide with 30-40% by weight of tungsten powder.
  • the sintered body is preferably compressed with said core pin 4 located in place coaxially therein.
  • the presing power is chosen in amount such that the pressed body does not fall asunder, but, on the other hand, without making the compressed body too compact. Pressures of 1000-5000 kg./cm. preferably about 3000 kg./cm. have been used successfully. After the body has been compressed, it is sintered, using a temperature in the range of 2100" to 2300 C.
  • the emission ingredients are used up slowly, and are, therefore, sufiicient for many thousands of startings and operating hours, and for the extent of such use the discharge envelope or bulb is blackened very little.
  • Starting voltage with the electrodes of this invention is lower than with other known discharge lamps.
  • On starting the arc in the lamp of the herein disclosed lamp no rectifier effect occurs.
  • the discharge burns after starting in a silent are; there are brought about a low D.C. percentage only and lower H.F. interference than with generally used electrodes.
  • the costs of manufacturing sintered electrodes according to this invention are, in production of large quantities of the lamps, lower than for electrodes known heretofore.
  • a sintered electrode of the character described comprising two exposed electronic emissive sintered zones a first one of which has a higher electronic work function than the second one and the second one has a lower electronic work function than the first, and said first sintered zone comprising a mixture of 5BaO-2Al O with powdered tungsten in the range of 70-98% by weight, and in which the percentage of Al is in the range of 0.05-1.0% by weight.
  • a sintered electrode of the character described comprising two exposed electronic emissive sintered zones a first one of which has a higher electronic work function than the second one and the second one has a lower electronic work function than the first, and said first sintered zone of higher electronic work function comprising a compound of barium oxide, calcium oxide, thorium oxide and finely divided silicon monoxide, said compound being mixed with tungsten powder in the range of 60-95% by weight.
  • a sintered electrode of the character described comprising two exposed electronic 'em-issive sintered zones a first one of which has a higher electronic work function than the second one and the second one has a lower electronic work function than the first, and said second sintered zone of lower electronic work function comprising a compound of barium oxide, calcium oxide, thorium oxide and finely divided silicon monoxide, said compound being mixed with tungsten powder in the range of 30-40% by weight.
  • An electrode of the character described comprising a plural body of exposed electronic emissive sintered zones of different vaporization speed and of different electronic work function, each of said sintered zones having as active ingredients but with different proportions thereof a compound of thorium oxide in the range of 40-70% by weight, barium carbonate in the range of 10-40% by weight, calcium carbonate in the range of 5-20% by weight, and silicon dioxide in the range of 0.055.0% by weight.
  • a sintered electrode for electric discharge devices more particularly high pressure discharge lamps having an envelope with discharge space therein; said electrode comprising a sintered body containing at least a substance selected from the group consisting of the oxide-s of barium, calcium and thorium and at least one high-melting metal; a core pin of high-melting metal in said body; and said body having exposed electron emiss'i-ve sintered zones of different vaporization speed and of different electronic work function; the one sintered zone having lower vaporization speed has the higher electronic work function and is located toward the end of the electrode most proximate to the discharge space, whereas the second sintered zone having higher vaporization speed has lower electronic work tunction and is located toward the other end of the electrode more remote in axial direction from the discharge space; one of said sintered zones containing a greater proportion of high-melting metal than an adjacent sintered zone, the sintered zone located more proximate to the discharge space being the one containing said greater proportion of high-melting metal than the other sintered zone; and said sintered zones

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US161849A 1961-01-02 1961-12-26 Multi-work function cathode Expired - Lifetime US3244929A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP26325A DE1187730B (de) 1961-01-02 1961-01-02 Elektrode fuer Gas- und/oder Dampfentladungslampen

