US2484252A - Asymmetrical conductor - Google Patents
Asymmetrical conductor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2484252A US2484252A US562314A US56231444A US2484252A US 2484252 A US2484252 A US 2484252A US 562314 A US562314 A US 562314A US 56231444 A US56231444 A US 56231444A US 2484252 A US2484252 A US 2484252A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- lead
- per cent
- sulphur
- oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 23
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/16—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide
- H01L21/161—Preparation of the foundation plate, preliminary treatment oxidation of the foundation plate, reduction treatment
Definitions
- This invention relates to electrical current conducting devices that offer a greater resistance to flow of current in one direction than in the opposite direction and more particularly to rectifier devices of the cuprous oxide-copper type.
- An object of this invention is to improve the current-voltage characteristic of cuprous oxidecopper rectifiers by increasing their stability at relatively high reverse voltages.
- a feature of this invention comprises making cuprous oxide-copper conduction devices from commercial copper having a high degree of purity to which has been added a small amount of other material, more particularly a halogen, sulphur and either lead or lead oxide.
- Fig. l is a cross-sectional view of a cuprous oxide-copper rectifier made in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the device of Fig. i.
- cuprous oxide-copper rectifiers and the like it is considered good practice to employ commercial copper having a high degree of purity. Such copper may have traces of metallic impurities totaling about 0.04 per cent.
- a small amount each of a halogen, sulphur, and either lead or lead oxide is added to such copper, when in the molten state, a small amount each of a halogen, sulphur, and either lead or lead oxide.
- the resulting material is formed into sheets of suitable thickness and blanks or washers formed therefrom.
- the blanks may then be treated by various methods to pro-- cute metal-metal oxide rectifier units.
- One such process comprises placing a blank i in a furnace having an oxidizing atmosphere at about 1000 C. for about ten minutes, then placing it in a second furnace maintained at about 500 C. for about three minutes, and then quenching in cold water.
- the oxide layer 2, which has been formed on the blank is then suitably treated to provide a low ohmic electrical contact surface thereon.
- the lead, sulphur, and halogen may be added to the melt in various forms and at such time as is most suitable to the melting and casting process being employed.
- a small batch may be handled in the following manner: the copper is melted in a furnace at about .250" C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere; nitrogen is suitable. While the melt is in the furnace, small amounts of lead or lead oxide, a halogen as a copper or lead halide, and sulphur as a sulphide,
- the melt is removed from the fur nace and stirred.
- the casting is done at about 1125 C.
- the cooled casting is then mechanically worked, as by rolling, to a sheet of the proper thickness. Discs or Washers of the required size are then stamped or otherwise formed from the sheet.
- An asymmetrical conducting device comprising a metallic body having an integral layer of an oxide of said body thereon, said body consisting of copper containing small amounts of lead, a halogen, and sulphur.
- a cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur, and chlorine, up to 0.3- per cent lead, up to 0.01. per cent sulphur, and up to 0.15 per cent chlorine.
- a cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur, and iodine, up to 0.3 per cent lead, up to 0.01 per cent sulphur, and up to 0.15 per cent iodine.
- a cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur, and bromine, up to 0.3 per cent lead, up to 0.01 per cent sulphur, and up to 0.15 per cent bromine.
- a cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur. and a halogen, up to 0.3 per cent lead, up to 0.01 per cent sulphur. and up to 0.15 per cent halogen.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Description
@dto 1 3, lg l- Q 3, SMITH ZAMQSZQ ASYMMETRICAL ounucwon Filed Nov. '7, 1944 FIG. I
f fiCOPPER CONTAINING LEAD SULPHUR, AND A HALOGEN F/QZ IN VETOR a. 0. SM/ TH ATTORNEY Patented Oct. 11, 1949 2,484,252 ASYMMETRICAL CONDUCTOR George 0. Smith, Maplcwood,
N. 1., assignor to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application November 7, 1944, Serial No. 562,314
Claims.
This invention relates to electrical current conducting devices that offer a greater resistance to flow of current in one direction than in the opposite direction and more particularly to rectifier devices of the cuprous oxide-copper type.
An object of this invention is to improve the current-voltage characteristic of cuprous oxidecopper rectifiers by increasing their stability at relatively high reverse voltages.
A feature of this invention comprises making cuprous oxide-copper conduction devices from commercial copper having a high degree of purity to which has been added a small amount of other material, more particularly a halogen, sulphur and either lead or lead oxide.
Other and further objects and features will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
Fig. l is a cross-sectional view of a cuprous oxide-copper rectifier made in accordance with this invention; and
Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the device of Fig. i.
In the manufacture of cuprous oxide-copper rectifiers and the like, it is considered good practice to employ commercial copper having a high degree of purity. Such copper may have traces of metallic impurities totaling about 0.04 per cent.
In. accordance with this invention, there is added to such copper, when in the molten state, a small amount each of a halogen, sulphur, and either lead or lead oxide. The resulting material is formed into sheets of suitable thickness and blanks or washers formed therefrom. The blanks may then be treated by various methods to pro-- duce metal-metal oxide rectifier units. One such process comprises placing a blank i in a furnace having an oxidizing atmosphere at about 1000 C. for about ten minutes, then placing it in a second furnace maintained at about 500 C. for about three minutes, and then quenching in cold water.
The oxide layer 2, which has been formed on the blank is then suitably treated to provide a low ohmic electrical contact surface thereon.
The lead, sulphur, and halogen may be added to the melt in various forms and at such time as is most suitable to the melting and casting process being employed. For example, a small batch may be handled in the following manner: the copper is melted in a furnace at about .250" C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere; nitrogen is suitable. While the melt is in the furnace, small amounts of lead or lead oxide, a halogen as a copper or lead halide, and sulphur as a sulphide,
are added. The melt is removed from the fur nace and stirred. The casting is done at about 1125 C. The cooled casting is then mechanically worked, as by rolling, to a sheet of the proper thickness. Discs or Washers of the required size are then stamped or otherwise formed from the sheet.
