US2577809A - Cold cathode electric discharge tube - Google Patents

Cold cathode electric discharge tube Download PDF

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Publication number
US2577809A
US2577809A US72046A US7204649A US2577809A US 2577809 A US2577809 A US 2577809A US 72046 A US72046 A US 72046A US 7204649 A US7204649 A US 7204649A US 2577809 A US2577809 A US 2577809A
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cathode
discharge
gaps
anode
array
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US72046A
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Reeves Alec Harley
Hough George Hubert
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/48—Cold-cathode tubes with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/007—Sequential discharge tubes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tubes of the type in which the striking potential or one gap is reduced by the presence of a discharge at a neighbouring gap in the same envelope.
  • Sequence discharge tubes are disclosed in co-pending application No. 763,655, filed July 25, 1947. by A. H. Reeves, and may be defined for present purposes as cold cathode tubes having an array of gaps so arranged that when one gap is fired, ionisation products migrate into the neighbouring gap and reduce its striking potential. In this way successive voltage pulses applied in common to the electrodes of the array may cause gaps to fire in sequence from a given starting gap.
  • Such tubes may be used, inter alia, as electrical counters in calculating machines or as message registers in automatic telephone circuits.
  • a steady polarising potential may be applied between the anodes and cathodes of the gaps of the sequence arrays, so that a gap, once fired, may remain in a discharging condition indefinitely.
  • the polarising potential In order to extinguish the discharges, the polarising potential must be removed, or reduced below a critical value-the maintaining voltage-for a time sufiicient for deionisation to take efiect.
  • two or more sequence discharge arrays may be mounted in a single envelope and arranged so that ionisation coupling between the arrays may enable second counting array to take over" from a first array while the discharges at the first array are extinguished.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates diagrammatically one particular use of a discharge tube according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically two pairs of electrodes in a discharge tube of the type shown in i 1;
  • Fig. 3 shows an arrangement or a pair of discharge gaps having unidirectional coupling between them
  • Fig. 4 shows an alternative arrangement of the electrodes of a unidirectionally coupled pair of discharge gaps
  • Fig. 5 shows a practical embodiment of a discharge tube according'to the invention
  • Figs. 6 and 7 show further electrode arrangements according to the invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a diagram for explaining further embodiments of the invention.
  • Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate still further electrode arrangements according to the invention.
  • Figs. 11 and 12 are circuit diagrams to illustrate the use of certain embodiments of the invention.
  • the gas tube I comprises two .discharge arrays 2 and 3, each being shown as having a common anode 4, 4' respectively and four individual cathodes, 5, 5, 6, 6', I, I and 8, 8', the primed numerals referring to array 3, the others to array 2.
  • a separate cathode 9 is shown; 9 is a priming cathode and forms a priming discharge gap with anode I in order that the cathodes 5,.5' may be the first to fire in the respective arrays.
  • Anode 4' is connected to a constant voltage source H) which is reprecensus 3 sented diagrammatically as a battery in series witharuistance.
  • Anodel' is also connected to a signal input terminal ll.
  • Cathodes I, 8' and I are shown connected to ground,
  • cathode I also feeds apulse'output transformer ll.
  • Cathodes i, I, I, l are connected Inpracflcethetwocathodearraysarearranged paralleltooneanotherbelowtheanodesasshown veryinthe end view of Fig.2.
  • the voltage supplied by source II is adjusted sothatitisnotsuificienttoinitiateanydischargcsatgapsofeitherofthedischargearrays, but will mainhin a discharge onceestabiished.
  • Cathode I isarrangedtodischarge continuomly.
  • Thue pulses should be limited in amplitude and duration so that. the first puke discharge takes place between cathodelandanodeLthisdischarge-gapbeing partiallyaiergiscdbythepriming discharge at cathodel. Noothergapshouldfireonthisfirst pulse. Due to the voltage-source II, this discharge may now be maintained indefinitely. A secondpulsewillcausecathodeitofire. Athird willinitiatedischargeatcathodelandafourth at cathode I.
