Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
  • A24B3/14—Forming reconstituted tobacco products, e.g. wrapper materials, sheets, imitation leaves, rods, cakes; Forms of such products
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
  • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
  • A24B15/12—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of reconstituted tobacco

Definitions

• This invention relates to the manufacture of coherent tobacco products suitable for smoking and more particularly to such tobacco products in the form of a leaf or Patent foil with an appearance and other physical qualities that i they may be applied as the outer wrapper of cigars, cigarillos and the like in lieu of leaf tobacco ordinarily used as such Wrapper.
• Another broad class of prior processes involves the preparation of a binding agent in a fluid condition and the dispersion therein of finely divided or pulverized tobacco.
• the product is a coherent mass in which the tobacco particles are bonded or held together by a matrix of binding agent.
• This type of product is generally not suitable for use as cigar wrapper because of appearance and other physical limitations. Additionally, such product gives an undesirable smoke taste because of the substantial presence of binding agent.
• a primary object of this invention is to convert tobacco into a continuous foil or sheet that in appearance, suppleness, elasticity and smoke taste is admirably suited for use as Wrapper in the manufacture of cigars.
• Another important object is to process tobacco in such manner that the tobacco develops cohesive and film-forming properties.
• a fundamental feature of the invention involves the treatment of tobacco to develop cohesiveness from the substances naturally present therein.
• tobacco is placed in water and heated while in water in a sealed zone also containing oxygen at elevated pressure.
• Such processing of tobacco is basically an autoclaving operation in which the tobacco, desirably in comminuted form, is suspended in water and the aqueous suspension in an autoclave or equivalent vessel is heated while in contact with a pressurized atmosphere containing oxygen. Since oxygen is essential to the autoclaving of the aqueous suspension of tobacco, it is preferred to use a concentrated form of oxygen such as commerciahgrade oxygen of at least 95% by volume purity obtained by the liquefaction and rectification of air.
• the partial pressure of oxygen in the autoclave measured at room temperature (about 77 F.), is at least 70 pounds per square inch gauge (p.s.i.g.) and preferably is at least 300 p.s.i.g.
• p.s.i.g. pounds per square inch gauge
• the autoclaving temperature is at least 265 F. and most frequently falls in the range of about 285 to 320 F. A temperature in excess of 340 F. is rarely employed.
• the aqueous tobacco suspension is maintained at the desired autoclaving temperature for at least 5 minutes and more generally for a period in the range of 10 to 40 minutes.
• the autoclaved aqueous tobacco suspension has sufficient cohesive property that it may be dried to a coherent form such as shreds, rods, filaments and sheets. While the tobacco may initially be in a finely divided state when charged to the autoclave, it is preferred to supply to the autoclave tobacco cut or chopped to pieces having dimensions of the order of one inch. Desirably, such chopped tobacco should have not more than 10% by weight of particles passing through a 16-rnesh screen. Particularly One broad class of these prior procwhen the autoclaved suspension or slurry contains coarse particles of tobacco, the slurry is homogenized to a substantially uniform, creamy pulp that may be spread evenly in subsequent operations involved in making a tobacco sheet or similar coherent product.
• a valve-type homogenizer operating at a pressure of the order of at least 2000 p.s.i.g. is preferred for converting the aqueous suspension into a uniform homogenized pulp.
• the valve-type homogenizer may optionally be operated at pressures up to 5000 p.s.i.g. and higher but in the usual case there is no technical or economic justification for operating at pressures eyond 5000 p.s.i.g. Where the tobacco subjected to autoclaving is initially in the form of large fragments or coarse particles, it is advisable to pass the autoclaved aqueous tobacco suspension through a Rietz disintegrator and then through a valve-type homogenizer.
• the creamy homogenized pulp of autoclaved tobacco may be spread or cast as a film on a suitable support such as a stainless steel belt and dried to a coherent tobacco sheet. Often, this creamy pulp may have a quantity of finely divided tobacco added thereto. This further quantity of tobacco is advantageously dry-ground to particles of which more than 99% by weight pass through a 100- mesh screen and more than 25% by weight pass through a ZOO-mesh screen.
• the creamy pulp of autoclaved tobacco serves as the aqueous binding agent for the fine particles of dry-ground tobacco.
