US2967152A - Thermal insulation - Google Patents

Thermal insulation Download PDF

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Publication number
US2967152A
US2967152A US580897A US58089756A US2967152A US 2967152 A US2967152 A US 2967152A US 580897 A US580897 A US 580897A US 58089756 A US58089756 A US 58089756A US 2967152 A US2967152 A US 2967152A
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat
insulation
finely divided
microns
radiation
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Expired - Lifetime
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US580897A
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English (en)
Inventor
Ladislas C Matsch
Arthur W Francis
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Union Carbide Corp
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Union Carbide Corp
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Application filed by Union Carbide Corp filed Critical Union Carbide Corp
Priority to US580897A priority Critical patent/US2967152A/en
Priority to GB11578/57A priority patent/GB853584A/en
Priority to DEU4491A priority patent/DE1176046B/de
Priority to NL216707A priority patent/NL109081C/xx
Priority to FR1179528D priority patent/FR1179528A/fr
Priority to BE558996D priority patent/BE558996A/xx
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Publication of US2967152A publication Critical patent/US2967152A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
    • F16L59/08—Means for preventing radiation, e.g. with metal foil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/14—Solid materials, e.g. powdery or granular
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/001—Thermal insulation specially adapted for cryogenic vessels
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
    • Y10S62/13—Insulation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved insulating material having a high resistance to all modes of heat transfer, and particularly concerns a low temperature insulating material for use in vacuum jackets of containers.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery of important behavior characteristics of finely divided insulating powders used as heat insulation.
  • the geometry of the insulating material has the greatest effect on solid heat conduction, the rate of heat transfer by conduction varying directly with the cross sectional area and inversely with the length of the heat path.
  • the contacts between powder particles are usually of relatively small cross sectional area. Consequently, in powders, the area available for conductive heat transfer is an infinitesimal fraction of the insulated area. It would seem, therefore, that by reducing the powder size, the resistance to the flow of heat by conduction and the permissible temperature gra hardware would be correspondingly increased.
  • our geometry of the insulating material has the greatest effect on solid heat conduction, the rate of heat transfer by conduction varying directly with the cross sectional area and inversely with the length of the heat path.
  • the contacts between powder particles are usually of relatively small cross sectional area. Consequently, in powders, the area available for conductive heat transfer is an infinitesimal fraction of the insulated area
  • an object of the present invention to provide in an insulation system, improved means for reducing the undesirable radiative effects in low conductive powders of relatively small particle sizes.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide in a vacuum-solid insulation system, an improved and efficient insulating material having a relatively high resistance to the passage of heat by conduction and by radiation.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide in a vacuum-powder insulation system, additive material for minimizing the passage of heat by radiation without increasing the passage of heat by conduction to any significant degree.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel improvement in insulation material for use in an insulation system where radiation would otherwise be the predominant mode of heat transfer.
  • Fig. l is a view of a double-walled container forliquefied gas embodying the principles of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a view of an enlarged section taken along line 2-2 in Fig. 1, showing the insulating material of the present invention.
  • the undesirable radiative effects accompanying the use of .a finely divided low heat conductive powder in a vacuum insulating space may be substantially reduced and minimized by incorporating therein a multiplicity of radiant heat barriers capable of interrupting the passage of infra-red radiation rays without significantly increasing the thermal conductivity across the insulating space. This may be accomplished by providing throughout the powder insulation a series of spaced, randomly dispersed radiation opaque or reflective bodies, which in combination with each other constitute a plurality of discontinous radiation barriers.
  • radiant heat barrier as used herein is intended to apply to radiation opaque or radiant heat energy impervious materials or materials having lightly reflective surfaces, and capable of hindering, interrupting or stopping the penetration of infra-red heat rays through the insulation space either by radiant heat reflection, radiant heat absorption or both.
  • vacuum as used hereinafter is intended to apply to sub-atmospheric pressure conditions not substantially greater than 5000 microns of mercury, and preferably below 500 microns of mercury absolute.