  • Atterminal ll there'are applied repeated trains of pulses of general waveform. as shown at is.
  • This waveform comprises'a series of positive pulses followed by a negative pulse.
  • the positive pulses set up discharges at thegapsofarrayi-whichweshallcalithe coimting arraywhile the negative pulse takes anodel'bdowthemaintaining voltage for suiilcient time to extinguish all at this array.
  • Thepositivepulses mayeachbemodulated in time position or width, and may typically beoneinmeanwidth.
  • Therepetition rate forthepositive pulses atterminal Ii maybeoftheorderof10llkc./s.whilethe diallingpulsesmaybeappliedwtransformeril atarateoflZeyclesper/sec.
  • Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically two pairs of electrodes in a discharge tube of thetype described with reference to Fig. 1, let us consider the general double-gap'system there represented.
  • anodes 4, 4' and cathodes 5, 6' may represent the electrodes of any pair of gaps having unidirectional coupling properties according to the present invention, but their relative positions as shown are not necessarily such as will result in a practicable tube.
  • the systems shown in Fig. 2 presents four principal discharge paths, namely the direct paths 3-4 and 5'4' together with the cross-paths 5-4 and 5'-4. Let the maintaining voltages for these paths be V4 5' V4' a" and 5' V4 5 respectively.
  • Vm themaintaining voltage
  • Vm themaintaining voltage
  • k and V constants
  • d the gap length. Since it is required that the gaps 4-5 and 4'-5' are to remain discharging once a discharge has started, external battery voltages may be assumed to provide polarising potentials of V4 and V4 5' across the gaps 4-5 and 4'-5'.
  • V4' 5 V4' 5'+P4 assuming the cathodes to be substantially at the same potential where P4, is the pulse voltage applied to anode 4', while to ensure that no discharge may occur under these conditions across the gaps 4-5 we must have V4 5' V4 5.
  • P4 is the pulse voltage applied to anode 4'
  • the surface 20' on cathode 5' is inclined so as to be shielded by the top edge of the cathode from anode 4.
  • the anode 4' is arranged to lie on a normal to surface 20', while the two gaps are also staggered in vertical position with respect to one another.
  • dialling and counting cathodes are placed 2 m. m. between centres while the gaps 4-5 and 4'-5' are each 1 m. m. long.
  • the cathode-cathode separation along the two arrays may be made 1 m. m. t
  • FIG. 4 A further alternative arrangement is shown in Fig. 4 in which they are so mounted that cathode 5 effectively shields anode 4 from cathode 5' and hence prevents electron coupling from gaps 4' and 5' to gap 4-5.
  • FIG. 5 A practical construction for a discharge tube according to the'presnt invention is shown in Fig. 5.
  • this tube there are two cathode arrays 2
  • the cathode rods are spaced apart by and form supporting means for a pair of mica discs 26 and 21. These, in turn carry three support rods 28, to which two top mica discs 29 and 30 are secured.
  • the top mica discs form support for the two anodes 3
  • the general arrangement of the electrodes is similar to that shown in Fig. 4.
  • the rods 23 in each cathode array are spaced on 3 m. :11. centres, while the gap length between anode 3
  • the gap length for array 22 is 1.5 m. m.
  • is spaced 4 m. m. from array 22.
  • Anode 32 is vertically above its cathode array 22 while the anode 3
  • the discharge surfaces of rods 23 are ground flat and electrolytically polished, while all other surfaces and internal leads except the anodes 3l, 32 and their connecting leads, are coated with alumina to prevent unwanted discharges.
  • the tube After evacuation through the exhaust tubulation 35, the tube is filled with the neon, hydrogen argon mixture mentioned previously.
  • a major diillculty in connection with unidirectional couplins between discharge gaps is the phenomenon of cross-firing" between an anode of one main gap and the cathode of another.
  • This cross-firing dimculty may be overcome as in the previously described embodiments, by one or other of the two cathodes acting as a screen.
  • a more direct method is to interpose an insulating screen between the two gaps, leaving a direct path between the two cathodes so that ionisation coupling may take place, this coupling being made unidirectional by biassing one cathode with respect to the other.
  • l is shown in Fig. 6 in which the gaps l6 and 31 are made of equal length and a sheet of mica II is interposed between the twoanodes l and II.
  • the mica does not extend to the level of the tops of the cathodes 42 and ll.