• An autoclave conveniently provides the sealed zone requisite for heating an aqueous suspension of tobacco in the presence of pressurized oxygen in accordance with this invention.
• the autoclave is equipped with a moderate speed stirrer, i.e., a stirrer having a speed in the approximate range of 200 to 1500 revolutions per minute.
• a stirred autoclave the oomrninution of the tobacco to be treated therein may be minimized'to the extent that even physically tough tobacco stems previously cut to coarse pieces of about A to /2 inch in length may be used.
• the benefit of treating coarse particles of tobacco in the autoclave appears to lie in fiber preservation.
• Tobacco fiber fragments which survive the process of converting comrninuted tobacco into a continuous sheet improve both the tensile strength and flexibility of that sheet.
• the tobacco entering the autoclave is in the form of coarse particles
• use of a valve-type homogenizer operating at an elevated pressure of the order of at least 2000 p.s.i.g. is favored since homogenization is thereby achieved without complete fiber destruction or disappearance.
• humectants and plasticizers such as glycerol, sorbitol and various glycols are generally used in tobacco smoking products to avoid excessive drying and embrittlement of the tobacco prior to smoking.
• Humectants and plasticizers are desirably incorporated in the productsof this invention at any point in the process after all or part of the tobacco has been treated in the autoclave.
• Humectants and plasticizers in an amount usually not exceeding about 10% by weight and frequently not exceeding about by weight of the total tobacco content are conveniently added to the homogenized pulp of autoclaved tobacco.
• Humectantsand plasticizers may be even added to the final product of the invention, e.g.,. a tobacco sheet, by applying such materials, usually in-aqueous solution, as a coating or spray on the tobacco sheet.
• the autoclaved tobacco pulp with or without dryground tobacco may be converted to a continuous tobacco sheet on a stainless steel conveyor belt equipped with a film applicator such as a reverse roll coater and with drying hoods, all as shown in U.S. Patent 2,747,583.
• a film applicator such as a reverse roll coater and with drying hoods
• Such technique is illustrated in U.S. Patent 2,155,453. In this way, a very high drying speed is attained without impairment of the final product.
• the aqueous layer of autoclaved tobacco applied on the conveyor belt is dried to an adherent film that is more readily removable from the belt after reordering, i.e., conditioning with moisture.
• U.S. Patent 2,747,583 demonstrates reordering of the adherent film with a fine water mist from a spray nozzle which may desirably be enclosed by a humidification chamber as illustrated in U.S. Patent 2,867,220.
• a spongy roller maintained continuously wet with water, may be disposed in rotating contact with the conveyor belt so that the dry tobacco film is moistened as it passes under the roller.
• humectants and plasticizers like glycerol may be admixed with the water used in reordering the tobacco film.
• An advantageous way of reordering the dry tobacco film is to cool the hot conveyor belt leaving the drying zone, as by spraying water against the uncoated side, and impinging steam against the tobacco film.
• the steam penetrates the tobacco film and condenses therein to effect the desired reordering.
• the reordered tobacco film is then removed or peeled from the conveyor belt and wound up as a roll of continuous tobacco sheet as shown in U.S. Patent 2,747,583.
• a doctor blade is used to facilitate parting of the tobacco sheet from the surface of the belt.
• the sheet may be cut into pieces, such as squares with sides measuring 2 or 3 inches, as it is removed from the conveyor belt so that these pieces which are collected in suitable bins may subsequently be easily blended, prior to shredding, with tobacco leaves going into the cigarettes or pipe tobacco.
• Example I Fermented Connecticut shade tobacco of 1957 was passed through a hammermill in a moist condition so as to produce a minimum of dust.
• To 1400 parts of hot tap water were added 75 parts of the comminuted tobacco.
• substantially pure oxygen was bubbled up through the mixture for 30 seconds when the vent valve at the top of the autoclave was closed and the pressure was allowed to build up to 450 p.s.i.g.
• the flow of oxygen was stopped and the contents of the autoclave were stirred at about 500 r.p.m. (revolutions per minute). After about 3 minutes, oxygen was again introduced into the autoclave merely to adjust the pressure back to 450 p.s.i.g.
• the mixture in the autoclave was rapidly cooled to a temperature of about F.
• the vent valve was opened to release the gas pressure remaining in the autoclave and the aqueous tobacco suspension was transferred while still hot to a Waring Blendor where it was homogenized to a uniform creamy pulp in one minute.
