US20230414511A1 - Compositions and methods for deep dermal drug delivery - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for deep dermal drug delivery Download PDF

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US20230414511A1
US20230414511A1 US18/037,316 US202118037316A US2023414511A1 US 20230414511 A1 US20230414511 A1 US 20230414511A1 US 202118037316 A US202118037316 A US 202118037316A US 2023414511 A1 US2023414511 A1 US 2023414511A1
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shr0302
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particle size
pharmaceutical composition
value
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David W. Osborne
Babak N. TOFIG
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Arcutis Biotherapeutics Inc
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Assigned to ARCUTIS BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment ARCUTIS BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TOFIG, BABAK N., OSBORNE, DAVID W.
Assigned to SLR INVESTMENT CORP. reassignment SLR INVESTMENT CORP. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ARCUTIS BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
    • A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
    • A61K31/585—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin containing lactone rings, e.g. oxandrolone, bufalin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/20—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing sulfur, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate or aminosulfonic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A61K47/38—Cellulose; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/10—Anti-acne agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/14—Drugs for dermatological disorders for baldness or alopecia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
    • A61K9/145—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic compounds

Definitions

  • compositions for the topical administration of a drug to the pilosebaceous unit and methods for administering the same.
  • the inventors of the present invention have made the surprising discovery that pharmaceutical compositions comprising small particles of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a silicone, such as dimethicone or cyclomethicone, can be targeted to the pilosebaceous unit.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises SHR0302 or spironolactone as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • Transdermal and topical delivery of drugs have a variety of advantages compared with other routes of administration.
  • Transdermal and topical delivery can be used to deliver drugs continuously into the systemic circulation and circumvent first-pass metabolism. In contrast, there is a significant first-pass effect of the liver that can prematurely metabolize drugs for oral drug delivery.
  • Transdermal and topical delivery also have advantages over intravenous administration, which must be sterile products and can be painful thereby increasing noncompliance by patients.
  • Transdermal delivery on the other hand can be non-sterile, non-invasive and self-administered.
  • the skin consists primarily of four layers: (a) the stratum corneum (nonviable epidermis), (b) viable epidermis, (c) dermis, and (d) subcutaneous tissues.
  • the skin also contains appendages in the form of terminal hairs, which may extend more than 3 mm below the skin surface into the subcutaneous fatty tissue and vellus hair, which is the fine, often unnoticed body hair that extends less than 1 mm into the dermis.
  • the hair follicle, hair shaft, and sebaceous gland, which secrets a lubricating oil matter into the hair follicles, comprise what is known as a pilosebaceous unit. While the stratum corneum has traditionally been viewed as the primary pathway for the penetration of drugs, it is also the main barrier to percutaneous absorption. In the past, researchers have questioned the significance of the pilosebaceous unit in drug delivery.
  • the mammalian hair follicle is a complex, dynamic structure in which unique biochemical and immunological reactions occur.
  • the pilosebaceous unit may be an acceptable target for drug delivery, there are several challenges to drug delivery to the pilosebaceous unit.
  • One of the challenges relating to drug delivery to the pilosebaceous unit is the need to bypass the stratum corneum, which extends approximately 10-20 ⁇ m deep and the upper capillary plexus, which extends approximately 80 ⁇ m deep.
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the topical administration of a drug to the pilosebaceous unit and methods for administering the same.
  • the inventors of the present invention have made the surprising discovery that a pharmaceutical composition comprising small particles of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a silicone, such as dimethicone or cyclomethicone, can be delivered to the pilosebaceous unit resulting in deeper penetration into the dermis and improved efficacy.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises SHR0302 or spironolactone as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a silicone selected from the group consisting of dimethicone, cyclomethicone, and combinations thereof.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient has a primary particle size distribution that is characterized by a D90 value of less than about 20 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical ingredient has a primary particle size distribution that is characterized by a D90 value of less than about 10 ⁇ m or more preferably less than about 5 ⁇ m.