  • FIG. 1 A practical illustration of an apparatus embodying the invention shown in Fig. 1 may comprise a double-walled insulating vessel having spaced parallel walls 10 defining an evacuable insulating space 11 therebetween for the reception of a solid, powder-type insulation mixture 12 embodying the principles of the invention.
  • the insulation mixture 12 may comprise a finely divided agglomerate of low heat conductive material 13 in which particles or bodies 14 of radiant heat barriers are intermingled.
  • the low heat conductive powder 13 used in the insulation of the invention should be a material which may be produced in fine particle sizes, or can be readily reduced to a fine powder. It should be strong and rigid enough to fill the insulation space, and not pack down excessively during normal service.
  • the insulating powders which give excellent results are finely divided silica silicates such as perlite, alumina, magnesia and other similar metallic oxides, and carbon black, finely divided silica being preferred because of its low thermal conductivity, relative inexpensiveness, and general availability.
  • finely divided silica is intended to apply to naturally occurring silica as well as the various commercial preparations of silica, and is not intended to be limited to any specific form or preparation of silica.
  • the radiant heat barrier material 14 of the present invention may be either a metal, metal oxide, or a metal coated material such as copper coated mica flakes, or other radiation reflective material, or a radiation opaque material, or a suitable combination of reflective and other absorptive materials, which when mixed with the low conductive powder, i.e., finely divided silica, will provide a discontinuous series of multiple radiation barriers for decreasing and minimizing the passage of heat by radiation through the insulation space.
  • the shape of the barrier particles should provide a large surface area per unit volume, thin flakes of relatively fine particle size being preferred.
  • the radiant heat barrier material may comprise aluminum or copper in powder or flake form, the latter being preferred.
  • barriers such as copper paint pigments, aluminum paint pigments, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, copper coated mica flakes, carbon black and graphite, either alone or in combination with each other, have been found to satisfactorily reduce the transmission of infra-red radiation, and to complement the desirably low conductivity characteristics of the powder insulation.
  • the insulation mixture of the present invention comprises two or more component ingredients
  • the low heat conductive component and the radiation barrier component it is entirely possible for the low heat conductive component and the radiation barrier component to have the same chemical composition, though widely varying physical properties.
  • an insulating powder such as carbon black in extremely small ultimate particle sizes, i.e., below 0.1 micron, gives excellent low heat conductive results, but is deficient as a radiation barrier material.
  • the same carbon black material in relatively larger particle sizes, i.e., above microns exhibits greatly improved radiation stopping characteristics, but has a high heat conductivity.
  • the choice of particle size of the low heat conductive powder should be effective in reducing the heat leak by conduction below the values obtained with prior-known insulating powders.
  • Particle sizes may vary up to about 1500 microns. Usually a maximum particle size of 420 microns is desirable for operation at low boiling liquefied gas temperatures, and for best operation particle sizes of 75. microns or smaller may be employed.
  • the various particle sizes enumerated in this specification for the low heat conductive powder component refer to 4 agglomerate particle sizes and not ultimate particle sizes, unless specifically identified as the latter.
  • Radiant heat barrier material having a particle size below 250 microns have been tested with excellent results, while particle sizes less than 50 microns and flake thickness less than 0.5 micron are preferred.
  • the insulating powder 13 and the radiant heat barrier material 14 to be used in the powder-vacuum insulation system be thoroughly mixed prior to their introduction into the insulating space 11. Only in this fashion is it possible to maintain a random dispersion of radiant heat barrier material throughout the insulation powder, and realize maximum reduction in radiative heat transmission.
  • the striking superiority of the insulation mixture of the present invention is believed to be partially attributed to the employment of small particle sizes of low heat conductive insulating powder 13 and radiation barrier flakes 14.
  • the effect of this relationship between barrier flakes 14 and low conductive particles 13 is to prevent close contact between, and to separate insulating particles from each other, and to reduce the tendency for conductive heat to flow between particles by direct contact over a large contact area.