• the extremely short homogenizing period is a significant advantage of the auto claving treatment of this invention because in the absence of oxygen it has been found that the autoclaved tobacco requires considerably more homogenization to convert it to a creamy pulp that can be spread evenly.
• the creamy pulp was spread evenly on a stainless steel band which was subsequently heated with steam condensing on the underside of the steel band in order to dry the autoclaved and homogenized tobacco coating to a coherent sheet.
• the dried coating on the steel surface was rehumidified and stripped as a tobacco sheet approximately 0.003 inch thick.
• the tobacco sheet had a pleasing appearance and a golden brown color similar to that of some grades of Wrapper leaf tobacco.
• the tensile strength of the tobacco sheet was 220 grams per square millimeter. When it was applied as wrapper to cigar bunches and the cigars thus made were smoked, they were found to have a very agreeable smoke taste.
• Example 2 Burley tobacco stems were flaked by passage between steel rollers operating at dilferent speeds. Seventy-five parts of this flaked stern were placed in the autoclave used in Example 1 together with 1425 parts of hot water. Oxygen was then added to this mixture under agitation to a pressure of 200 p.s.ig. The temperature of the autoclave contents was raised to 302 F. and held there for 20 minutes. The oxygen-treated stem slurry was cooled rapidly and then passed 6 times through a valve-type homogenizer at a pressure of 3000 p.s.ig.
• the tobacco sheet otherwise was made as already described. This sheet was somewhat lighter in color than the sheet first described in this example. The two sheets were equal in strength even though the modified sheet had been made with less homogenization (at 2000 p.s.i.g. instead of 3000 p.s.i.g.). The modified sheet was also found to pass the comparative cigarette smoking test.
• Example 3 Seventy-five parts of shed-cured Connecticut all-purpose tobacco, hamrnermilled so that at least 80% by weight passed through a 16-mesh screen but not more than 20% pased through a SO-mesh screen were suspended in 1400 parts of water.
• oxygen was introduced so as to attain a pressure of 450 p.s.i.g. at equilibrium.
• the temperature of the autoclave contents was raised during 30 minutes to 302 F. This temperature was maintained for 20 minutes and without cooling the contents of the autoclave were discharged through a lo-mesh screen into a cold receiving vessel.
• the oxygen pressure within the autoclave was sufficient to effect this discharge.
• This sheet had a tensile strength of 265 grams per square millimeter, quite sui ficient for mechanical application as a binder in the manufacture of cigars. Cigars made with this sheet as a binder were of excellent smoking quality.
• Example 4 Nine parts of baled-sweated Wisconsin tobacco of filler grade, Wet hammermvetted to pass a A-inch screen, were agitated together with 91 parts of water in a vessel fitted with a removable screen basket (20-mesh). After 20 minutes, the basket waslittcd from the vessel, allowing the water to drain from the tobacco. The water remaining in the tank contained very fine particles of tobacco and a sludge consisting of soil and other contaminants which had adhered to the tobacco leaves. The sludge was allowed to settle for 5 minutes, whereupon thesupernatant water was pumped to a hopper where it was combined with the previously drained tobacco and fed by means of a screw conveyor into a Rietz disintegrator fitted with a 0.032-inch screen. 7
• the Rietzed slurry was adjusted to a total solid content of 7.5% by weight and placed in an agitated feed tank from where it was pumped by a metering pump at a rate of 26 to 28 parts per hour against a fluid pressure or" 600 p.s.i.g. (established by a regulating valve as described below) into a continuous process autoclave consisting of the following components:
• a pressurized oxygen source supplying oxygen to the slurry line at a rate of 2.5 parts per hour at a pressure of 605 to 610 p.s i.g.
• a back-pressure valve through which the slurry discharged continuously at a rate which maintained a pressure of 600 p.s.i.g. in the system.
• the cool tobacco slurry which discharged freely was passed once through a valve-type homogenizer at a pressure of 5000 p.s.i.g.
• To 100 parts of tobacco in the homogenized slurry were added 1 part of titanium dioxide, 6 parts of locust bean gum (in 1.5% by weight aqueous solution), 15 parts of glycerine and 0.00625 part of a water-soluble mint green dye.
• the blend was mixed for one hour. During the mixing, the viscosity of the mixture was reduced to 2000 centipoises at 50 F. by adding water.
