US2975142A - Granular water-soluble perborate-containing salt mixture - Google Patents

Granular water-soluble perborate-containing salt mixture Download PDF

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Publication number
US2975142A
US2975142A US582885A US58288556A US2975142A US 2975142 A US2975142 A US 2975142A US 582885 A US582885 A US 582885A US 58288556 A US58288556 A US 58288556A US 2975142 A US2975142 A US 2975142A
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Prior art keywords
perborate
water
salt
solution
crystallization
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US582885A
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English (en)
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Schmidt Joachim
Meinhold Werner
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Henkel AG and Co KGaA
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Henkel AG and Co KGaA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
    • C11D3/3942—Inorganic per-compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D9/00—Crystallisation
    • B01D9/0036—Crystallisation on to a bed of product crystals; Seeding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D9/00—Crystallisation
    • B01D9/0059—General arrangements of crystallisation plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
    • B01J2/14—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic in rotating dishes or pans
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B15/00—Peroxides; Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof; Superoxides; Ozonides
    • C01B15/055—Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof
    • C01B15/12—Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof containing boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B15/00—Peroxides; Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof; Superoxides; Ozonides
    • C01B15/055—Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof
    • C01B15/12—Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof containing boron
    • C01B15/123—Stabilisation of the solid compounds, subsequent to the preparation or to the crystallisation, by additives or by coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents

Definitions

  • This invention relates to granular, water-soluble perborate-containing salt mixtures.
  • Perborates are frequently used in detergents and bleaching agents as oxygen-liberating materials. Since perborates are temperature-sensitive, particularly in the presence of water, they must be mixed with the detergents and bleaching agents after the liquid or paste has been converted into a powder by drying.
  • the commercially available borates generally are in solid, finely divided form, having a relatively small particle size. Since the particle size of the commercially available borate is frequently about one-tenth to onehundredth that of the other components of the detergent, the same would tend to separate out upon transportation and storage.
  • One object of this invention is the granulation of finely divided perborates into a more coarsely granular form, which may be mixed with detergents and bleaching agents without any tendency toward separation.
  • a further object of this invention is a novel, granular, perborate salt mixture, which may be used in the same manner as a conventional perborate being mixed with detergent and bleaching agents without any tendency toward separation.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a plant set-up for efiecting the process in accordance with the invention
  • Fig. 2a is a diagrammatic front elevation partly in section, showing an embodiment of a granulating device for use in accordance with the invention
  • Fig. 2b is a diagrammatic side elevation partially in section, showing the granulating device of Fig. 2a;
  • Fig. 2c is a diagrammatic perspective view showing the granulating device of Fig. 2a;
  • Fig. 3a is a diagrammatic side elevation partially in section, showing a further embodiment of a granulating device for use in the process in accordance with the invention.
  • Fig. 3b is a diagrammatic front elevation showing the granulating device of Fig. 3a with a portion of the drum rim cut away.
  • a novel, granular salt mixture containing a perborate which may be used in the conventional manner in detergents and bleaching agents without any tendency toward separation is formed by moving a finely divided, water-soluble perborate, and preferably sodium perborate, on a support surface for contact between the individual divided particles, While 2,975,142 Patented Mar. 14, 1961 spraying the perborate with an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt capable of crystallizing with the binding of water of crystallization.
  • the aqueous salt solution sprayed should contain an amount of water not substantially in excess of the amount of water capable of being bound as water of crystallization by the salt mixture formed, and the contact of the perborate in the aqueous solution should be effected at a temperature allowing crystallization of the salt solution.
  • a salt mixture forms, in which substantially all of the water sprayed is bound as water of crystallization, and in which a granular perborate salt mixture is formed, the granules of which are composed of individual, finely divided water-soluble perborate particles, such as sodium perborate particles bound together by inorganic salt crystals containing water of crystallization.
  • the perborate is present in the mixture in amount ranging from 15% by weight trihydrate to 95% anhydride, as, for example, in the case of sodium perborate in amount ranging from 15% NaBO .H O 3H O to 95% by weight NaBO .H O and preferably to 65% by weight of NaBO H O
  • the perborate may be admixed with a solid divided inorganic salt, such as the same salt used in the sprayed solution in calcined form prior to the spraying and there may be present in the mixture, and/ or preferably in the solution the customary stabilizers for perborate compounds, such as magnesium silicate or other water insoluble silicates, magnesium soaps, magnesium phosphates, metastannic acid, etc.
  • the finely divided perborate when the same is sprayed, may be moved in any desired manner, so that the individual particles contact each other to conglomerate, and may, for example, be sprayed in conventional rotating granulation devices.
  • the perborate particles may not be eddied or atomized in a gas stream such as air.
  • perborate particles struck by the sprayed solution adhere to other perborate particles which have preferably not been wetted by the solution, and there is formed a granulate which consists of a plurality of perborate particles of original size, which are bonded together by the sprayed aqueous solution of inorganic salts. Since perborate particles, in the preferred embodiment of the process, are at room temperature, while the solution is generally sprayed at higher temperature, the solution cools down and solidifies with the formation of the solid salts which contain water of crystallization.
  • Inorganic salts which take up water of crystallization upon crystallizing are, for example, the carbonates and ortho-, pyroand polyphosphates, as well as the sulfates of the alkalis, particularly sodium and potassium. Mixtures of different salts may also be employed, in which connection the mixtures may contain identical or different cations and/or identical or different anions. It is advisable to use rapidly crystallizing solutions of salts which give off little heat of crystallization upon crystallization. This, however, is not absolutely necessary for the preparation of perborates of good solubility and stability, since the heat of crystallization which is liberated upon the solidification of the spray solution can be removed by cooling the originally formed, still solidifying or just solidified granulates in any conventional manner.
  • the quantity of water to be added in the form of a solution of inorganic salts should be such that the added water can be bound by the inorganic salts present in the form of water of crystallization. If partially or completely dehydrated'perborates are granulated, they also are to be included among the inorganic salts which can take up water of crystallization.
  • the quantity of water in ratio to the quantity of inorganic salts can vary within wide limits and can be so adjusted that the inorganic salts in the finished granulate are present between the lowest possible hydrate stage and the highest possible hydrate stage.