  • the composition comprises about 0.10% w/w to about 7.5% w/w of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be capable of delivering the active pharmaceutical ingredient to the pilosebaceous unit.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient is capable of achieving dermal penetration of at least 1 mm in the subject.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of SHR0302 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the SHR0302 can have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D90 value of less than about 20 ⁇ m, less than about 10 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 5 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D50 value of less than about 5 ⁇ m, less than about 1 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.7 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D10 value of less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 0.5 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a silicone selected from the group consisting of dimethicone, cyclomethicone, and combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises SHR0302 suspended in at least one of dimethicone and cyclomethicone.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can comprise about 0.10% w/w to about 5% w/w of SHR0302 or a salt thereof. In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w of SHR0302 or a salt thereof.
  • a method of treating alopecia areata in a subject in need thereof comprises topically administering to the subject the pharmaceutical compositions of SHR0302 described herein.
  • the SHR0302 or salt thereof can be delivered to the pilosebaceous unit.
  • administration of the pharmaceutical composition can result in dermal penetration of SHR0302 of at least about 1 mm in the subject, and preferably to the depth of the hair bulb for a terminal hair, about 2 to 3 mm in the subject.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of spironolactone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the spironolactone can have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D90 value of less than about 6 ⁇ m, less than about 1 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D50 value of less than about 2.7 ⁇ m, less than about 0.75 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.15 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D10 value of less than about 1.2 ⁇ m, less than about 0.50 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.10 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a silicone selected from the group consisting of dimethicone and cyclomethicone.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of spironolactone is an oil-in-water emulsion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can comprise about 0.10% w/w to about 7.5% w/w of spironolactone or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise from about 0.5% w/w to about 5% w/w of spironolactone or a salt thereof.
  • a method of treating acne in a subject in need thereof comprises topically administering to the subject the pharmaceutical compositions of spironolactone described herein.
  • the spironolactone or salt thereof can be delivered to the pilosebaceous unit.
  • administration of the pharmaceutical composition can result in dermal penetration of spironolactone of at least 1 mm in the subject, and preferably about 2 or 3 mm in the subject.
  • FIG. 1 shows a particle size distribution plot of SHR0302 in an exemplary pharmaceutical composition.
  • FIG. 2 shows a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance-High Resolution-Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-HR-MALDT) depth profile of an 0.3% SHR0302 topical 30% DMSO cream for a first donor (Donor A).
  • FTICR-HR-MALDT Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance-High Resolution-Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
  • FIG. 3 shows a FTICR-HR-MALDI depth profile of a 3% SHR0302 topical suspension in dimethicone for a first donor (Donor A).
  • FIG. 4 shows a FTICR-HR-MALDI depth profile of an 0.3% SHR0302 topical 30% DMSO cream for a second donor (Donor B).
  • FIG. 5 shows a FTICR-HR-MALDI depth profile of a 3% SHR0302 topical suspension in dimethicone for a second donor (Donor B).
  • FIG. 6 shows a particle size distribution of spironolactone in a suspension of 5.0% spironolactone nano-milled in water with 0.05% dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) and 1.0% hydroxyl propyl cellulose.
  • DOSS dioctyl sulfosuccinate
  • FIG. 7 is a micrograph taken two weeks after storage past completion of milling for a 5% spironolactone suspension in cyclomethicone that was roller milled to form a suspension having a D90 of less than about 5 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 8 shows the cumulative amount of spironolactone appearing in the receptor solution over 24 hours after a single 5.0 ⁇ l per cell (10 mg per cm 2 of skin tissue) for two exemplary formulations (Formulation 1 and Formulation 2, described in Example 4) and a Comparative Gel formulation (also described in Example 4).
  • FIG. 9 shows the amount of spironolactone (ng) in the epidermis and dermis after 24 hours for two exemplary formulations (Formulation 1 and Formulation 2, described in Example 4) and a Comparative Gel formulation (also described in Example 4).
  • active ingredient includes a single ingredient and two or more different ingredients
  • sulfate salt includes a single sulfate salt as well as two or more different sulfate salts.
  • the term “effective” refers to an amount of a compound, agent, substance, formulation or composition that is of sufficient quantity to result in a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction.
  • the amount may be as a single dose or according to a multiple dose regimen, alone or in combination with other compounds, agents or substances.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine such amounts based on such factors as a subject's size, the severity of a subject's symptoms, and the particular composition or route of administration selected.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means generally safe for administration to humans or animals.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable component is one that has been approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia, published by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville Md., or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • a “pharmaceutical composition” according to the invention may be present in the form of a composition, wherein the different active ingredients and diluents and/or carriers are admixed with each other, or may take the form of a combined preparation, where the active ingredients are present in partially or totally distinct form.
