US20240308993A1 - Process for making diaryl isoxazoline derivative - Google Patents

Process for making diaryl isoxazoline derivative Download PDF

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US20240308993A1
US20240308993A1 US18/576,593 US202218576593A US2024308993A1 US 20240308993 A1 US20240308993 A1 US 20240308993A1 US 202218576593 A US202218576593 A US 202218576593A US 2024308993 A1 US2024308993 A1 US 2024308993A1
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Jingdan Hu
Guanmin WU
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Elanco US Inc
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Elanco US Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

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  • the compound of formula (1) is a diaryl isoxazoline derivative and is useful in pest control, in particular in the control of ectoparasites.
  • the compound of formula (1) inhibits insect and acarine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels. This inhibition blocks the transfer of chloride ions across cell membranes, which results in the death of insects and acarines.
  • GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • the compound of formula (1) is useful in the treatment of ectoparasites, such as lice and flea infestations and the treatment and control of tick infestations in animals including humans, farm animals including fish, and domestic animals, including cats and dogs.
  • the compound of formula (1) which is further described in WO 2016/077158, which is herein incorporated by reference, belongs to the well-known class of isoxazoline derivatives which have insecticidal and acaricidal activity and can be used in agriculture, forestry, turf, household, wood products, nursery crops protection, and veterinary fields.
  • isoxazolines are disclosed in WO 2010/070068 and WO2013/079407, which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the present invention provides a method of making the compound of formula (1), using a cinchona alkaloid directed asymmetric hydroxylamine/enone cascade reaction that avoids costly and labor intensive cycles of resolution and racemization and further resolution.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a chiral chromatogram overlay of 3-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2-propyn-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-5-[(5S)-5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide (bottom line), the 5S-enantiomer reference sample (middle line), and the 5R-enantiomer reference sample (top line).
  • FIG. 2 depicts the HPLC purity of 3-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2-propyn-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-5-[(5S)-5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide (top line) compared to a blank (bottom line).
  • FIG. 3 depicts a 1 H NMR comparison between 3-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2-propyn-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-5-[(5S)-5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide (bottom line) and a reference sample (top line).
  • FIG. 4 depicts 1 H NMR data for 3-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2-propyn-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-5-[(5S)-5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide.
  • the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an enantiomerically pure compound of formula (1)
  • X is selected from the group consisting of halogen and —C(O)OR 4 wherein R 4 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl and an appropriate base and a compound of formula (3)
  • Y ⁇ is an anion
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methoxy
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl and vinyl
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of nitro, halogen, amino, trifluoromethyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, and benzyloxy
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, to give a compound of formula (4)
  • Scheme 1 all products can be isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art, such as extraction, evaporation, trituration, chromatography, and recrystallization.
  • step 1 depicts a cinchona alkaloid directed asymmetric hydroxylamine/enone cascade reaction using a compound of formula (2) wherein X is selected from the group consisting of halogen and —C(O)OR 4 wherein R 4 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl with hydroxylamine and an appropriate base in the presence of a compound of formula (3) to give an enantiomerically pure compound of formula (4).
  • a compound of formula (2) exists as geometric isomers.
  • the bond from the double bond to the CF 3 group denotes such geometric isomers, including an E-isomer, a Z-isomer and mixtures thereof and the present invention encompasses the use of the E-isomer, the Z-isomer and mixtures thereof in any ratio.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula (2) are those wherein X is chloro or bromo, even more preferred is bromo.
  • Other particularly preferred compounds of formula (2) are those wherein X is —C(O)OR 4 and R 4 is selected from the group of methyl and ethyl, even more preferred methyl.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula (3) are those wherein Ri is methoxy.
  • a compound of formula (3) is typically, by reference to the compound of formula (2), used in a molar ratio of 0.001 to 10, more typically 0.01 to 1, even more typically 0.05 to 0.5.
  • an appropriate base is selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium t-butoxide, and mixtures thereof.
  • the base is used in a molar ratio of 1 to 10, more typically 1 to 5, even more typically 2 to 4.
  • additional base may be used if the hydroxylamine is used as a salt.
  • step 1 is carried out in a solvent, such as a lower alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol, a chlorinate solvent such as methylene chloride and chloroform, an ether solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, diisopropyl ether and methyl-t-butyl ether, t-amyl methyl ether, ethyl-t-butyl ether, an aromatic solvent such as toluene, chlorobenzene, and benzotrifluoride, or an alkane solvent such as hexane, heptane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclohexane: and mixtures of such solvents.