  • This also restricts the passage of conductive heat flow across the insulation space to heat leak paths containing an indefinitely large number of exceedingly small contact areas, which offer considerable resistance to the flow of heat therethrough.
  • heat entering the insulation space 11 may be further minimized by any combination of radiation reflection, radiation absorption by the radiant heat barrier flakes, the relatively high contact resistances between like and unlike particles, as well as the relatively low conductivity of the insulating powder.
  • Heat will reach the particles by the modes of radiation and conduction. Of the radiant heat, part will be refiected, part will be absorbed by the aluminum flake, and the remainder will radiate through and around the particle of finely divided silica. The absorbed radiation will raise the temperature of the aluminum flake above the temperature of the adjoining finely divided silica par.- ticle. Through the mode of solid conduction, heat will pass from particle to particle and from flake to particle across the relatively small area of point contact. Thereafter such heat will travel by solid conduction across the low conductive particle of finely divided silica.
  • an ordinary insulation layer having heat reflecting particles and an indefinitely large number of contact resistances between like and unlike particles is particularly efiicient in preventing heat losses by radiation as well as by conduction.
  • the radiant heat barrier particles used in the insulation mixture of the invention have excellent heat conductive characteristics, it would seem that an increase in the barrier material contained inthe insulation mixture would impair the conductive insulation efliciency. Contrary to this concept, we have found that substantial increases in the amount of barrier material continue to be beneficial to the overall insulating properties of the insulation mixture.
  • increasing the amount of aluminum in a mixture of aluminum and silica particles reduces the radiative heat transfer, and only slightly increases the heat transfer by conduction. Optimum thermal resistance is obtained when the sum of these two modes of heat transfer is at a minimum.
  • a principal advantage residing in the use of the insulating mixture of the present invention is that it is possible to employ a decreased insulation thickness without sacrificing the benefits of small exchange of heat by radiation or conduction.
  • the greater efliciency obtained from the use of a smaller insulation thickness arises from the multiple layers of reflective and absorptive particles available in the particle arrangement of the present invention.
  • the low value of heat transfer rate is only attained when the metal flakes are sufliciently separated by the particles of finely divided silica. If the metal flakes contact each other frequently enough, they will form a solid conductive path.
  • thermal conduc-. tivity K includes the total heat transfer in B.t.u. per hour, per square foot, per F. per foot.
  • the aluminum flake constituent of the insulation mixture employed in the tests was present in widely varying amounts ranging from about 1% to about 80% of the mixture, the percentage composition being on a weight basis, and based on a mixture of metal flake having particle sizes between 10 and 50 microns, and insulating powder particles with agglomerate sizes less than 75 microns.
  • Aluminum-l-finely divided silica 1 9- 0 0.314 40 0.2885 30 10 Al minum finel divided silica 20 u y 10 0.246 0 0.232 40 0.211 30 0.212 28.6% Aluminum+fine1y divided silica 20 0. 187 10 0,175 0 0.172 40 0.167 8&2;
  • Al m finl divided silica 20 40% ummu ey 10 0.154 0 0.145 50 0.327 A1 m finl dividedsilica 30 0. 5 50% uminu ey 20 0.203
  • copper flakes or copper powder may be mixed with finely divided silica.
  • Table II below lists some of the results of insulation tests conducted under conditions similar to the previouslv described tests using insulation mixtures containing finely divided silica and copper flakes or powder.
  • thermal conductivity occurs at 55.5% copper and 44.5% finely divided silica, which corresponds to a thermal conductivity of about 0.192 10- B.t.u./hr., sq. ft., F./ft. It has also been discovered that still lower thermal conductivity figures may be obtained by reducing the copperoxide surface to copper.
  • improved thermal insulation over the results shown in Table I may be effected by employing barrier flakes having particle sizes less than 10 microns.