  • the mica sheet projected 2 m. m. below the level of the anodes and within 0.5 m. m. of the level of the cathode discharge surfaces; the two cathode arrays were spaced on 2 m. m. centres while the cathode rods of the individual discharge arrays were mounted on 3 m. m. centres.
  • Fig. 7 This arrangement is shown in Fig. 7 in which the electrodes are indicated by the same reference numerals as in Fig. 6 and the insulating sheet 44 has a circular hole 46 in line with the tops of cathodes 42 and 43 and of the same diameter as the discharge surfaces hole I permits migration of positive ions between the two gaps.
  • a very considerable improvement in unidirectional coupling may be obtained by using electronic, as opposed to ionic coupling.
  • a conducting plate be placed parallel to the discharge gap and held at a potential between that of anode and cathode of the gap.
  • Fig. 8 shows roughly the way in which the equipotentials are distorted under static discharge conditions.
  • Anode 40 and cathode 42 are polarised so as to maintain a discharge between them, conducting plate ll being parallel to gap "-42 and being held at a potential below that necesso sary to maintain a discharge from cathode 42.
  • the plate it merely serves as an auxiliary electrode to the discharge gaps 40-42 and 4l4l. It is found, however, that it is possible to dispense with anode II and to make plate 4: function as the dialling anode.
  • the preferred electrode arrangement is illustrated by the cross-sectioned view shown in Fig. 10 and a circuit diagram is given in Fig. 11. In Fig. '10, a
  • plate 48 is backed with a mica sheet ll having apertures 52 approximately twice the diameter of apertures ll and exposing an annular surface of plate l0 opposite each dialling cathode.
  • mica sheet II will be explained later, its use is not essential to the invention but is preferred when low dialling pulse repetition frequencies are employed.
  • each counting cathode 43 is connected to ground through a resistance II, the output cathode also including a pulse transformer (not shown) or other suitable means for passing the "the anode of which is connected to a suitable 9 polarising source 58.
  • the grid of cathode follower 541s supplied with a pulse voltage of waveform similar to that shown at 54, which, however, represents the waveform of the anode 4
  • the dialling anode plate 46 is kept at a steady positive potential V: with respect to ground by battery 51.
  • Cathode 42 is connected via resistance 58 to-lead 59 which connects to the remaining dialling cathode resistances 58 (not shown) From lead 59 a connection is made through a stabilised D. C. potential source ill and the secondary of dial pulse input transformer 6
  • Source 60 serves as a maintainin battery for the dialling array and provides a constant mean voltage V: between anode 46 and lead 59.
  • Dialling pulses are fed in through the primary of transformer 6
  • is maintained by the cathode current 01' 54 at a D. C. potential V1 with respect to ground which is increased to V1+P during the counting pulses.
  • the counting pulse train 56 contains a negative extinguis'hingpulse 63 for the purpose of extinguishing discharges at the counting array after each cycle of operation.
  • individual priming discharge gaps (not shown) such as described in connection with Fig. 1 are provided for both dialing. and counting arrays.
  • the pulse amplitude P is then adjusted so that the counting array operates normally without discharges occurring at the dialling array.
  • the potentials V1 and V2 are arranged to be such that, in the absence of counting pulses, no current is drawn from the dialling cathodes when the dialling gaps are discharging. In other words, the potential gradient between 48 and 4
  • is arranged to be suflicient to draw current through any 'aperture 49 opposite a discharging dialling cathode.
  • the potential V1-l-P-V2 must then be greater than the anode fall of potential for a gap of length d, and having the geometry shown in Fig. 10, where d is the distance between 4
  • a stream of electrons then passes between cathode 42 and anode 4
  • those counting gaps opposite discharging dialling gaps will fire, the remaining counting gaps, ii any, then firing in normal sequence dischar e manner at successive pulses of the counting train.
  • the unstruck dialling aps might be fired by the pulse potentials applied to anode 4
  • the gap potential difference must be applied for a finite time-the formative delay time-before the gap energy has built u to a value sufilcient to initiate the d scharge.