  • a solvent such as a lower alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol
  • a chlorinate solvent such as methylene chloride and chloroform
  • an ether solvent such as tetrahydrofuran
  • the reaction is typically carried out at temperatures of from ⁇ 50° C. to 50° C., more typically ⁇ 40° C. to 0° C., more typically ⁇ 40° C. to ⁇ 10° C., and even more typically ⁇ 30° C. to ⁇ 20° C., and generally required from 1 to 48 hours.
  • Typical compounds of formula (3) include (R)-[(2S)-1-[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-vinyl-quinuclidin-1-ium-2-yl]-(6-methoxy-4-quinolyl)methanol bromide, (R)-[(2S)-1-[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-vinyl-quinuclidin-1-ium-2-yl]-(6-methoxy-4-quinolyl)methanol chloride, (R)-[(2S)-1-[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-vinyl-quinuclidin-1-ium-2-yl]-(4-quinolyl)methanol bromide, (R)-[(2S)-1-[(2,3,5-trifluorophenyl)methyl]-5-vinyl-quinuclidin-1-ium-2-yl]-(6-meth
  • Scheme 1, step 2 depicts converting X of a compound of formula (4) to a carboxylic acid of the compound of formula (5).
  • a compound of formula (4) in which X is halogen can be converted to the compound of formula (5) by metallating the X-position with a Grignard reagent or a halogen-metal exchange with an alkyllithium and reacting the metallated species with carbon dioxide or a reagent that can be elaborated to a carboxylic acid. Such reactions are readily carried out and are well known. See WO 2014/090918.
  • a compound of formula (4) in which X is —C(O)OR 4 is readily converted to the compound of formula (5) by hydrolysis. Such reactions are readily carried out and are well known.
  • step 3 depicts coupling the compound of formula (5) with an appropriate amine (either 2-amino-propargyl-acetamide, which is a compound of formula (6),
  • the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 90% (i.e., 80% or greater enantiomeric excess, or e.e.). In one embodiment, the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 92% (i.e., 84% or greater e.e.). In one embodiment, the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 94% (i.e., 88% or greater e.e.).
  • the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 95% (i.e., 90% or greater e.e.). In one embodiment, the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 96% (i.e., 92% or greater e.e.). In one embodiment, the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 97% (i.e., 94% or greater e.e.).
  • the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 98% (i.e., 96% or greater e.e.). In one embodiment, the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 99% (i.e., 98% or greater e.e.). In one embodiment, the term “enantiomerically pure” refers to the (S)-enantiomer that is present in greater than 99.8% (i.e., 99.6% or greater e.e.).
  • an anti-solvent refers to a solvent in which a compound of formula (5) is significantly less soluble relative to the selected solvent(s).
  • an anti-solvent when used it is miscible with the selected solvent.
  • the present invention also provides a process for making an enantiomerically pure isoxazoline compound of formula (1) characterized by improving the enantiomeric purity of the compound of formula (5) comprising: crystallization from a C 1-5 alcohol/water.
  • the ratio of C 1-5 alcohol to water is about 9:1 (v/v).
  • the C 1-5 alcohol is isopropanol.
  • the C 1-5 alcohol is isopropanol and ratio of isopropanol to water is 9:1 (v/v).
  • the present invention also provides a process for making an enantiomerically pure compound of formula (1) characterized by improving the enantiomeric purity of the compound of formula (5) comprising: crystallization from a C 3-9 alkyl ketone/water.
  • the ratio of C 3-9 alkyl ketone to water is about 9:1 (v/v).
  • the C 3-9 alkyl ketone is acetone.
  • the C 3-9 alkyl ketone is acetone and ratio of acetone to water is 9:1 (v/v).
  • Preferred anti-solvents are C 5-8 hydrocarbon and water.
  • preferred anti-solvents are selected from the group consisting of water, pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane.
  • a particularly preferred anti-solvent is methylcyclohexane.
  • the ratio of selected solvent and anti-solvent is not critical and typically ranges from 2:1 to 1:6 (v/v).
  • the present invention also provides a process for making an enantiomerically pure isoxazoline compound of formula (1) characterized by improving the enantiomeric purity of the compound of formula (5) comprising: crystallization from a C 1-5 alcohol and a C 5-8 hydrocarbon.
  • the C 1-5 alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethanol and isopropanol.
  • the present invention also provides a process for making an enantiomerically pure isoxazoline compound of formula (1) characterized by improving the enantiomeric purity of the compound of formula (5) comprising: crystallization from a C 2-8 alkyl ether and a C 5-8 hydrocarbon.
  • the C 2-8 alkyl ether is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
  • the present invention also provides a process for making an enantiomerically pure isoxazoline compound of formula (1) characterized by improving the enantiomeric purity of the compound of formula (5) comprising: crystallization from a C 2-8 alkyl acetate and a C 5-8 hydrocarbon.
