US2246328A - Asymmetrical conductor and method of making the same - Google Patents
Asymmetrical conductor and method of making the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2246328A US2246328A US286513A US28651339A US2246328A US 2246328 A US2246328 A US 2246328A US 286513 A US286513 A US 286513A US 28651339 A US28651339 A US 28651339A US 2246328 A US2246328 A US 2246328A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- bismuth
- making
- asymmetrical
- same
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(I) oxide Inorganic materials [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229940112669 cuprous oxide Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- CJJMLLCUQDSZIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxobismuth Chemical class [Bi]=O CJJMLLCUQDSZIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/16—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide
- H01L21/161—Preparation of the foundation plate, preliminary treatment oxidation of the foundation plate, reduction treatment
Definitions
- This invention relates to asymmetrical conductors, that is, electrical conducting devices which ofier a greater resistance to flow of current in one direction than in the opposite direction, and. to methods of making such conductors. More particularly, this invention relates to electrical conducting devices of the copper-cuprous oxide type and to methods of making such devices.
- One general object of this invention is to improve thecurrent-voltage characteristic of asymmetrical conductors.
- one object-of this invention is to decrease the resistance, in the high current direction, of copper-cuprous oxide rectifiers, whereby an increase in the rectification ratio is obtained.
- an asymmetrical conductor of the metalmetal oxide type comprises a bodyof commercial copper of a high degree of purity having a small percentage of bismuth therein.
- the bismuth may be introduced into the copper by adding to molten copper either bismuth or a bismuth oxide.
- Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a coppercuprous oxide rectifier made in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the device of Fig. 1.
- Such copper may have traces of metallic impurities totaling about 0.04 per cent.
- a small amount of bismuth or a bismuth oxide is formed into sheets of suitable thickness, and blanks or washers formed therefrom.
- the blanks may then be treated by various methods to produce metal- One such process comprises placing a blank I 0 in a furnace having an oxidizing atmosphere at about 1000 C., for
- An asymmetrical conducting device comprising a metallic body having an integral layer of an oxide of said body thereon, said body comprising copper to which has been added one of the materials ofv the group comprising bismuth and bismuth oxides.
- a copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from a copper body to which has been added up to 0.04 per cent of bismuth.
- a copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from a copper body to which has been added up to 0.045 per' cent of bismuth trioxide.
- a copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from copper containing bismuth trioxide.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Description
June 17, 1941. G, 0, 8mm 2,246,328
ASYMMETRICAL CONDUCTOR AND METHQD OF MAKING THE SAME Filed July 26, 1939 10 COPPER r0 wmcams BEEN ADDED BISMUTH on BISMUTH 0x105 FIG. 2
lNl/ENTOR a. 0. SMITH BY 7 (Mam 6 M ATTORNEY metal oxide rectifier units.
UNITED \SATES v TEN CONDUCTOR AND METHOD ASYMMETRICAL OF MAKING THE SAME George 0. Smith, Bloomfield, N. J assignor to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation 01 New York Application July 26, 1939, Serial No. 286,513
7 Claims. (Cl. 175-366) This invention relates to asymmetrical conductors, that is, electrical conducting devices which ofier a greater resistance to flow of current in one direction than in the opposite direction, and. to methods of making such conductors. More particularly, this invention relates to electrical conducting devices of the copper-cuprous oxide type and to methods of making such devices.
One general object of this invention is to improve thecurrent-voltage characteristic of asymmetrical conductors.
More specifically, one object-of this invention is to decrease the resistance, in the high current direction, of copper-cuprous oxide rectifiers, whereby an increase in the rectification ratio is obtained.
In accordance with one feature of this invention, an asymmetrical conductor of the metalmetal oxide type comprises a bodyof commercial copper of a high degree of purity having a small percentage of bismuth therein. The bismuth may be introduced into the copper by adding to molten copper either bismuth or a bismuth oxide.
Other and further objects and features will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a coppercuprous oxide rectifier made in accordance with this invention; and
, Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the device of Fig. 1.
In the manufacture of copper-cuprous oxide rectifiers and the like, it is considered good practice to employ commercial copper having a high degree of purity. Such copper may have traces of metallic impurities totaling about 0.04 per cent.
In accordance with one feature of this invenmolten state, a small amount of bismuth or a bismuth oxide. 'The resulting material is formed into sheets of suitable thickness, and blanks or washers formed therefrom. The blanks may then be treated by various methods to produce metal- One such process comprises placing a blank I 0 in a furnace having an oxidizing atmosphere at about 1000 C., for
about ten minutes, then placing it in a second.
furnace maintained at about 500 C. forabout three minutes and subsequently quenching in cold water.
tion, there is added to such copper, when in the The oxide layer i I, which has been formed on the blank, is then suitably treated to provide a low ohmic electrical contact surface thereon.