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US (1) US3244929A (ko)
BE (1) BE612125A (ko)
CH (1) CH401261A (ko)
DE (1) DE1187730B (ko)
GB (1) GB953023A (ko)
NL (1) NL272981A (ko)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3505557A (en) * 1966-12-14 1970-04-07 Philips Corp Indirectly heated cathode having portions with different thermal relations with a heater
US3548242A (en) * 1967-05-16 1970-12-15 Sylvania Electric Prod High pressure electric discharge device and cathode
US3558964A (en) * 1968-10-21 1971-01-26 Gen Electric High current thermionic hollow cathode lamp
US3911309A (en) * 1972-09-18 1975-10-07 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Electrode comprising a porous sintered body
US3970888A (en) * 1973-07-23 1976-07-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Tungsten-thorium dioxide-aluminum oxide mass for a high-temperature-resistant emission electrode and process for the production thereof
US4097762A (en) * 1975-08-14 1978-06-27 International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation Xenon arc discharge lamp having a particular electrode composition and wherein the arc discharge is obtained without heating the electrode
JPS5523813U (ko) * 1978-07-26 1980-02-15
US4494035A (en) * 1980-11-07 1985-01-15 Thomson-Csf Thermoelectric cathode for a hyperfrequency valve and valves incorporating such cathodes
US5847498A (en) * 1994-12-23 1998-12-08 Philips Electronics North America Corporation Multiple layer composite electrodes for discharge lamps
US5979187A (en) * 1995-12-16 1999-11-09 Churchley; Martin Ross Lamp construction and method for forming
US6218025B1 (en) 1996-12-18 2001-04-17 Patent- Truchand-Gesellschaft Fuer Elektrische Gluelampen Mbh Sintering electrode
US6437509B1 (en) * 1997-12-20 2002-08-20 Thomas Eggers Electrode for discharge lamps
WO2008074361A1 (de) * 2006-12-18 2008-06-26 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Elektrode für eine entladungslampe
NL1032426C2 (nl) * 2005-09-02 2009-05-25 Sony Corp Elektrische ontladingselektrode met hoge spanning van het type met korte lichtboog, elektrische ontladingsbuis met hoge spanning van het type met korte lichtboog, elektrische ontladingslichtbroninrichting met hoge spanning van het type met korte lichtboog en werkwijzen voor het vervaardigen daarvan.
CN101047105B (zh) * 2006-03-29 2011-03-30 优志旺电机株式会社 高压放电灯

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5241736Y2 (ko) * 1973-01-05 1977-09-21
HU179748B (en) * 1974-01-15 1982-12-28 Ferenc Puskas Cathode of a metal ceramic sintered body produced by dust metalurgy for closing discharge tube of sodium vapour lamp and process for the production thereof
DE4114487A1 (de) * 1991-05-03 1992-11-05 Wilhelm Dr Ing Ziegenbein Hochleistungs-gluehkathode
DE102013203738A1 (de) * 2013-03-05 2014-09-11 Von Ardenne Gmbh Gasentladungslampe und Verfahren zu ihrer Ansteuerung

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US1520794A (en) * 1921-06-03 1924-12-30 Frederick W Zons Refractory alloy for wires and rods
US1922244A (en) * 1930-09-13 1933-08-15 Fansteel Prod Co Inc Electrode and method of making the same
US2185410A (en) * 1938-09-30 1940-01-02 Rca Corp Metal compositions
US2202108A (en) * 1937-07-13 1940-05-28 Company Fidelity Union Trust Refractory metal composition
US2460739A (en) * 1946-04-17 1949-02-01 Gen Electric Electrode construction
US2473550A (en) * 1947-08-19 1949-06-21 Raytheon Mfg Co Directly heated cathode
US2492142A (en) * 1945-10-17 1949-12-27 Kenneth J Germeshausen Electric system embodying coldcathode gaseous discharge device
US2886737A (en) * 1949-11-11 1959-05-12 Fruengel Frank Quick-responsive spark gap device