  • the effect is to shift the optimum percentage composition of radiant heat barrier material to a numerically higher value, the magnitude of the shift corresponding to the degree of reduced particle size.
  • thermal conductivities as low as 0.0875 10- B.t.u./hr., sq. ft., F./ft. may be achieved with insulating mixtures containing 60% aluminum.
  • thermal conductivities as low as 0.105 10* B.t.u./hr., sq. ft., F./ft. having been obtained with mixtures containing 70% copper by weight.
  • insulation mixtures containing high weight percentages of barrier material containing high weight percentages of barrier material
  • Table III below is representative of the unexpectedly superior results obtained from insulation mixtures of the present invention in comparison with the known insulation systems of the prior art.
  • the resultant quantity of insulating material would be almost 500 times the volume of the uninsulated spherical container.
  • an insulation mixture containing 60% aluminum (5 to micron flakes) and the remainder finely divided silica permits the use of a singularly unusual insulating thickness of less than onehalf inch.
  • the insulating product of the present invention is even more favorable in situations where longer holding periods may be desired.
  • a thickness of 1.37 inches of the subject insulating mixture will meet this rigid specification.
  • none of the prior art insulating materials possesses a sufficiently low heat rate to fulfill this function, no matter what thickness of insulating material is used. This is because the relatively larger external surface area for heat leak occasioned by an increase in insulation thickness completely counteracts whatever benefits may be derived from the lengthened heat flow path.
  • the thermal heat transfer rate of powder-vacuum insulating material may be materially decreased by uniformly incorporating finely divided infra-red radiation impervious bodies in a finely divided low heat conductivity powder.
  • the heat impervious bodies provide a series of heat reflective surfaces for minimizing the transmission of heat radiation through the insulation space.
  • the small area contact between like and unlike particles providesmaxirnurn thermal resistance to the passage of heat by conduction.
  • Increasing the proportion of radiation retarding bodies substantially reduces the radiative heat transfer and slightly increases the heat transfer by conduction.
  • the required thickness of insulation layer may be substantially reduced and the overall container dimensions minimized.
  • thermal insulation of the present invention has been described in connection with powder-in-vacuum insulating systems for the storage of liquefied gases, the insulation is also susceptible of use in the preservation of quick frozen biological specimens, living tissues and other perishable commodities, and may be applied as a thermal insulation at higher temperature levels, at which conditions the pressure in the insulation. space will not be as critical or sensitive as at lower temperatures, without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the present invention.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided low heat conductive particles of agglomerate sizes less than about 420 microns being selected from the group consisting of silica, perlite, alumina, magnesia and carbon black; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting bodies of sizes less than about 500 microns and having metallic surfaces, such radiant heat reflecting bodies constituting between about 1% and by weight of said insulating material.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided low heat conductive particles of agglomerate sizes less than about 420 microns being selected from the group consisting of silica, perlite, alumina, magnesia and carbon black; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting bodies of sizes less than about 500 microns and constituting between about 1% and 80% by weight of said insulating material, said heat reflecting bodies consisting of at least one member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, aluminum paint pigments, copper paint pigments and copper coated mica.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided low heat conductive particles. of less than about 420 microns agglomerate size being selected from the group consisting of silica, perlite, alumina, magnesia and carbon black; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting bodies of less than about 500 microns size, said radiant heat reflecting bodies consisting of aluminum flakes in an amount between about 1% and 80% by weight of said insulating material.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided low heat conductive particles of less than about 420 microns agglomerate size being selected from the group consisting of silica, perlite, alumina, magnesia and carbon black; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting bodies of less than about 500 microns size, said radiant heat reflecting bodies consisting of copper flakes in an amount between about 1% and 80% by Weight of said insulating material.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely' divided silica particles of less than about 75 microns agglomerate size; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting bodies of less than about 250 microns size and constituting between about 1% and 80% by weight of said insulating material being uniformly interspersed in said low conductive particles, said heat reflecting bodies consisting of at least one member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, aluminum paint pigments, copper paint pigments and copper coated mica.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided silica particles of less than 75 microns agglomerate size; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting aluminum flakes of less than about 50 microns size in an amount between about 1 and 80% by weight of said material.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided silica particles of less than about 75 microns agglomerate size; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting copper flakes of less than about 50 microns size in an amount between about 1 and 80% by weight of said insulation material.