  • the pulse amplitude P is chosen so that the formative delay time for the gap "-42 is longer than the duration of a counting pulse. The dialling array gaps cannot then be fired by the counting pulses. On the other hand.
  • the eflect'of (1) is less serious than (2) and can largely be eliminated by the geometrical design of the gaps and the electric field employed: this design is materially assisted by the cure for (2)
  • the long term ionisation coupling (2) manifests itself as a tendency to instability ,of the dialling number registered after a tube has been in operation two or three minutes.
  • Inc denotes dialling cathode current (electrode 42 in Figs. 10 and 11).
  • Im denotes dialling anode current (electrode 46 in Figs. 10 and 11)
  • Ica denotes countin anode current (electrode 4
  • VOA denotes counting anode voltage with respect It will be seen that there is an increase 01' only 150 p amp.- in the dialling cathode current for a volt pulse on the counting anode.
  • both dialling and counting arrays could be provided with priming discharge gaps to control the general ionisation level in both arrays and so ensure that sequence discharges commenced at the first gap in each' array.
  • the voltages of pulse train It (Fig. 11) were thus arranged so that the counting array counted normally in the absence of discharges at the dialling array.
  • Such a mode of operation is set satisfactorlly when only a small number of gaps-say four-are involved in each array. with arrays capable of dialling and counting higher numbers, some difiiculty is liable to be experienced in the counting array, due to the fact that the general level of ionisation decreases exponentially with distance away from the permanently discharging priming gap at the end of the array.
  • 9 and 10 may be taken to' illustrate electrode arrangements for tubes having single pairs of coupled gaps to utilise the electron coupling phenomenon. Thus. it may be arranged that, if anode ll be maintained at constant D. C. potential and the i2 thoeewith amperes or millamperes which can he embodiments ofthepresmtinventson.
  • a gas-filled elecil'icdischarge tube comprisingacoldeathode discharge gap between solid electrode surfaces. and a metal screenhavinganapertureseparatingthecathode ofsaidgapfromafurtheranodecrcontrolelectrode,theelectmdesbeingarnngedsothatelectronsfmmthedischargeatmidcathodemaybe drawnthroughsaidapertm'ah-idmrflierelectrodetmdertheinfiuenceofthepotentlalfield betweensaidscreenandmidfnrtherelectrode.
  • Such a structure is not dissimilar from those previously described in connection with a tube utilising what is termed a Plasma cathode in which an apertured screen constricts the crosssection of the discharge and enables an impoverishment of positive ions to occur in the anodic space with consequent negative resistance properties between the "Plasma" cathode and the any other convenient point.
  • the operation is as follows:
  • the operation of such tubes is. however. 1s above in connection with specific ex,
  • a cold cathode gas-filled discharge tube comprising a plurality oi electrode arrays defining thereamong at least two discharge gaps, a first of said gaps having a lower given firing potential the cathode of said first array, said portion lying in a plane with and disposed between the anode of said first array and the cathode of said second array.
  • each of said arrays comprises an anode and a cooperating cathode, each of said cathodes having a dischargeinhibiting area except at the portion adjacent its respective anode, whereby glow discharge is confined to the portion of each of said cathodes adjacent the respective anode, the said portions lying in difierent planes and said cathodes being positioned closer together than said anodes.
  • a discharge tube in which the discharge portion of said second cathode faces away from the said first gap, the cathode being shaped to shield the cathode glow thereat from the electric field of the said first anode.
  • each of said arrays comprises an anode and a cooperating cathode
  • the cathode of said first array adapted to be biassed at a higher positive potential than the cathode of said second array