• the tobacco sheet was cast and dried on a stainless steel belt as in Example 1.
• a thin coating of ethylcellulose was sprayed evenly onto the tobacco sheet for the purpose of building up water resistance in the sheet.
• the application of this coating was made by means of a compressed air actuated spray nozzle from a 2.5% by weight ethylcellulose solution in ethanol containing 0.25% polypropylene glycol (P1200).
• P1200 polypropylene glycol
• the coating was applied to the moving sheet at such a rate that 80 to milligrams of ethylcellulose were deposited per square foot of sheet.
• the alcohol was evaporated from the sheet by the residual heat still in the sheet and .in the belt.
• This wrapper was 0.0025 inch thick and had a tensile strength of 195 grams per square millimeter. Cigars made with this wrapper were judged to have a fine appearance and smoking quality.
• Example 5 Ripe leaves of Connecticut broadleaf tobacco were primed in the field from the stalk and dehydrated by placing them in a forced-draft oven at a temperature of F. for 24 hours. The weight of the leaves after drying was about 10% of the fresh weight. This dried material was hammermilled so that not more than 10% by weight passed a 16-mesh screen.
• Example 1 75 parts of the dried and hammermilled leaf were dispersed in 1000 parts of water, and oxygen was introduced to an equilibrated pressure of 350 p.s.i.g. The autoclave contents were heated in approximately 30 minutes to 302 F. and held at that temperature for 20 minutes. The autoclave was cooled, the oxygen pressure was released and the tobacco slurry withdrawn from the autoclave was treated for seconds in a Waring Blendor while still luke warm. A solution containing 7.5 parts of a commercial grade of hydroxyethylated starch dissolved in 100 parts of water by heating to 175 F. for 10 minutes was added as well as 10 parts of triethylene glycol as plasticizer and 0.56 part of titanium dioxide. After brief mixing to insure uniform distribution of all ingredients, the smooth slurry was cast, dried, coated with ethylcellulose, rehumidified and taken from the stainess steel belt in a manner similar to that already described in Examples 1 and 4.
• the tobacco sheet had a fine golden brown appearance. making it suitable for use as a cigar wrapper. It had ample tensile strength for mechanical app'ication on thecigar machine. Cigars made with this wrapper were judged by smoking experts to havea go'od smoke taste.
• Example 6 A- blnd of baled-sweated Wisconsin tobacco leaves was moistened with water to a level of about 22% by weight and passed through a chopper. The pieces of tobacco emerging from the cutter wereabout 1 inch in size. I Eighteen parts of this chopped tobacco were added to 165 parts of water and the mixture stirred in a tank fitted with a 14-mesh screen at the bottom. After minutes, the stirrer was stopped and the sludge portion allowed to settle out through the screen. A valve at the side of the tank, just above the screen was opened and the suspension of tobacco and water was run into a 20-mesh basket. The water which drained from the tobacco was combined with the sludge water which had drained through the screen in the" tank. This mixture of sludge water was allowed to settle for 5 minutesithe supernatant liquid was decanted and combined with the dewatered tobacco.
• the dry solid weight content of the tobacco slurry was adjusted to 7.75% by adding water to the mixture in a slurry tank.
• One hundred forty-six parts of this tobacco slurry were pumped into an autoclave equipped with a stirrer (about 500 revolutions per minute).
• the liquid charge filled approximately 70% of the autoclave.
• Oxygen was injected into the autoclave until the pressure was 620 p.s.i.g. when the vessel was sealed off and the contents heated to 300 F. in 21 minutes. At that temperature, the pressure was 985 p.s.i.g. and additional oxygen was introduced into the autoclave to raise the pressure to 1200 p.s.i.g.- as a precaution against the loss of oxygen by leakage.
• the batch was held at this temperature and pressure for- 40 minutes and was then cooled by circulating water through an annular jacket and through an internal coil.
• the discharge valve of a dip tube in the autoclave was opened and the contents were blown out into a receiving tank.
• the yield of autoclaved slurry was 141 parts. Thirty-two parts (containing 2.4 parts of dry tobacco) of this slurry, 0.032 part of titanium dioxide and 8 parts of water were placed in a laboratory pulp beater (Valley Beater) with 18 pounds on the armof the bed plate. After 1 hour of beating, the slurry temperature had decreased from 132 F. to 102 F.