  • a mixture of finely divided low heat conductive particles so reduced in agglomerate size to less than about 420 microns as to substantially impede heat inleak by conduction and yield to the predominant passage therethrough of heat inleak by radiation said low conductive particles being seelcted from the group consisting of silica, perlite, alumina, magnesia and carbon black; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting bodies of less than about 500 microns size and having metallic surfaces, such radiant heat reflecting bodies constituting between about 1% and 80% by weight of said mixture, whereby said system affords a high resistance to heat inleak by all modes of heat transfer.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided low heat conductive particles of agglomerate sizes less than about microns and ultimate particle sizes less than about 0.1 micron being selected from the group consisting of silica, perlite, alumina, magnesia and carbon black; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting metal flakes of sizes less than about 50 microns, such radiant heat reflecting flakes constituting between about 1% and by weight of said insulating material.
  • An insulating material characterized by a low rate of heat transfer by conduction and radiation, consisting essentially of finely divided silica particles of less than about 75 microns agglomerate size and having a density of about 3 to 6 lbs. per cu. ft.; and finely divided radiant heat reflecting flakes of sizes less than about 50 microns and having metallic surfaces, such radiant heat reflecting flakes constituting between about 1% and 80% by weight of said insulating material.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
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  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
US580897A 1956-04-26 1956-04-26 Thermal insulation Expired - Lifetime US2967152A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US580897A US2967152A (en) 1956-04-26 1956-04-26 Thermal insulation
GB11578/57A GB853584A (en) 1956-04-26 1957-04-09 Thermal insulation
DEU4491A DE1176046B (de) 1956-04-26 1957-04-16 Waermeisolierendes Pulver
NL216707A NL109081C (cs) 1956-04-26 1957-04-26
FR1179528D FR1179528A (fr) 1956-04-26 1957-07-03 Matière calorifuge
BE558996D BE558996A (cs) 1956-04-26 1957-07-05

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US580897A US2967152A (en) 1956-04-26 1956-04-26 Thermal insulation

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US2967152A true US2967152A (en) 1961-01-03

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US580897A Expired - Lifetime US2967152A (en) 1956-04-26 1956-04-26 Thermal insulation

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US (1) US2967152A (cs)
BE (1) BE558996A (cs)
DE (1) DE1176046B (cs)
FR (1) FR1179528A (cs)
GB (1) GB853584A (cs)
NL (1) NL109081C (cs)

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US3097900A (en) * 1961-05-11 1963-07-16 Union Carbide Corp Cryogenic storage apparatus
US3118194A (en) * 1961-02-01 1964-01-21 Service Nat Dit Gaz De France Method of insulating tanks for storing or transporting low-temperature liquids
US3124853A (en) * 1964-03-17 Process for forming insulation and resulting product
US3147877A (en) * 1958-01-09 1964-09-08 Union Carbide Corp Liquefied gas container
US3151365A (en) * 1959-09-14 1964-10-06 Little Inc A Insulation material and structures containing same
US3151364A (en) * 1959-04-20 1964-10-06 Little Inc A Insulation
US3166511A (en) * 1960-12-01 1965-01-19 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulation
US3169927A (en) * 1961-05-04 1965-02-16 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulation
US3185334A (en) * 1963-07-11 1965-05-25 Air Reduction Opacified powdered insulation
US3199714A (en) * 1962-07-20 1965-08-10 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulation
US3207354A (en) * 1958-10-06 1965-09-21 Union Carbide Corp Double-walled container
US3271924A (en) * 1963-09-03 1966-09-13 Great Lakes Carbon Corp Method of insulating cryogenic substances
US3357586A (en) * 1963-09-03 1967-12-12 Union Carbide Corp Apparatus for conserving and dispensing valuable materials
US3367530A (en) * 1963-08-29 1968-02-06 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulating structure
US3410443A (en) * 1965-05-18 1968-11-12 Linde Ag Thermally insulating filler