  • An example for such a combination or combined preparation is a kit-of-parts.
  • the terms “subject” “or patient” most preferably refers to a human being.
  • the terms “subject” or “patient” may include any mammal that may benefit from the compounds described herein.
  • a “therapeutic amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount of a therapeutic agent sufficient to achieve the intended purpose.
  • the effective amount of a given therapeutic agent will vary with factors such as the nature of the agent, the route of administration, the size of the subject to receive the therapeutic agent, and the purpose of the administration.
  • the effective amount in each individual case may be determined empirically by a skilled artisan according to established methods in the art.
  • topical with respect to administration of a drug or composition refers to the application of such drug or composition to the epithelial surface outside the body, including the skin or cornea.
  • application to the inside of a body opening in which the mucosal surface does not contain pilosebaceous units, such as the mouth, vagina or rectum is not considered a topical application.
  • treat means accomplishing one or more of the following: (a) reducing the severity and/or duration of the disorder; (b) limiting or preventing development of symptoms characteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (c) inhibiting worsening of symptoms characteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (d) limiting or preventing recurrence of the disorder(s) in patients that have previously had the disorder(s); and (e) limiting or preventing recurrence of symptoms in patients that were previously symptomatic for the disorder(s).
  • w/w represents the relative concentration of the components in the composition as “weight to weight” (i.e., percentage refers to percentage of total weight), rather than based on volume or other quantities.
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the topical administration of a drug to the pilosebaceous unit and methods for administering the same.
  • the inventors of the present invention have made the surprising discovery that pharmaceutical compositions comprising small particles of an active pharmaceutical ingredient in a silicone, such as dimethicone or cyclomethicone, can be targeted to the pilosebaceous unit resulting in deeper penetration into the dermis and improved efficacy.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises SHR0302 or spironolactone as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a silicone selected from the group consisting of dimethicone, cyclomethicone, and combinations thereof.
  • the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient can range from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w.
  • Exemplary ranges are from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w, or from about 1.0% w/w to about 3% w/w, or from about 0.3% w/w to about 3.0% w/w.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises any of the following w/w percents of active pharmaceutical ingredient: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 7%, 1.8%, 1.9/6, 1.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0% etc.
  • the active ingredient is present as small particles.
  • Particle size of the drug can be assessed using laser diffraction methods. Laser diffraction is recognized by standards and guidance agencies including ISO and ASTM and is widely used to determine particle size distributions. In conducting the assessment, the sample is passed through a laser beam, which results in laser light scattered at a range of angles. Detectors placed at fixed angles measure the intensity of light scattered at that position. A mathematical model is then applied to generate a particle size distribution. The particle size values reported herein are determined by using a liquid or wet dispersion method.
  • the median value is defined as the value where half of the population resides above this point, and half resides below this point.
  • the median is called the D50.
  • the D50 is the size that splits the distribution with half above and half below this diameter.
  • the distribution width may also be characterized by citing one, two or three values on the x-axis, typically some combination of the D10, D50, and D90.
  • the D50, the median has been defined above as the diameter where half of the population lies below this value. Similarly, 90 percent of the distribution lies below the D90, and 10 percent of the population lies below the D10.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient has a primary particle size distribution that is characterized by a D90 value of less than about 20 ⁇ m, less than about 15 ⁇ m, less than about 10 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 5 ⁇ m. In certain embodiments, the active pharmaceutical ingredient has a primary particle size characterized by a D90 value of between about 0.001 ⁇ m, 0.01 ⁇ m, or 0.1 ⁇ m and about 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, and 20.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D50 value of less than about 5 ⁇ m, less than about 2 ⁇ m, less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 0.8 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.7 ⁇ m.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient has a primary particle size characterized by a D50 value of between about 0.001 ⁇ m, 0.01 ⁇ m, or 0.1 ⁇ m and about 0.7 ⁇ m, 0.80 ⁇ m, 1.0 ⁇ m, 2.0 ⁇ m, or 5.0 ⁇ m.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D10 value of less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 0.5 ⁇ m, less than about 0.4 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredient has a primary particle size characterized by a D10 value of between about 0.0001 ⁇ m, 0.001 ⁇ m, or 0.01 ⁇ m and about 0.25 ⁇ m, 0.4 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, or 1.0 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are capable of delivering the active pharmaceutical ingredient to the pilosebaceous unit.