  • said inhibiting means comprises a bafile positioned to separate said gaps, a portion of said bailie lying in a plane traversed by a line taken between the anode of said first array and the cathode of said second second array, whereby positive ions may migrate from said first gaps to said second gaps.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tube comprising a plurality of electrode arrays each array having an anode and a cooperating cathode and defining a discharge gap therebetween, a first of said gaps having a lower given firing potential than a second of said gaps, the cathode of said first array adapted to be biassed at a higher positive potential than the cathode of said second array, baflle means positioned between said arrays, said baboard, having an aperture therethrough to communicate with each of said gaps, said aperture substantially on a line with the discharge surfaces of said cathodes.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tube as claimed in claim '7 wherein the anode of the array making up said first discharge gap comprises a sheet of conducting material forming a shield adapted to inhibit positive ionic coupling between said first and said second discharge gaps, said sheet having an aperture therethrough to communicate with each of said gaps, said aperture disposed in a plane substantially ofiset from a line taken between said second cathode and said first anode, whereby electrons travel from said first cathode through said aperture to said second anode to prime said second discharge gap.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tube comprising a metal screen anode and a first cooperating cathode defining a first discharge gap therebetween, a second anode and a second cathode defining a second discharge. gap therebetween, said first gap having a lower given firing potential than said second gap, said screen anode disposed between said two cathodes and having an aperture therethrough substantially on a line taken between said cathodes, whereby electrons travel from said first cathode through said aperture to said second anode to prime said second gap.
  • a coldcathode gas-filled electric discharge tube comprising a first metal screen anode having an aperture therethrough, a common cathode disposed on one side of said first anode, a second anode disposed on the other side of said first anode, said cathode, said aperture and said second anode being in substantial alignment, each of said anodes forming a discharge gap with said cathode, one oi' said gaps being through the aperture in said first anode.
  • An electric oscillation generator comprising a cold cathode electric discharge tube having a first conducting screen anode having an aperture therethrough, a common cathode disposed on one side of said anode, a second anode disposed on the other side of said anode, said cathode, said aperture, and said second anode being in substantial alignment, each of said anodes forming a discharge gap with said cathode, one of said gaps being through the aperture in said anode, and a resonant circuit coupled to said second anode.
  • a cold cathode sequence gas-filled electric discharge tube comprising a first electrode array having pairs of mutually spaced electrodes defining a first series 01' discharge gaps, a second electrode array having corresponding pairs of mutually spaced electrodes defin'ingj a second series of discharge gaps, said first series of gaps having a lower given firing potential than said second series of gaps, the cathode of said first array adapted to be biassed at a higher positive potential than the cathodes oi.
  • said second array means to energy-couple corresponding of said first series of gaps with corresponding of said second series of gaps, whereby firing of any of said first series of gaps lowers the given firing potential of correspondingoi said second series of gaps, and means disposed between said arrays to inhibit energy coupling between said second series of gaps and said first series of gaps, whereby discharges may be maintained across a desired number of consecutive gaps 01 said first array independently of discharge equences occurring across the gaps of said second array while a discharge sequence along said second array commences at that one of its discharge gaps determined by the said number 01' discharging gaps in said first array.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tube comprising two sets of cathodes, arranged in a pair of parallel lines, each set comprising the same number of equally spaced parallel rods mounted opposite the respective rods of the other set; a pair of anodes each cooperating with a respective of said cathode sets, each anode comas'mscc prising a rod extending parallel to said parallel lines defining with its cooperating cathode set a series of discharge gave and constituting anelectrodearramafirstoisaidarrayshavingalower given firing potential than said second array, means to icnically'eouple gaps 01' said first array with gaps 01' said second array, means to inhibit ionic coupling between gaps of said second array withgapsotsaidfirstarraycornprisingabaiiie sheet interposed in parallel between said two arrayasaidsheethavingaphiralityoispaced apertures therethrough, each aperture substantiallyonalinebstweenthedischargesuria