US3625896A (en) * 1968-06-07 1971-12-07 Air Reduction Thermal insulating powder for low-temperature systems and methods of making same
US3659817A (en) * 1969-03-31 1972-05-02 Shell Oil Co Tank for liquid cargo
US4234380A (en) * 1977-07-08 1980-11-18 Advanced Mineral Research Ab Polymeric silicate material and a method of manufacturing the same
FR2586082A1 (fr) * 1985-08-06 1987-02-13 Gaz Transport Cuve etanche et thermiquement isolante et navire la comportant
US4692363A (en) * 1982-09-27 1987-09-08 Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag Thermal insulation
US4755313A (en) * 1984-08-08 1988-07-05 Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag Insulating device
US5518138A (en) * 1993-02-24 1996-05-21 Saes Getters S.P.A. Unsulating jacket
WO2000074749A1 (en) 1999-06-08 2000-12-14 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Intravascular systems for corporeal cooling
US20030029877A1 (en) * 2001-07-30 2003-02-13 Mathur Virendra K. Insulated vessel for storing cold fluids and insulation method
US6832636B2 (en) 2001-09-27 2004-12-21 Graeme Harrison Fuel nozzle lever, a fuel nozzle and a method of operating a fuel nozzle
US20050252914A1 (en) * 2003-09-04 2005-11-17 Hubbard John D Bag support system
US20070087087A1 (en) * 2005-10-14 2007-04-19 Industrial Technology Research Institute Insulated logistic container and delivery system using such insulated container
WO2007078463A1 (en) 2005-12-22 2007-07-12 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Systems and methods for intravascular cooling
US20070289974A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2007-12-20 Aspen Aerogels, Inc. Cryogenic insulation systems with nanoporous components
WO2009026913A3 (de) * 2007-09-02 2009-05-07 Norman Kunz Thermischer sonnenkollektor
US20090145912A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-11 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage containers
US20090145164A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-11 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage systems
US20100213200A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2010-08-26 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage systems
US20110127273A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2011-06-02 TOKITAE LLC, a limited liability company of the State of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage systems including storage structures configured for interchangeable storage of modular units
US8703259B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2014-04-22 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Multi-layer insulation composite material including bandgap material, storage container using same, and related methods
US8887944B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2014-11-18 Tokitae Llc Temperature-stabilized storage systems configured for storage and stabilization of modular units
US9140476B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2015-09-22 Tokitae Llc Temperature-controlled storage systems
US9138295B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2015-09-22 Tokitae Llc Temperature-stabilized medicinal storage systems
US9372016B2 (en) 2013-05-31 2016-06-21 Tokitae Llc Temperature-stabilized storage systems with regulated cooling
US9413396B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2016-08-09 Tokitae Llc Storage container including multi-layer insulation composite material having bandgap material
US9447995B2 (en) 2010-02-08 2016-09-20 Tokitac LLC Temperature-stabilized storage systems with integral regulated cooling
US11806484B2 (en) * 2018-01-19 2023-11-07 Focalcool, Llc Catheter with heat transfer minimizing annular space
US11952828B1 (en) * 2015-08-13 2024-04-09 National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc Thermal barrier systems and methods for access delay

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US4681788A (en) * 1986-07-31 1987-07-21 General Electric Company Insulation formed of precipitated silica and fly ash
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US3147877A (en) * 1958-01-09 1964-09-08 Union Carbide Corp Liquefied gas container
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US3166511A (en) * 1960-12-01 1965-01-19 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulation
US3118194A (en) * 1961-02-01 1964-01-21 Service Nat Dit Gaz De France Method of insulating tanks for storing or transporting low-temperature liquids