  • the C 2-8 alkyl acetate is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate.
  • the present invention also provides a process for making an enantiomerically pure isoxazoline compound of formula (1) characterized by improving the enantiomeric purity of the compound of formula (5) comprising: crystallization from a C 3-9 alkyl ketone and a C 5-8 hydrocarbon.
  • the C 3-9 alkyl ketone is selected from the group consisting of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, and bromine atoms. Even more particularly, the term “halogen” refers to chlorine and bromine atoms.
  • Y ⁇ refers to a negatively charged organic or inorganic group.
  • Y ⁇ can be tosylate, brosylate, mesylate, nosylate, triflate, acetate, and the like or can be halide, sulfate, phosphate, hydroxide, boron tetrafluoride, and the like.
  • Y ⁇ is a halide.
  • Y ⁇ is chloride or bromide.
  • aryl refers to phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like. In one embodiment “aryl” is phenyl. In one embodiment “aryl” is anthracen-9-yl.
  • heteroaryl refers to fully unsaturated ring containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, including pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, acridinyl, and the like.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl refers to straight or branched chain alkyl groups with one to four carbon atoms.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkoxy refers to a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group attached through an oxygen atom.
  • C 1-5 alcohol refers to a straight or branched alkanol having from one to five carbon atoms, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, 1-butanol, 1,3-propanediol, and the like.
  • C 2-5 alkyl cyanide refers to straight or branched alkyl cyanides having a total of two to five carbon atoms, for example acetonitrile, proprionitrile, and butyronitrile.
  • C 3-9 alkyl ketone refers to a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having an oxo group and having a total of from three to nine carbon atoms, for example acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.
  • C 2-8 alkyl ether refers to a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl ether having a total of from two to eight carbon atoms, for example diethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, t-amyl methyl ether, ethyl-t-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl THF, dioxane, and the like.
  • C 3-8 alkyl acetate refers to straight or branched alkyl esters of acetic acid having a total of three to eight carbons, for example, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and the like.
  • C 5-8 hydrocarbon refers to a straight, branched, or cyclic saturated alkyl hydrocarbon, for example, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane and the like.
  • the compound of formula (1) is known in the art (WO2016/077158) as a valuable active ingredient for use in pest control.
  • the term “pests” includes endoparasites and preferably ectoparasites on and in animals and in the hygiene field. Ectoparasites are understood to be in particular insects, acari (mites and ticks), and fish-parasitic crustaceans (sea lice). Particular pests are fleas, ticks, mites, flies, worms, lice, and crustaceans. Even more particular pests are fleas, ticks, lice, and sea lice.
  • vertebrates Animals as described here are understood to include vertebrates.
  • the term vertebrate in this context is understood to comprise, for example fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans.
  • One preferred group of vertebrates according to the invention comprises warm-blooded animals including farm animals, such as cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry such as chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls and geese, fur-bearing animals such as mink, foxes, chinchillas, rabbits and the like, as well as companion animals such as ferrets, guinea pigs, rats, hamster, cats and dogs, and also humans.
  • a further group of preferred vertebrates according to the invention comprises fish including salmonids, for examples salmon, trout or whitefish.
  • the compounds of formula (1) can be administered alone or in the form of a composition.
  • the compound is usually administered in the form of a composition, that is, in admixture with at least one acceptable excipient.
  • the proportion and nature of any acceptable excipient(s) are determined by the disorder or condition to be treated and other relevant circumstances, the chosen route of administration, and standard practice as in the veterinary and pharmaceutical fields.
  • the suspension was filtered and recrystallization was repeated once to give a free-flowing solid.
  • the solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 25-30° C. to provide 10.34 g of product.
  • the solid was evaluated by chiral HPLC which indicated 91.0% S-isomer and 9.0% R-isomer.
  • the organic layer was extracted with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1N, 75 mL), the layers separated and the organic layer again extracted with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1N, 100 mL).
  • the organic layer was separated and extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (75 mL) and the layers were separated and again the organic layer was extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL).
  • the layers were separated and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate (10 g).
  • the organic layer was filtered, the cake washed with ethyl t-butyl ether (50 mL) and then montmorillonite clay (50 g) was added and the mixture was stirred at 10° C. to 20° C.
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to 5° C. for 2 hours and an 8% aqueous sodium chloride solution (601 g) was added dropwise at below 10° C., followed by addition of 37% aqueous HCl solution (92.5 g) at below 0° C. to give the title compound.