  • active pharmaceutical ingredient is capable of achieving dermal penetration of at least 1 mm in the subject.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises the JAK1 inhibitor, (3aR,5S,6aS)-N-(3-methoxyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)-5-(methyl(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxamide, which is also known as SHR0302 or ARQ-250.
  • SHR0302 and ARQ-250 are used interchangeably herein.
  • the structure of SHR0302 is:
  • SHR0302 is a potent small molecule inhibitor of JAK1 that has been shown to have a high selectively for JAK1 over JAK2, and thus has the potential to treat inflammatory diseases without causing the hematopoietic adverse effects, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia, associated with JAK2 inhibition.
  • SHR0302 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,527,851, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises the aldosternone agonist, 17-hydroxy-7 ⁇ -mercapto-3-oxo-17 ⁇ -pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid ⁇ -lactone acetate, which is also known as spironolactone.
  • the structure of spironolactone is:
  • Spironolactone is a drug that acts at the mineralocorticoid receptor level by competitively inhibiting aldosterone binding. This steroidal compound has been used for blocking aldosterone-dependent sodium transport in the distal tubule of the kidney in order to reduce edema and to treat essential hypertension and primary hyperaldosteronism. Orally administrated spironolactone is also efficacious in the treatment of women with acne. E. M. Attwa et al., Efficacy and safety of topical spironolactone 5% gel versus placebo in the treatment of acne vulgaris, J. Dermatol. Venerol. 39:89-94 (2019); J. W.
  • Spironolactone for the treatment of acne in women, a retrospective study of 110 patients, Int. J. Womens Dermatol. 3(2): 111-115 (2017).
  • Spironolactone is commercially available under the tradenames ALDACTONE® and CAROSPIR®. Spironolactone is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,013,012, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered topically.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can include SHR0302 or spironolactone as a free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17 th ed., Mack Publishing Company (1985), which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises SHR0302 having a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D90 value of less than about 20 ⁇ m, less than about 15 ⁇ m, less than about 10 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 5 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 has a primary particle size characterized by a D90 value of between about 0.01 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m, or 1.0 ⁇ m and about 5.0 ⁇ m, 10.0 ⁇ m, 15.0 ⁇ m, or 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D50 value of less than about 5 ⁇ m, less than about 2 ⁇ m, less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 0.8 less, or more preferably less than about 0.7 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 has a primary particle size characterized by a D50 value of between about 0.001 ⁇ m, 0.01 ⁇ m, or 0.1 ⁇ m and about 0.7 ⁇ m, 0.8 ⁇ m, 1.0 ⁇ m, 2.0 ⁇ m, or 5.0 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D10 value of less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 0.5 ⁇ m, less than about 0.4 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the SHR0302 has a primary particle size characterized by a D10 value of between about 0.0001 ⁇ m, 0.001 ⁇ m, or 0.01 ⁇ m and about 0.25 ⁇ m, 0.4 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, or 1.0 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises spironolactone having a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D90 value of less than about 6 ⁇ m, less than about 5 ⁇ m, less than about 2 ⁇ m, less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 0.5 ⁇ m, less than about 0.25 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.2 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone has a primary particle size characterized by a D90 value of between about 0.001 ⁇ m, 0.01 ⁇ m, or 0.1 ⁇ m and about 0.2 ⁇ m, 0.25 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, or 6 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D50 value of less than about 2.7 ⁇ m, less than about 2.0 ⁇ m, less than about 1.0 ⁇ m, less than about 0.75 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, less than about 0.25 ⁇ m, less than about 0.2 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.15 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone has a primary particle size characterized by a D50 value of between about 0.001 ⁇ m, 0.01 ⁇ m, or 0.1 ⁇ m and about 0.15 ⁇ m, 0.2 ⁇ m, 0.25 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, 0.75 ⁇ m, 1.0 ⁇ m, 2.0 ⁇ m, or 2.7 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone can further have a primary particle size distribution characterized by a D10 value of less than about 1.2 ⁇ m, less than about 1.0 ⁇ m, less than about 0.5 ⁇ m, less than about 0.25 ⁇ m, less than about 0.15 ⁇ m, less than about 0.10 ⁇ m, or more preferably less than about 0.08 ⁇ m.