• the beaten slurry was then cooled in a mixing vessel and 0.18 part of locust bean gum (as a 1.5% by weight aqueous solution), 0.084 part of diatomaceous earth, 0.43 part of 1,3 butylene glycol, 0.00015 part of water-soluble mint green dye (as a 0.1875% by weight aqueous solution) and 0.6 part of line cured tobacco powder (dry-ground to pass through a 100- mesh screen) were added.
• the viscosity of the mixture was adjusted to 3000 centipoises at 50 F. by the addition of water. After 30 minutes of mixing, the mixture was placed in vacuum vessel and subjected to a vacuum of 29 inches of mercury for 20 minutes.
• the mixture was then cast on a stainless steel belt by spreading under a series of three doctor blades reducing the wet film thickness by stages to a final value of 0.030
• Example 4 The film was dried in a manner identical with that 8 described in Example 1 and sprayed with a coating of ethylcellulose plasticized with polypropylene glycol as described in Example 4.
• the sheet was reordered by passing it, while still on the stainless steel belt, through a zone in which the belt was first cooled by water sprayed on the underside and then through a zone in which steam was impinged on the sheet through a series of nozzles.
• the cool belt condensed the steam bringing the moisture content of the sheet to 25% by weight.
• the reordered sheet was removed from the belt and wound up as a roll.
• This tobacco sheet (0.0025 inch in thickness) had the fine golden yellow color of a desirable cigar wrapper as well as the necessary elasticity required for use as a wrapper.
• the tensile strength of the sheet was 325 grams per square millimeter and its elongation was 5% when tested at 75% relative humidity and 72 F. Cigars made with this wrapper and smoked by experts were characterized as having a mild aroma, a good burn and fine white ash.
• Example 7 A blend of Wisconsin tobaccos was chopped and washed in a manner identical with that described in Example 6. After adjusting the total dry solids content of the slurry to 7.75% by weight by adding water, 162 parts of slurry were pumped to the stirred autoclave of Example 6. Oxygen was fed into the vessel up to a pressure of 620 p.s.i.g. and the autoclave contents were then heated in 22 minutes to 325 F. The pressure was 1125 p.s.i.g. at this temperature. Oxygen was again introduced to raise the pressure to 1200 p.s.i.g. At that pressure and at 325 F., the batch was held for 20 minutes when cooling was started.
• the stem slurry was placed in a basket centrifuge and alternately spun and washed until the efiluent ran practically colorless.
• the original 10 parts of stem yielded 35 parts of wet cake having a solids content of 14% by weight.
• Example 8 Five parts of fully bleached, softwood sulphate pulp "were dispersed into 95 parts of waterat 120 F. in a fiber pulping tank. Fifty parts of this pulp and 50 parts of Water were placed in a pilot-plant size beater (Cycle Beater) having a movable roll bar and a fixed bedplate.
• the pulp was beaten for a 4-hour period during which the weights on the roll bar arm were increased in stages from 20 to 70 pounds. At the end of this period, a sample of pulp removed from the beater showed a beating degree of 95 as measured in a Schopper-Riegler freeness tester. After beating, the free water was decanted from the fiber slurry.
• the tobaccosheet had a desirable greenish yellow color suitable for a cigar wrapper.
• the tensile strength was 305 grams per square millimeter and the elongation was 6.3
• the sheet was rated good in smoking quality.
• Example 9 A blend of Wisconsin tobaccos was brought to 20% by weight moisture content, chopped in a guillotine cutter to pieces of about 1.5 inches in size. The cut tobacco was then passed through a thrashing machine which separated the stems from the leaf blade. The final pieces of leaf blade ranged in size from about 0.5 to 1.5 inches while the stems were mostly 1 inch long.
• the blade portion was washed as described in Example 6 and fed into the stirred autoclave of that example as a slurry with a solids content of 7.75% by weight.
• vessel was charged with oxygen to a pressure of 620 p.s.i.g. and the contents were then heated in 15 minutes to 280 F. at which temperature the pressure was increased to 1200 p.s.i.g. by introducing additional oxygen. After 10 minutes, the autoclave contents were cooled to 180 F. and passed through the Rietz disintegrator and further cooled to 65' F. To 50 parts of this slurry was added 0.051 part of titanium dioxide and the mixture was passed through the valve-type homogenizer once at 2000 p.s.i.g.