  • the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the distillate was replaced with fresh methyl tert-butyl ether (2 cycles, 1777 g each). Subsequently, the mixture was briefly heated to reflux and then cooled to ⁇ 10° C. to trigger precipitation of the catalyst. The resulting suspension was filtered and optionally extracted by a solution of hydrochloric acid (37%, 240 g), sodium chloride (240 g) and water (1080 g), and optionally filtered by a filter bed of bleaching earth. The filtrate was washed with saturated bicarbonate solution (1200 g) and the organic layer was stored as an MTBE solution containing the product, (S)-isoxazolbromothiophene.
  • reaction mixture was quenched by adding it slowly to a mixture containing sodium chloride (110 g), water (2235 g) and 37% hydrochloric acid (283 g) at ambient temperature. After mixing and settling, the phases were separated. The organic layer was concentrated and the distillate replaced by fresh acetonitrile (2 cycles, 1915 g each). The reaction mixture as briefly warmed to obtain a clear solution before it was cooled to ⁇ 10° C. and the product was isolated by centrifugation and washed with pre-cooled acetonitrile (460 g). The wet (S)-Isoxazolthiophene carboxylic acid was dried at 50° C., ⁇ 100 mbar in the vacuum dryer. The dry yield was 82% of theoretical yield. Purity: 100%, chiral purity, 99.8 a %.
  • the mixture was extracted with IM hydrochloric acid (a mixture of 37% HCl (4.8 g) and water (38.7 g)) followed by saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (4.2 g sodium hydrogen carbonate in 48 g water) and finally water (52.5 g). Most of the organic layer was removed at 40° C. in vacuo and tert-butyl methyl ether (23.8 g) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. and heptane (47.6 g) was added slowly to precipitate the product.
  • IM hydrochloric acid a mixture of 37% HCl (4.8 g) and water (38.7 g)
  • saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution 4.2 g sodium hydrogen carbonate in 48 g water
  • water 52.5 g
  • Enantiomeric purity of the product was determined by HPLC with a chiral column (Daicel Chiralpak AS-3R, 150 ⁇ 4.6 mm, 3 ⁇ m).
  • the retention times relate in each case to the use of a solvent system comprising a mixture of water/acetonitrile 55:45 (v/v).
  • the eluent was employed at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min in isocratic mode.
  • the middle line depicts a chromatogram of a reference sample (i.e., enantiomerically pure) of 3-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2-propyn-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-5-[(5S)-5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide.
  • the top line depicts a chromatogram of a reference sample (i.e., enantiomerically pure) of 3-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2-propyn-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-5-[(5R)-5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide. Peak results for FIG. 1 are provided in Table 1, below.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the HPLC purity of the product of Example 4c (top line) compared with a blank (bottom line). Peak results for the product in FIG. 2 are provided in Table 2, below:
  • FIG. 3 depicts 1 H NMR comparison between the product of Example 4c (bottom line) and the API reference sample (top line).
  • FIG. 4 depicts 1 H NMR data for the product of Example 4c.
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to 5° C. for 2 hours and an 8% aqueous sodium chloride solution (601 g) was added dropwise at below 10° C., followed by addition of 37% aqueous HCl solution (92.5 g) at below 0° C.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at 10° C. to 15° C. for 30 minutes then the stirring was stopped and after 30 minutes the phases were separated.
  • the organic layer was concentrated to about 370 mL under vacuum, followed by three iterations of THF (1850 mL) addition and concentration under vacuum to about 370 mL to 555 mL. After confirming the reaction mixture was dry, three cycles of acetonitrile (925 mL) addition followed by vacuum concentration to about 555 mL to 740 mL were performed.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 75° C. and gradually cooled to 50° C. over one hour.
  • Product seeds (1.85 g) were added at 50° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 30 minutes.
  • the batch was gradually cooled to ⁇ 10° C. over three hours and kept at ⁇ 10° C. for two hours.
  • the batch was filtered and the cake was washed with cold acetonitrile (93 to 185 mL). 110 g of the title compound was obtained after drying the wet cake at 50° C. under vacuum for 12 hours.
  • the product was evaluated by chiral HPLC which indicated >99.9% S-isomer.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. to 10° C. and 75 mL saturated aqueous brine solution was added at 10° C. to 35° C.
  • the pH was then adjusted to about pH 1 with 37% aqueous HCl.
  • Ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (25 mL) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred.
  • the aqueous layer was separated and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous brine (3 ⁇ 50 mL). The washed organic layer was concentrated at 40° C.
  • the mixture was then diluted with MTBE (45 mL) and cooled to 0-5° C.