US3169927A (en) * 1961-05-04 1965-02-16 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulation
US3097900A (en) * 1961-05-11 1963-07-16 Union Carbide Corp Cryogenic storage apparatus
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US3199715A (en) * 1962-07-20 1965-08-10 Union Carbide Corp Insulation construction
US3185334A (en) * 1963-07-11 1965-05-25 Air Reduction Opacified powdered insulation
US3367530A (en) * 1963-08-29 1968-02-06 Union Carbide Corp Thermal insulating structure
US3271924A (en) * 1963-09-03 1966-09-13 Great Lakes Carbon Corp Method of insulating cryogenic substances
US3357586A (en) * 1963-09-03 1967-12-12 Union Carbide Corp Apparatus for conserving and dispensing valuable materials
US3410443A (en) * 1965-05-18 1968-11-12 Linde Ag Thermally insulating filler
US3625896A (en) * 1968-06-07 1971-12-07 Air Reduction Thermal insulating powder for low-temperature systems and methods of making same
US3659817A (en) * 1969-03-31 1972-05-02 Shell Oil Co Tank for liquid cargo
US4234380A (en) * 1977-07-08 1980-11-18 Advanced Mineral Research Ab Polymeric silicate material and a method of manufacturing the same
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US4755313A (en) * 1984-08-08 1988-07-05 Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag Insulating device
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US6832636B2 (en) 2001-09-27 2004-12-21 Graeme Harrison Fuel nozzle lever, a fuel nozzle and a method of operating a fuel nozzle
US7669727B2 (en) * 2003-09-04 2010-03-02 Millipore Corporation Bag support system
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US20070087087A1 (en) * 2005-10-14 2007-04-19 Industrial Technology Research Institute Insulated logistic container and delivery system using such insulated container
WO2007078463A1 (en) 2005-12-22 2007-07-12 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Systems and methods for intravascular cooling
US20090018504A1 (en) * 2005-12-22 2009-01-15 John Pile-Spellman Systems and methods for intravascular cooling
US8343097B2 (en) 2005-12-22 2013-01-01 Hybernia Medical Llc Systems and methods for intravascular cooling
WO2009026913A3 (de) * 2007-09-02 2009-05-07 Norman Kunz Thermischer sonnenkollektor
US20090145912A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-11 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage containers
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US20110127273A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2011-06-02 TOKITAE LLC, a limited liability company of the State of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage systems including storage structures configured for interchangeable storage of modular units
US20110155745A1 (en) * 2007-12-11 2011-06-30 Searete LLC, a limited liability company of the State of Delaware Temperature-stabilized storage systems with flexible connectors
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US8887944B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2014-11-18 Tokitae Llc Temperature-stabilized storage systems configured for storage and stabilization of modular units
US9139351B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2015-09-22 Tokitae Llc Temperature-stabilized storage systems with flexible connectors
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US8703259B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2014-04-22 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Multi-layer insulation composite material including bandgap material, storage container using same, and related methods
US9413396B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2016-08-09 Tokitae Llc Storage container including multi-layer insulation composite material having bandgap material
US9447995B2 (en) 2010-02-08 2016-09-20 Tokitac LLC Temperature-stabilized storage systems with integral regulated cooling
US9372016B2 (en) 2013-05-31 2016-06-21 Tokitae Llc Temperature-stabilized storage systems with regulated cooling
US11952828B1 (en) * 2015-08-13 2024-04-09 National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc Thermal barrier systems and methods for access delay
US11806484B2 (en) * 2018-01-19 2023-11-07 Focalcool, Llc Catheter with heat transfer minimizing annular space

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB853584A (en) 1960-11-09
FR1179528A (fr) 1959-05-26
NL109081C (cs) 1964-08-17
NL216707A (cs) 1964-03-16
DE1176046B (de) 1964-08-13
BE558996A (cs) 1957-07-31

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