  • the spironolactone has a primary particle size characterized by a D10 value of between about 0.0001 ⁇ m, 0.001 ⁇ m, or 0.01 ⁇ m and about 0.10 ⁇ m, 0.15 ⁇ m, 0.25 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, 1.0 ⁇ m, or 1.2 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention further comprise a silicone selected from the group consisting of dimethicone, cyclomethicone, or combinations thereof.
  • Dimethicone also known as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
  • PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
  • Cyclomethicones are a group of methyl siloxanes, which unlike dimethicone, are cyclic organosilicon compounds.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a combination of silicones, including dimethicone and cyclomethicone.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can comprise dimethicone-cyclomethicone-dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone.
  • methyl siloxane compatible excipients such as cyclopentasiloxane, dimethiconol and phenyl trimethicone may be added to dimethicone and/or cyclomethicone, to adjust aesthetics or viscosity.
  • the silicone, such as dimethicone or cyclomethicone has a polarity similar to sebum, allowing for the pharmaceutical compositions to target follicular delivery.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is a suspension, wherein the active ingredient (e.g., SHR0302 or spironolactone) is suspended in the silicone (e.g., dimethicone or cyclomethicone).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated as an emulsion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated as one of the following forms:
  • the product may be an emulsion comprising a discrete phase of a hydrophobic component and a continuous aqueous phase that includes water and optionally one or more polar hydrophilic excipients as well as solvents, co-solvents, salts, surfactants, emulsifiers, and other components.
  • emulsions may include water-soluble or water-swellable polymers that help to stabilize the emulsion.
  • a water-in-oil emulsion may be an emulsion that includes a continuous phase of a hydrophobic component and an aqueous phase that includes water and optionally one or more polar hydrophilic carrier(s) as well as salts or other components.
  • These emulsions may include oil-soluble or oil-swellable polymers as well as one or more emulsifier(s) to help to stabilize the emulsion.
  • microemulsions These are clear, thermodynamically stable isotropic liquid systems that contain oil, water and surfactants, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant.
  • Microemulsions may be water continuous, oil continuous or bicontinuous mixtures.
  • the formulations may optionally also contain water up to 60% by weight. Higher levels may be suitable in some compositions.
  • Nanoemulsions are isotropic dispersed systems that contain water, oil, and an emulsifier.
  • the system may be an oily system dispersed in an aqueous system, or an aqueous system dispersed in an oily system forming droplets or oily phases of nanometric sizes.
  • Nanoemulsions often have higher loading capacity for lipophilic active ingredients than microemulsions.
  • Hydrophobic and hydrophilic active ingredients can also be formulated in nanoemulsion.
  • Nanoemulsions may be formed by any suitable method known in the art, including high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and phase-inversion temperature.
  • the pharmaceutical composition consists essentially of the active ingredient and a silicone selected from the group consisting of dimethicone, cyclomethicone, or combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated with additional components, including conventionally found in cosmetic and pharmaceutical topical products.
  • the present invention includes methods of treating hair loss conditions, such as alopecia, androgenic hair loss, hypotrichosis, and telogen effluvium.
  • the methods can include treating a hair loss condition in a patient in need thereof by administering to the patient the compositions of SHR0302 or spironolactone described herein.
  • the present invention includes methods of treating alopecia areata (AA).
  • AA is one of the most highly prevalent autoimmune diseases, leading to hair loss due to the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle and subsequent autoimmune destruction.
  • AA is a skin disease that leads to hair loss on the scalp and elsewhere.
  • topical administration of JAK inhibitors Prior to the present invention, topical administration of JAK inhibitors have not shown reproducible clinical efficacy. Without being bound by theory, the inability of JAK inhibitors to treat AA prior to the claimed invention is believed to be due to insufficient drug delivery to the pilosebaceous unit, and more specifically, the hair bulb.