  • the water-vapor partial-pressure of the finished granulates is not higher than the waterwapor partial-pressure of Na CO .7H O.
  • the regulation of the degree of hydration of the inorganic salts used for the granulation is possible not only by the adjustment of a given concentration of the solution to be sprayed, but may be effected by admixing these salts in calcined form to the perborate.
  • the water content of the granulates obtained can be reduced by carefully drying them, for example, in a stream of air.
  • the quantity of the spray solution of inorganic salts is dependent inter alia on the particle size of the perborates to be granulated and the size of the desired granulates. This quantity decreases with an increase in the particle size of the starting perborate and increases with the size of the desired granulates. If it is merely desired to convert perborate powder into granulates, then, in many cases, depending on the desired particle size of the granules, such small quantities of solution will be sufficient so that the granulate contains 95% and preferably 65% by weight NaBO .H O- the balance consisting of salt hydrate including possible stabilizers.
  • salt mixtures of lower perborate content which are intended, for example, for mixing with other detergent components.
  • the NaBO .H O .3H O content can drop to 15% by weight.
  • the quantity of solution which is sprayed onto the perborate or perborate salt mixture to be granulated is, for example, in the range of 5-45, and preferably -25% by weight referred to the granulate to be produced.
  • the temperature of the spray solution can have any desired value between room temperature (about C.) and the boiling point of the solution under normal pressure, but temperatures of more than 95 C. are seldom used.
  • hot solutions-of inorganic salts of such concentration that upon cooling they precipitate solid salts or even entirely solidify. For this reason, the storage tanks, the conduits, and the nozzles should be heated. Furthermore, it is advisable In many cases, however, it
  • an apparatus which brings about a continuous change in surface of the salt to be granulated, which is contained therein, so that each particle is struck at least once by a drop of the sprayed solution during the time that it remains in the apparatus.
  • the process is preferably carried out in rotating tubes, drums, or plates, .in which connection the axes of rotation of the tubes or drums may be horizontal or inclined, and the plates themselves may be horizontal or inclined.
  • the material to be granulated is charged into the apparatus and passes through the same.
  • the salt solution is sprayed onto the moving perborate mass, the nozzle as far as possible being of such a nature that the atomized solution of inorganic salts is distributed as uniformly as possible over a surface against which the moving perborate mass strikes.
  • nozzles which send out a fanshaped jet have proven preferable.
  • the fan of atomized solution should preferably form a right angle with the direction of motion of the material.
  • the apparatus can be provided with stationary or with co-rotating inserts, which, however, 'should extend extensively in the direction of motion of the material to be granulated, so that as little friction as possible with the material passing through takes place, the continuous passage of the material is favored, and contact of already formed granules with fresh or only partially granulated material is extensively avoided.
  • inserts are, for example, worms, scraper plates, or deflector plates located in the direction of motion of the material along which the material slides.
  • the time of stay of the material can vary within wide limits, as, for example, However, a time ofstay of 301-0O seconds has proven advisable. In this way there is obtained a gentle treatment of the primarily formed, still deformable granules. In case of a longer time of stay, there takes place, to be sure, a formation of larger granules, but at the same time, there must be expected an undesired deformation of the still unhardened granules. For this reason, it is advisable either to adjust the operating conditions in such a manner that granules of the desired size are formed in one operation, or else to subject an already granulated material to repeated granulation processes only after it is already solidified and preferably also cooled. Two or more consecutive granulation processes, however, should in general only be employed when a different salt is sprayed onto the granules in each granulation process.
  • cooling towers cooling drums, etc. Cooling in parallel flow or counter-flow of the material conveyed or eddied in a stream of air has proven particularly suitable. It is also possible to allow the material which is to be cooled to trickle down in a vertical pipe or tower and blow cold air against it at a speed which is somewhat less than the velocity of fall of the granules. in this way, the cooling of the granules can be combined with an air sifting.
  • the perborate to be granulated is located in the storage vessel 1 and passes via the flow regulating or metering device 2 into the funnel 3, which conducts it to the granulating device 4, which is represented here as an oblique rotating plate.
  • the storage vessel 5 contains a calcined salt, which may be used as an auxiliary agent in the granulation, and which can be conducted via the metering device 6 into the hopper 3, where it mixes with the perborate.
  • the pressure vessel 7 contains a preferably hot solution of the salt contained in the storage vessel 5 or of another salt which crystallizes combining with water of crystallization.
  • the vessel 7 is placed under pressure by a gas via the conduit 8 and the reducing valve 9, so that the solution passes through the line 10, which can be provided with heating means ll to the nozzle 12 and from there is sprayed onto the granulating plate or tray 4.
  • the granulating plate 4 which is shown in greater detail in Figs. 2ac, will be described later.
  • the granulated material passes over the rim of the plate into the funnel 13 and from there into the pipeline 14 and the vessel 15. Air is forced into this vessel 15 by the fan 16 via the conduit 17 and the throttle valve 18.