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DE295395C (ko) *
DE692702C (de) * 1934-09-15 1940-06-25 Osram G M B H Komm Ges Elektrisches Entladungsgefaess, insbesondere elektrische Metalldampflampe, mit entladungsgeheizter Elektrode
BE463969A (ko) * 1940-11-25
DE968579C (de) * 1941-09-02 1958-03-06 Felix Mueller Dr Ing Elektrische Hochdruck-Entladungsroehre fuer Beleuchtungs- und Strahlungszwecke
DE929379C (de) * 1949-07-01 1955-06-27 Lumalampan Ab Elektrode fuer elektrische Niederdruck-Entladungsroehren
AT176613B (de) * 1951-07-17 1953-11-10 Philips Nv Vorratskathode
DE971276C (de) * 1952-02-12 1958-12-31 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Kathode fuer elektrische Entladungsgefaesse

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1520794A (en) * 1921-06-03 1924-12-30 Frederick W Zons Refractory alloy for wires and rods
US1922244A (en) * 1930-09-13 1933-08-15 Fansteel Prod Co Inc Electrode and method of making the same
US2202108A (en) * 1937-07-13 1940-05-28 Company Fidelity Union Trust Refractory metal composition
US2185410A (en) * 1938-09-30 1940-01-02 Rca Corp Metal compositions
US2492142A (en) * 1945-10-17 1949-12-27 Kenneth J Germeshausen Electric system embodying coldcathode gaseous discharge device
US2460739A (en) * 1946-04-17 1949-02-01 Gen Electric Electrode construction
US2473550A (en) * 1947-08-19 1949-06-21 Raytheon Mfg Co Directly heated cathode
US2886737A (en) * 1949-11-11 1959-05-12 Fruengel Frank Quick-responsive spark gap device

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3505557A (en) * 1966-12-14 1970-04-07 Philips Corp Indirectly heated cathode having portions with different thermal relations with a heater
US3548242A (en) * 1967-05-16 1970-12-15 Sylvania Electric Prod High pressure electric discharge device and cathode
US3558964A (en) * 1968-10-21 1971-01-26 Gen Electric High current thermionic hollow cathode lamp
US3911309A (en) * 1972-09-18 1975-10-07 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Electrode comprising a porous sintered body
US3970888A (en) * 1973-07-23 1976-07-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Tungsten-thorium dioxide-aluminum oxide mass for a high-temperature-resistant emission electrode and process for the production thereof
US4097762A (en) * 1975-08-14 1978-06-27 International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation Xenon arc discharge lamp having a particular electrode composition and wherein the arc discharge is obtained without heating the electrode
JPS5523813U (ko) * 1978-07-26 1980-02-15
US4494035A (en) * 1980-11-07 1985-01-15 Thomson-Csf Thermoelectric cathode for a hyperfrequency valve and valves incorporating such cathodes
US5847498A (en) * 1994-12-23 1998-12-08 Philips Electronics North America Corporation Multiple layer composite electrodes for discharge lamps
US5979187A (en) * 1995-12-16 1999-11-09 Churchley; Martin Ross Lamp construction and method for forming
US6218025B1 (en) 1996-12-18 2001-04-17 Patent- Truchand-Gesellschaft Fuer Elektrische Gluelampen Mbh Sintering electrode
US6437509B1 (en) * 1997-12-20 2002-08-20 Thomas Eggers Electrode for discharge lamps
NL1032426C2 (nl) * 2005-09-02 2009-05-25 Sony Corp Elektrische ontladingselektrode met hoge spanning van het type met korte lichtboog, elektrische ontladingsbuis met hoge spanning van het type met korte lichtboog, elektrische ontladingslichtbroninrichting met hoge spanning van het type met korte lichtboog en werkwijzen voor het vervaardigen daarvan.
CN101047105B (zh) * 2006-03-29 2011-03-30 优志旺电机株式会社 高压放电灯
WO2008074361A1 (de) * 2006-12-18 2008-06-26 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Elektrode für eine entladungslampe
US20100039035A1 (en) * 2006-12-18 2010-02-18 Adam Kotowicz Electrode for a Discharge Lamp
US8138662B2 (en) 2006-12-18 2012-03-20 Osram Ag Electrode for a discharge lamp

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Publication number Publication date
DE1187730B (de) 1965-02-25
GB953023A (en) 1964-03-25
BE612125A (fr) 1962-04-16
NL272981A (ko)
CH401261A (de) 1965-10-31

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