In the case of large batches, it may be more convenient to make the additions after removal of the melt from the furnace and while it is cooling to casting temperature, for example, in the pouring ladle. Other methods of addition to the melt, suitable to the particular casting process employed, may be used.
It has been found that asymmetrical conductors made from copper to which has been added up to about 0.3 per cent by weight of lead as metallic lead or lead oxide, about 0.01 per cent sulphur as a sulphide, and about 0.15 per cent halogen as a copper or lead compound of chlorine, iodine, bromine, or fluorine, have better characteristics than those made from commercial copper. These additions to the copper result in such an improvement in the stability of the rectifier unit that reverse voltages as high as volts may be safely applied thereto. This improvement decreases by a large factor the number of rectifier elements required in a given assembly.
It will be understood that this invention has been disclosed with reference to particular illustrative embodiments, and it is to be considered as limited in scope by the appended claims only.
What is claimed is:
1. An asymmetrical conducting device comprising a metallic body having an integral layer of an oxide of said body thereon, said body consisting of copper containing small amounts of lead, a halogen, and sulphur.
2. A cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur, and chlorine, up to 0.3- per cent lead, up to 0.01. per cent sulphur, and up to 0.15 per cent chlorine.
3. A cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur, and iodine, up to 0.3 per cent lead, up to 0.01 per cent sulphur, and up to 0.15 per cent iodine.
4. A cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur, and bromine, up to 0.3 per cent lead, up to 0.01 per cent sulphur, and up to 0.15 per cent bromine.
5. A cuprous oxide-copper rectifier formed from a copper body containing small amounts of lead, sulphur. and a halogen, up to 0.3 per cent lead, up to 0.01 per cent sulphur. and up to 0.15 per cent halogen.
GEORGE 0. SMITH.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date Mihalic Nov. 14, 1922 Ogden July 1, 1930 Number
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US562314A US2484252A (en) | 1944-11-07 | 1944-11-07 | Asymmetrical conductor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US562314A US2484252A (en) | 1944-11-07 | 1944-11-07 | Asymmetrical conductor |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2484252A true US2484252A (en) | 1949-10-11 |
Family
ID=24245775
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US562314A Expired - Lifetime US2484252A (en) | 1944-11-07 | 1944-11-07 | Asymmetrical conductor |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2484252A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2793968A (en) * | 1954-05-28 | 1957-05-28 | Gen Electric | Method of making copper oxide rectifier cells |
Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1435649A (en) * | 1921-10-11 | 1922-11-14 | Mihalic Anton | Method of making phosphor copper |
| US1769852A (en) * | 1927-06-27 | 1930-07-01 | Kodel Radio Corp | Method of producing rectifying units |
| US1838126A (en) * | 1929-12-05 | 1931-12-29 | Wyldes Victor | Alloy |
| US1869017A (en) * | 1928-05-04 | 1932-07-26 | Union Switch & Signal Co | Electrical rectifier |
| US1921418A (en) * | 1933-05-23 | 1933-08-08 | Handy & Harman | Alloy |
| US2060905A (en) * | 1935-03-30 | 1936-11-17 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2093661A (en) * | 1937-01-29 | 1937-09-21 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2143824A (en) * | 1937-12-04 | 1939-01-10 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2157674A (en) * | 1937-06-15 | 1939-05-09 | W J Holliday & Co | Process of manufacturing a free machining case-hardening steel |
| US2162362A (en) * | 1938-10-11 | 1939-06-13 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2180026A (en) * | 1937-02-18 | 1939-11-14 | Union Switch & Signal Co | Manufacture of alternating electric current rectifiers |
| US2186781A (en) * | 1938-03-19 | 1940-01-09 | Union Switch & Signal Co | Electrical rectifier |
| US2293248A (en) * | 1941-06-10 | 1942-08-18 | Fink Colin Garfield | Element for photocells and rectifiers |
-
1944
- 1944-11-07 US US562314A patent/US2484252A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1435649A (en) * | 1921-10-11 | 1922-11-14 | Mihalic Anton | Method of making phosphor copper |
| US1769852A (en) * | 1927-06-27 | 1930-07-01 | Kodel Radio Corp | Method of producing rectifying units |
| US1869017A (en) * | 1928-05-04 | 1932-07-26 | Union Switch & Signal Co | Electrical rectifier |
| US1838126A (en) * | 1929-12-05 | 1931-12-29 | Wyldes Victor | Alloy |
| US1921418A (en) * | 1933-05-23 | 1933-08-08 | Handy & Harman | Alloy |
| US2060905A (en) * | 1935-03-30 | 1936-11-17 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2093661A (en) * | 1937-01-29 | 1937-09-21 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2180026A (en) * | 1937-02-18 | 1939-11-14 | Union Switch & Signal Co | Manufacture of alternating electric current rectifiers |
| US2157674A (en) * | 1937-06-15 | 1939-05-09 | W J Holliday & Co | Process of manufacturing a free machining case-hardening steel |
| US2143824A (en) * | 1937-12-04 | 1939-01-10 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2186781A (en) * | 1938-03-19 | 1940-01-09 | Union Switch & Signal Co | Electrical rectifier |
| US2162362A (en) * | 1938-10-11 | 1939-06-13 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Asymmetrical conductor |
| US2293248A (en) * | 1941-06-10 | 1942-08-18 | Fink Colin Garfield | Element for photocells and rectifiers |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2793968A (en) * | 1954-05-28 | 1957-05-28 | Gen Electric | Method of making copper oxide rectifier cells |
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