  • Figures 2a-2c show the granulating plate 4 of Fig. 1 in detail, and Fig. 2a is a projection of the granulating device on a plane parallel to the granulating plate 46.
  • Fig. 2b shows the granulating device in section through a vertical plane coinciding with the axis of rotation of plate 40, and
  • Fig. 2c shows the apparatus in perspective.
  • the granulation takes place on the inclined rotatable granulating plate 4t) provided with a rim 52, which plate is driven by a variable geared motor 41.
  • the geared motor 41 rests on a block 37 and is swingably supported, together with the latter on a base 42 via a pin 43.
  • a locking device 44 permits the fixing of the desired angle of inclination.
  • the material to be granulated is conducted via the hopper 3 and the charging pipe 46 to the plate 40, where it is moved over the surface of the plate by the rotation of the latter.
  • the main portion of the material to be granulated collects on the rim of the plate at a place which is a greater or lesser distance from the deepest point of the plate, depending on the quantity of the material and the velocity of rotation of the plate, and forms there a mass 39, which is continuously rolled around.
  • a part of the material is carried along at the rim of the plate in the direction of motion and then falls back from the upper rim over the inclined plate to the lower rim of the plate.
  • the quantity of the material carried along in this manner and the width of the surface taken up by the material which falls back, can be regulated by the speed of rotation and the inclination of the plate.
  • the backwardfalling material trickles in the form of similar curves or parallel lines 47 back over the inclined plate, and combines with the mass 39 located at the lower rim of the plate. In this way a continuous change in the surface of the material to be granulated, located on the plate, is obtained.
  • granules are scraped off from the plate rim 52 by a stationary scraper 53, which is connected by the holding device 38 with the bearing block 37 of the motor 41.
  • the scraper 53 is developed as a guide plate, the shape of which is identical to the curve of fall of the outermost lines 47. As a result of this, material particles are deflected without strong friction into the desired direction of motion. Behind the scraper 53, there is in this way produced a surface which is free of material onto which the starting material to be granulated falls.
  • lines 47 is dependent, inter alia, on the particle size of the materials falling along these lines. Since the coarse granules have narrower curves of fall, the granulates migrate, corresponding to the increasing particle size, towards the left, out of the region of the nozzle jet 48, and, finally fall, following the arrows 54, into the hopper 55, where they are further Worked in the manner described above.
  • the granulation can also be effected in a rotating drum, which is shown in longitudinal section in Fig. 3a
  • the material to be granulated is conducted via the hopper 60 and the pipe 61 into the drum 62. It is partially raised there by the rotary motion of the drum and forms the continuously moving mass 58 in the latter.
  • the stripper 64 prevents too extensive a lifting of the material and a baking of the sprayed particles on the wall of the drum.
  • the solution used for the spraying is introduced through the pipe 56 into the inside of the drum 62, and is converted there by the nozzles 57 into the spray jets 63. The spraying need not be effected over the entire length of the pipe.
  • Example 1 For the carrying out of the process, there was employed an apparatus in accordance with Fig. l, which was provided with a granulating plate in accordance with Pigs. Za-Zc. 1,270 lag/hr. of a dry perborate, which contained about of the water of crystallization corresponding to the formula Na BO .H O .3H O and also 123 kg/hr. of calcined soda were conducted continuously onto the granulating plate, the size, inclination, and velocity of rotation of which were such that the average time of stay of the perborate was 30-40 seconds. 397 kg./hr. of a 30% soda solution of a temperature of about 50 C.
  • Example 2 In the apparatus according to Example 1, 840 kg./hr. of the perborate used in the said example, and 101 kg. of calcined soda were sprayed with 179 kg./hr. of soda solution of a temperature of about C.
  • the granulate was cooled in the pipe by conducting about 400 m. /hr. of air at a temperature of 1S25 C. in counter-current to it.
  • the time of stay of the material in the tube 14- was about 7 seconds.
  • the air velocity prevailing in the riser 20 was about 7-8 m./sec., and the velocity of the material itself 1-2 m./sec.
  • the cyclone 23 there were obtained kg./hr. of fine materials, which were conducted to the hopper 3. From the shaking screen 28, there emerged 1,120 kg./hr. of granulate of the following composition:
  • Percentage of Mesh aperture of the screen in mm the fractions in Weight percent parts by weight of this granular detergent are mixed with 20 parts by weight of a granular perborate obtained according to the Examples 1 or 2. The mixture does not separate in handling transportation and storage as it does when the perborate is used in the not agglomerated state.
  • the chemical composition of the detergent obtained by spraying was the following one:
  • detergents of any chemical composition may be used instead of the above.
  • the granular perborates should contain stabilizing agents these should be present in an amount of 05-20 percent by weight, calculated on the Na BO .H O present in the salt mixture.
  • aqueous salt solution is a salt solution of a. member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, and mixtures thereof.
  • divided, inorganic salt is a calcined salt.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Glanulating (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
US582885A 1955-06-11 1956-05-04 Granular water-soluble perborate-containing salt mixture Expired - Lifetime US2975142A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEH0024133 1955-06-11
DEH0024909 1955-09-08