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US72046A 1948-01-22 1949-01-21 Cold cathode electric discharge tube Expired - Lifetime US2577809A (en)

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GB2004/48A GB650890A (en) 1948-01-22 1948-01-22 Improvements in or relating to electric discharge tubes

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE933043C (de) * 1951-05-15 1955-09-15 Ibm Deutschland Gasgefuellte Entladungsroehre zum Speichern und Zaehlen
DE954626C (de) * 1951-04-13 1956-12-20 Philips Nv Gasentladungsroehre mit kalter Kathode
DE965881C (de) * 1952-09-11 1957-06-27 Hivac Ltd Gasentladungsroehre mit kalter Kathode
DE1015938B (de) * 1952-05-22 1957-09-19 Ibm Deutschland Kippschaltroehre mit zwei ionisch miteinander koppelbaren Entladungskammern
US2815470A (en) * 1954-04-15 1957-12-03 Hivac Ltd Cold-cathode gas-discharge tubes and circuits therefor
US2892119A (en) * 1955-10-04 1959-06-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electron discharge device
US2896122A (en) * 1955-11-18 1959-07-21 Int Standard Electric Corp Electric discharge tubes
DE1090772B (de) * 1955-10-05 1960-10-13 Siemens Edison Swan Ltd Gasgefuellte elektrische Zaehl- und Speicherroehre mit schraubenfoermiger Kathode und einer Anode, welche parallel zur Achse der Kathodenschraube angeordnet ist
US3512033A (en) * 1967-11-28 1970-05-12 Raytheon Co Gaseous discharge device
US9284963B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2016-03-15 American Dryer, Inc. Blower assembly for hand dryer, with helmholtz motor mount
US9421291B2 (en) 2011-05-12 2016-08-23 Fifth Third Bank Hand dryer with sanitizing ionization assembly
US10548439B2 (en) 2011-04-07 2020-02-04 Excel Dryer, Inc. Sanitizing hand dryer

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1005648B (de) * 1954-12-23 1957-04-04 Siemens Ag Gas- oder dampfgefuelltes als Schaltroehre od. dgl. arbeitendes elektrisches Entladungsgefaess

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2415816A (en) * 1943-09-08 1947-02-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ionic discharge device
US2443407A (en) * 1947-06-18 1948-06-15 Jr Nathaniel B Walcs Gaseous discharge device
US2473159A (en) * 1949-01-29 1949-06-14 Remington Rand Inc Counting tube transfer circuit

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2415816A (en) * 1943-09-08 1947-02-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ionic discharge device
US2443407A (en) * 1947-06-18 1948-06-15 Jr Nathaniel B Walcs Gaseous discharge device
US2473159A (en) * 1949-01-29 1949-06-14 Remington Rand Inc Counting tube transfer circuit

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE954626C (de) * 1951-04-13 1956-12-20 Philips Nv Gasentladungsroehre mit kalter Kathode
DE933043C (de) * 1951-05-15 1955-09-15 Ibm Deutschland Gasgefuellte Entladungsroehre zum Speichern und Zaehlen
DE1015938B (de) * 1952-05-22 1957-09-19 Ibm Deutschland Kippschaltroehre mit zwei ionisch miteinander koppelbaren Entladungskammern
DE965881C (de) * 1952-09-11 1957-06-27 Hivac Ltd Gasentladungsroehre mit kalter Kathode
US2815470A (en) * 1954-04-15 1957-12-03 Hivac Ltd Cold-cathode gas-discharge tubes and circuits therefor
US2892119A (en) * 1955-10-04 1959-06-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electron discharge device
DE1090772B (de) * 1955-10-05 1960-10-13 Siemens Edison Swan Ltd Gasgefuellte elektrische Zaehl- und Speicherroehre mit schraubenfoermiger Kathode und einer Anode, welche parallel zur Achse der Kathodenschraube angeordnet ist
US2896122A (en) * 1955-11-18 1959-07-21 Int Standard Electric Corp Electric discharge tubes
US3512033A (en) * 1967-11-28 1970-05-12 Raytheon Co Gaseous discharge device
US10548439B2 (en) 2011-04-07 2020-02-04 Excel Dryer, Inc. Sanitizing hand dryer
US9421291B2 (en) 2011-05-12 2016-08-23 Fifth Third Bank Hand dryer with sanitizing ionization assembly
US9284963B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2016-03-15 American Dryer, Inc. Blower assembly for hand dryer, with helmholtz motor mount

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GB650890A (en) 1951-03-07
DE916086C (de) 1954-08-02

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