  • a mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (45 mL) and water (45 mL) was added dropwise.
  • the reaction mixture was then combined with ethyl acetate (60 mL) and the layers were separated.
  • the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (41 mL) and the organic layers were combined and washed with aqueous brine (2 ⁇ 40 mL).
  • the organic layer was then evaporated under vacuum at 30° C. to 40° C. to give a residue.
  • the residue was suspended in ethanol (50 mL), stirred for 1 hour and then cooled to 0° C. to 5° C.
  • a precooled mixture of aqueous sodium hydroxide (10 N, 0.33 mL) and aqueous hydroxylamine (50%, 0.223 mL) was added dropwise via a syringe while maintaining the temperature at ⁇ 10° C. to ⁇ 15° C.
  • aqueous hydrochloric acid (2 N, 25 mL) was slowly added and the reaction mixture was then warmed to 10° to 15° C.
  • the layers were then separated and the organic layer was washed with water (2 ⁇ , 25 mL) and evaporated at 50° C.
  • the reaction mixture was then warmed to ambient temperature and stirred 1 hour before being diluted with MTBE (30 mL) and then cooled to 10° C. followed by the slow addition of a mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The layers were then separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous brine (2 ⁇ 30 mL) and then evaporated under vacuum at 30° C. to 40° C. to give a residue. The residue was twice suspended in ethanol (30 mL) and evaporated to near dryness. The residue was then suspended in ethanol (30 mL) and stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. to 5° C. to give a solid.
  • a precooled mixture of aqueous sodium hydroxide (10 N, 0.33 mL) and aqueous hydroxylamine (50%, 0.223 mL) was added dropwise via a syringe with stirring while maintaining the temperature at ⁇ 10° C. to ⁇ 15° C. After 18 hours at ⁇ 10° C. to ⁇ 15° C. the mixture was analyzed. S/R ratio: 81:19.
  • Clause 3 A process according to clause 1, wherein the appropriate amine is the amine resulting from the sequential reaction of glycine optionally carboxyl protected, followed by deprotection if necessary and then by coupling with propargylamine.
  • Clause 4 A process according to any one of clauses 1 to 3 wherein X is halogen.
  • Clause 7 A process according to any one of clauses 1 to 3 wherein X is —C(O)OR 4 wherein R 4 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • step (i) is conducted at a temperature from-40° C. to ⁇ 10° C.
  • step (i) is conducted at a temperature from-30° C. to ⁇ 20° C.
  • Clause 13 The process of any one of clauses 1-10, wherein step (i) is conducted at a temperature of about-30° C.
  • Clause 14 The process of any one of clauses 1-13, wherein the reaction of the compound of formula (2) with hydroxylamine, the appropriate base, and the compound of formula (3) is conducted in the presence of a solvent system comprising dichloromethane and an ether.
  • Clause 17 The process of any one of clauses 1-16, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (4) is greater than or equal to 80%.
  • Clause 18 The process of any one of clauses 1-16, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (4) is greater than or equal to 93%.
  • Clause 36 The process of any one of clauses 19 to 34, wherein the anti-solvent in (iii) is C 5-8 hydrocarbon.
  • Clause 37 The process of clause 36, wherein the C 5-8 hydrocarbon is pentane.
  • Clause 38 The process of clause 36, wherein the C 5-8 hydrocarbon is hexane.
  • Clause 39 The process of clause 36, wherein the C 5-8 hydrocarbon is heptane.
  • Clause 40 The process of clause 36, wherein the C 5-8 hydrocarbon is cyclohexane.
  • Clause 42 The process of any one of clauses 1-41, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (5) is greater than or equal to 90%.
  • Clause 43 The process of any one of clauses 1-41, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (5) is greater than or equal to 96%.
  • Clause 44 The process of any one of clauses 1-41, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (5) is greater than or equal to 98%.
  • Clause 45 The process of any one of clauses 1-41, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (5) is greater than or equal to 99%.
  • Clause 46 The process of any one of clauses 1-41, wherein the enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (5) is greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • Clause 47 The process of any one of clauses 1-46, wherein the appropriate base is selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium t-butoxide, and mixtures thereof.
  • Clause 48 The process of any one of clauses 1-47, wherein Y ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of tosylate, brosylate, mesylate, nosylate, triflate, acetate, halide, sulfate, phosphate, hydroxide, and boron tetrafluoride.
  • Clause 53 A composition comprising the compound of formula (1) in 99% or greater enantiomeric purity.
  • Clause 54 A composition comprising the compound of formula (1) in 99.8% or greater enantiomeric purity.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Nitrogen And Oxygen As The Only Ring Hetero Atoms (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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