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US (2) US2972584A (sv)
BE (1) BE548170A (sv)
CH (1) CH350274A (sv)
DE (2) DE1417131A1 (sv)
FR (1) FR1153767A (sv)
GB (1) GB811658A (sv)
NL (2) NL110775C (sv)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3154496A (en) * 1962-09-04 1964-10-27 Procter & Gamble Process for producing a quick dissolving agglomerated perborate
US3289312A (en) * 1964-03-17 1966-12-06 Fmc Corp Drying of chlorinated isocyanurates and salts thereof
US4326976A (en) * 1978-04-17 1982-04-27 Interox Composition and process for washing and bleaching
EP0294904A2 (en) * 1987-06-12 1988-12-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making an aqueous liquid detergent composition containing a perborate bleach
EP0296813A1 (en) * 1987-06-24 1988-12-28 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Powder compositions and detergent compositions

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL269436A (sv) * 1960-09-23
GB1585476A (en) * 1976-11-01 1981-03-04 Unilever Ltd Slowdissolving perborate
DE2700797C3 (de) * 1977-01-11 1984-08-09 Peroxid-Chemie GmbH, 8023 Höllriegelskreuth Verfahren zur Herstellung von Granulaten aus Persalzen und Phosphaten
IL115003A (en) 1995-08-21 1999-12-22 Green Top Wood Recycling Ltd Agglomerate and a method for its manufacture
DE19635405A1 (de) * 1996-08-31 1998-03-05 Henkel Kgaa Verfahren zur Herstellung granularer Waschmittelinhaltsstoffe
DE102010013095A1 (de) * 2010-03-29 2011-09-29 Haver Engineering Gmbh Pelletiereinrichtung

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1989759A (en) * 1931-06-22 1935-02-05 Swann Res Inc Chlorinated alkaline silicate
US2308992A (en) * 1937-10-03 1943-01-19 Procter & Gamble Method for producing washing, cleansing, bleaching, and rinsing agents containing percompounds
US2524394A (en) * 1946-12-23 1950-10-03 Samuel L Madorsky Method of manufacturing stable alkali hypochlorite compositions
US2706178A (en) * 1951-02-10 1955-04-12 Du Pont Preparation of hydrated perborate products
US2763618A (en) * 1955-09-07 1956-09-18 Pro Nyl Chemicals Inc Whitening and brightening wash and rinse powder composition
US2765239A (en) * 1952-05-21 1956-10-02 Ciba Ltd Process for the improvement of organic material
US2767146A (en) * 1956-10-16 Method of making cleaning

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2767146A (en) * 1956-10-16 Method of making cleaning
US1989759A (en) * 1931-06-22 1935-02-05 Swann Res Inc Chlorinated alkaline silicate
US2308992A (en) * 1937-10-03 1943-01-19 Procter & Gamble Method for producing washing, cleansing, bleaching, and rinsing agents containing percompounds
US2524394A (en) * 1946-12-23 1950-10-03 Samuel L Madorsky Method of manufacturing stable alkali hypochlorite compositions
US2706178A (en) * 1951-02-10 1955-04-12 Du Pont Preparation of hydrated perborate products
US2765239A (en) * 1952-05-21 1956-10-02 Ciba Ltd Process for the improvement of organic material
US2763618A (en) * 1955-09-07 1956-09-18 Pro Nyl Chemicals Inc Whitening and brightening wash and rinse powder composition

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3154496A (en) * 1962-09-04 1964-10-27 Procter & Gamble Process for producing a quick dissolving agglomerated perborate
US3289312A (en) * 1964-03-17 1966-12-06 Fmc Corp Drying of chlorinated isocyanurates and salts thereof
US4326976A (en) * 1978-04-17 1982-04-27 Interox Composition and process for washing and bleaching
EP0294904A2 (en) * 1987-06-12 1988-12-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making an aqueous liquid detergent composition containing a perborate bleach
EP0294904B1 (en) * 1987-06-12 1994-08-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making an aqueous liquid detergent composition containing a perborate bleach
EP0296813A1 (en) * 1987-06-24 1988-12-28 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Powder compositions and detergent compositions

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Publication number Publication date
NL110775C (sv)
GB811658A (en) 1959-04-08
DE1417132A1 (de) 1968-10-03
CH350274A (de) 1960-11-30
DE1417131A1 (de) 1968-10-03
NL207905A (sv)
BE548170A (sv)
FR1153767A (fr) 1958-03-21
US2972584A (en) 1961-02-21

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