• a batch of tobacco stems was washed and autoclaved, but held at a temperature of 315 F. for 30 minutes at a pressure of 1200 p.s.i.g. After cooling to 180 F., this batch was passed through the Rietz disintegrator and cooled to 65 F. After adding 0.051 part of titanium dioxide to- 50 parts of this stem slurry, the mixture was passed through the valve-type homogenizer three times at a pressure of 5000 p.s.i.g.
• the tobacco sheet was most suitable as a cigar wrapper having fine texture and color as well as a tensile strength of 340 grams per square millimeter. Cigars made with this Wrapper were found very pleasing by discriminating smokers; I
• aqueous tobacco su pension is autoclaved in the absence of oxygen, higher temperatures are required to develop the desired binding power and at the same time the tobacco becomes disagreeably darkened.
• the treated tobacco suspension requires less homogenization to prepare a smooth, creamy pulp of the type that is preferred for casting a thin continuous film on a supporting surface like a stainless steel belt.
• the autoclaved tobacco of this invention may, for example, be
• valve-type homogenizer operating at a pressure of 3000 p.s.i.g., the same tobacco autoclaved in the absence of oxygen would require several passes through the same homogenizer to achieve comparable smoothness and creaminess in the homogenized pulp.
• aqueous suspension of solid particles at the chosen elevated pressure enters a controlled microscopic clearance between the homogenizing valve and valve seat.
• the high pressure is instantaneously changed to high velocity so that the material passing through the clearance at extremely high velocity is subjected to high shear, extreme and intense turbulence, cavitation and impact.
• the im pact action occurs as the material leaves the clearance and impinges on the impact ring surrounding the valve clearance,
• the aqueous suspension of solid particles is subjected to pressuriza tion and intensive shearing homogenization.
• the improved process of manufacturing a coherent tobacco product adapted for smoking which comprises placing tobacco in water, agitating and heating the aqueous suspension of tobacco to a temperature of at least 265 F. for at least minutes while in contact with an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of at least about 70 p.s.i.g. measured at room temperature, and converting the thus treated aqueous suspension of tobacco into said coherent tobacco product;
• a coherent tobacco smoking product made of comminuted tobacco comprising at least a substantial portion of said tobacco having been heated as an aqueous suspension to a temperature of at least 265 F. for at least 5 minutes while in contact with an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of at least about p.s.i.g. measured at room temperature, the thus treated portion having a materially lower nicotine content than the original nicotine content of the tobacco in said treated portion.
• a portion of the comminuted tobacco is a dry-ground powder passing through a -mesh screen.
• An improved aqueous binding agent for binding tobacco particles together in a continuous and coherent form which comprises an aqueous suspension of tobacco that has been heated to a temperature in the range of about 285 to 320 F. for a period in the range of about 10 to 40 minutes while in contact with an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of at least about 300 p.s.i.g. measured at room temperature.
• the binding agent of claim 17 wherein the aqueous suspension of tobacco that has been heated has also been subjected to pressurization of at least about 2000 p.s.i.g. and intensive shearing homogenization to yield a smooth, creamy mass.
• binding agent of claim 19 wherein the aqueous suspension of tobacco that has been heated has also been subjected to pressurization of. at least about 200 p.s.i.g. and intensive shearing homogenization to yield a smooth, creamy mass.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
• Manufacturing Of Cigar And Cigarette Tobacco (AREA)

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Cited By (14)

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Citations (3)

• 1961
  • 1961-05-09 US US108760A patent/US3076729A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1962
  • 1962-05-07 IT IT8811/62A patent/IT951502B/it active
  • 1962-05-07 DE DE1517280A patent/DE1517280C3/de not_active Expired
  • 1962-05-07 GB GB17463/62A patent/GB1009436A/en not_active Expired
  • 1962-05-08 NL NL278195A patent/NL136556C/xx active
  • 1962-05-08 NL NL278195D patent/NL278195A/xx unknown
  • 1962-05-08 DK DK206662AA patent/DK106032C/da active
  • 1962-05-08 SE SE5140/62A patent/SE301445B/xx unknown
  • 1962-05-09 CH CH556062A patent/CH467029A/de unknown

Patent Citations (3)

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