  • the inventors of the present invention have made the surprising discovery that the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are capable of penetrating the at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, and at least about 3 mm into the hair follicle of an AA patient.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating AA in a patient in need thereof, comprising topically applying a therapeutically effective amount of the SHR0302 pharmaceutical compositions described herein to the patient.
  • the active ingredient, SHR0302 can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the amount of SHR0302 can range from about 0.01% w/w to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w.
  • Exemplary ranges are from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 3% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w, or from about 0.3% w/w to about 3.0% w/w.
  • the topical formulation comprises any of the following w/w percents of SHR0302: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 1.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, etc.
  • the present invention further provides methods of treating acne in a patient in need thereof.
  • Acne is a disorder of the pilosebaceous units located on the face, chest and back.
  • the acne can be one selected from the group consisting of acne, acne vulgaris, inflammatory acne, non-inflammatory acne, acne fulminans, nodular papulopustular acne, acne conglobata, acne rosacea, rosacea, acne excoriee, adult-onset acne, persistent-recurrent acne past teenaged years, and acne associated with other disorders.
  • the patient is a human male or female patient. In preferred embodiments, the patient is a human female.
  • the patient can be: (a) experiencing acne flares that cycle with menstruation; (b) inflicted with adult onset acne or persistent-recurrent acne past teenage years, even in the absence of clinical or laboratory signs of hyperandrogenism, (c) on oral contraceptives and exhibiting moderate to serve acne, especially with a hormonal pattern clinically; or (d) not responding to conventional therapy and who are not candidates for oral isotretinoin therapy.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating acne in a patient in need thereof, comprising topically applying a therapeutically effective amount of the spironolactone pharmaceutical compositions described herein to the patient.
  • the active ingredient, spironolactone can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the amount of spironolactone can range from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w.
  • Exemplary ranges are from about 0.1% w/w to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% w/w, or from about 1.0% w/w to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.3% w/w to about 5.0% w/w.
  • the topical formulation comprises any of the following w/w percents of spironolactone: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 1.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, etc.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered topically as a regimen, such as at regular intervals.
  • a topical pharmaceutical composition can be administered once daily, twice daily, thrice daily, once per week, twice per week, three times per week, or four times per week.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered for a prescribed period of time.
  • a topical pharmaceutical composition can be administered for a period of about two weeks to at least about six months, or until an improvement in skin condition or disease is visually observed.
  • Exemplary periods of time for the treatment regimen include two weeks, one month, six weeks, two months, three months, four months, five months, six months, seven months, eight months, nine months, or one year.
  • the topical pharmaceutical composition is administered twice or thrice daily for a period of at least 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, or 6 months.
  • Comparative Example 1 was prepared as a 0.3% SHR0302 topical cream having the composition set forth in Table 1.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3% SHR0302 suspended in dimethicone was prepared.
  • the SHR0302 used in the composition had a particle size distribution as set forth in FIG. 1 .
  • the primary particle size distribution of the SHR0302 is characterized by a D10 value of less than about 0.25 ⁇ m; a D50 value of less than about 0.7 ⁇ m; and a D90 value of less than about 5 ⁇ m.
  • the pharmaceutical composition was a transparent solution due to the particles being too small to scatter visible light.
  • a Malvern Metasizer Model 3000 using the Hydro MV dispersion unit was used to determine the particle size distribution profile of SHR0302.
  • the sample preparation procedure performed was as follows: weigh 10-20 mg of SCP processed ARQ-250 into a 30-mL vial, add 20 mL of ethyl acetate, sonicate the suspension with an ultrasonic probe at 40% power for 2 minutes in a 5° C. water bath, and transfer the sample suspension to the Malvern Hydro MV dispersion unit to obtain obscuration between 5 and 15%.
  • the instrument parameters were: (i) Refractive Index of Particles: 1.5; (ii) Refractive Index of Dispersant 1.395; (iii) Absorption Index: 0.01; (iv) Measurement Duration: 10 seconds; (v) Number of Measurements: 3; (vi) Stir Speed: 3500 rpm; (vii) Ultrasonics: Off.
  • Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 The ability of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 to penetrate into human cadaver scalp skin was assessed. Two different human cadaver scalp skins (Donor A and B) were mounted on special tension cell. A dose (7.5 ⁇ L) of either Comparative Example 1 or Example 1 was applied to the scalp skin specimen for 6 hours. All formulation residue was washed from the skin. An 8 mm punch biopsy was taken from the dermis side of the skin and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen.
  • FIGS. 2 and 4 show a FTICR-HR-MALDI depth profile of an 0.3% SHR0302 topical 30% DMSO cream for Donor A and Donor B, respectively.
  • Comparative Example 1 achieved less than 160 ⁇ m of maximum dermal penetration in Donor A.
  • Comparative Example 1 achieved less than 500 ⁇ m of maximum dermal penetration in Donor B.
  • the results are consistent with a pharmaceutical composition capable of delivering drug across the stratum corneum and indicate that drug is not penetrating below the upper capillary plexus.
  • FIGS. 3 and 5 show a FTICR-HR-MALDI depth profile of a 3% SHR0302 topical suspension in dimethicone for Donor A for Donor A and Donor B, respectively.
  • Example 1 achieved greater than 1 mm of maximum dermal penetration.
  • a 50 mg/mL aqueous suspension of 5% spironolactone containing 0.5% dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and 1% hydroxyl propyl cellulose was successfully nano-milled to provide stable submicron particles of suspension of drug particles after storage for two weeks at 5° C. and ambient light.
  • the spironolactone had a particle size distribution as set forth in FIG. 6 .
  • a Horiba Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyzer Model LA-950 was used to determine the volume based distribution profile of spironolactone. Circulation, agitation, and ultrasound were all turned off and the instrument was set to manual iteration mode.
  • a 5.0/6-5.5% spironolactone suspension in water containing 0.05%-0.055% dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and 1.0-1.1% hydroxyl propyl cellulose was nano-milled to achieve the particle size distribution shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the composition of the finished product suspension is listed in Table 3 as Formulation 1.
  • a 5% spironolactone suspension in cyclomethicone was roller milled to form a suspension having a D90 of less than about 5 ⁇ m as shown in FIG. 7 (microphotograph taken after two weeks of storage past completion of milling).
  • the composition of this finished product suspension is listed in Table 3 as Formulation 2.
  • a comparative gel formulation described in the literature was prepared and is listed in Table 3 as Comparative Gel.
  • Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Comparative Gel Ingredient (% w/w) (% w/w) (% w/w) Spironolactone 5.0-5.5 5.0 5.0 Ethanol — — 20.0 Glycerin — — 10.0 Propylene glycol — — 10.0 Lactic acid — — 5.0 Methyl cellulose — — 3.0 Sodium benzoate — — 0.03 Cylclomethicone — 95.0 — Dioctyl sodium 0.05-0.055 — — sulfosuccinate Hydroxyl propyl 1.0-1.1 — — cellulose Water q.s. ad 100% — 46.97
  • IVPT In vitro skin penetration testing
  • the skin surface was cleaned of any unabsorbed and unpenetrated spironolactone. This was accomplished by wiping the tissue surface with a Q-tip wetted with 1 ⁇ PBS three times followed by two tape strippings.
  • the epidermis (including the stratum corneum) was removed from the dermis and soaked in 4.0 ml of a DMSO/Acetonitrile (ACN) (50/50 v/v) mixture for overnight at room temperature using an orbit shaker.
  • ACN DMSO/Acetonitrile
  • the remaining dermis layer was cut into small pieces and extracted with 4.0 ml of the DMSO/ACN mixture for overnight at room temperature using an orbit shaker. Extracts of the dermis and epidermis were analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS (Kinetex C18, 5 ⁇ m, 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm column, Shimadzu LC20ADXR pumps and AB Sciex API 4000 Turbo Spray detector).
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the cumulative amount of spironolactone appearing in the receptor solution over 24 hours after a single 5.0 ⁇ l per cell (10 mg per cm 2 of skin tissue) for Formulation 1, Formulation 2, and the Comparative Gel.
  • each plotted value is the average of four separate pieces of excised human skin.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the amount of spironolactone (ng) in the epidermis and dermis after 24 hours for Formulation 1, Formulation 2, and the Comparative Gel. As seen in FIG.

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