It has been found that asymmetrical conductors made from copper to which has been added up to about 0.04 per cent by weight of bismuth or 0.045 per cent of bismuth trioxide have better characteristics than those made from commercial copper. Such addition results in a decrease, in resistance in the high current direction with no appreciable change in the resistance in the low -current direction thereby materially increasing the rectification ratio. Rectifiers having the above-noted characteristics have been made from copper melts to which have been added the following percentages of the indicated materials: Bismuth from 0.01 to 0.04 per cent or a bismuth oxide in sufficient amount to supply the foregoing range of bismuth to the melts, for example, up to 0.045 per cent bismuth trioxide.
Although. specific embodiments of this invention have been shown and described, it will be understood that modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An asymmetrical conducting device comprising a metallic body having an integral layer of an oxide of said body thereon, said body comprising copper to which has been added one of the materials ofv the group comprising bismuth and bismuth oxides.
2. A copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from a copper body to which has been added up to 0.04 per cent of bismuth.
3. A copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from a copper body to which has been added up to 0.045 per' cent of bismuth trioxide.
, 4. A copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from copper containing one of the materials from the groupv comprising bismuth and bismuth oxides.
5. A copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from copper containing bismuth.
6. A copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from copper containing bismuth oxide.
'7. A copper-cuprous oxide rectifier formed from copper containing bismuth trioxide.
. GEORGE 0. SMITH.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US286513A US2246328A (en) | 1939-07-26 | 1939-07-26 | Asymmetrical conductor and method of making the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US286513A US2246328A (en) | 1939-07-26 | 1939-07-26 | Asymmetrical conductor and method of making the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2246328A true US2246328A (en) | 1941-06-17 |
Family
ID=23098955
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US286513A Expired - Lifetime US2246328A (en) | 1939-07-26 | 1939-07-26 | Asymmetrical conductor and method of making the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2246328A (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2429933A (en) * | 1945-08-08 | 1947-10-28 | Western Electric Co | Image translating device |
| US2739276A (en) * | 1951-02-23 | 1956-03-20 | Gen Electric | Copper oxide rectifier and method of making the same |
| US2942158A (en) * | 1955-11-01 | 1960-06-21 | Westinghouse Air Brake Co | Copper alloys for asymmetrical conductors and copper oxide cells made therefrom |
| US3246979A (en) * | 1961-11-10 | 1966-04-19 | Gen Electric | Vacuum circuit interrupter contacts |
| US3450573A (en) * | 1965-06-30 | 1969-06-17 | Ass Elect Ind | Grain refinement process for copper-bismuth alloys |
| US4048117A (en) * | 1974-10-29 | 1977-09-13 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Vacuum switch contact materials |
| US5288458A (en) * | 1991-03-01 | 1994-02-22 | Olin Corporation | Machinable copper alloys having reduced lead content |
| US5352404A (en) * | 1991-10-25 | 1994-10-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Meidensha | Process for forming contact material including the step of preparing chromium with an oxygen content substantially reduced to less than 0.1 wt. % |
| US5653827A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1997-08-05 | Starline Mfg. Co., Inc. | Brass alloys |
-
1939
- 1939-07-26 US US286513A patent/US2246328A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2429933A (en) * | 1945-08-08 | 1947-10-28 | Western Electric Co | Image translating device |
| US2739276A (en) * | 1951-02-23 | 1956-03-20 | Gen Electric | Copper oxide rectifier and method of making the same |
| US2942158A (en) * | 1955-11-01 | 1960-06-21 | Westinghouse Air Brake Co | Copper alloys for asymmetrical conductors and copper oxide cells made therefrom |
| US3246979A (en) * | 1961-11-10 | 1966-04-19 | Gen Electric | Vacuum circuit interrupter contacts |
| US3450573A (en) * | 1965-06-30 | 1969-06-17 | Ass Elect Ind | Grain refinement process for copper-bismuth alloys |
| US4048117A (en) * | 1974-10-29 | 1977-09-13 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Vacuum switch contact materials |
| US5288458A (en) * | 1991-03-01 | 1994-02-22 | Olin Corporation | Machinable copper alloys having reduced lead content |
| US5409552A (en) * | 1991-03-01 | 1995-04-25 | Olin Corporation | Machinable copper alloys having reduced lead content |
| US5352404A (en) * | 1991-10-25 | 1994-10-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Meidensha | Process for forming contact material including the step of preparing chromium with an oxygen content substantially reduced to less than 0.1 wt. % |
| US5653827A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1997-08-05 | Starline Mfg. Co., Inc. | Brass alloys |
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