US20220059815A1 - Lithium metal battery - Google Patents

Lithium metal battery Download PDF

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US20220059815A1
US20220059815A1 US17/417,555 US201917417555A US2022059815A1 US 20220059815 A1 US20220059815 A1 US 20220059815A1 US 201917417555 A US201917417555 A US 201917417555A US 2022059815 A1 US2022059815 A1 US 2022059815A1
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lithium metal
negative electrode
battery
positive electrode
lithium
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Jeongbeom Lee
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
    • H01M4/382—Lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M2010/4292—Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lithium metal battery.
  • a lithium secondary battery is a lithium ion battery that generally uses a carbon-based negative electrode (e.g., a negative electrode mixture layer including a carbon-based negative active material such as graphite formed on a negative current collector), and that implements movement of lithium ions through a liquid electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.
  • a carbon-based negative electrode e.g., a negative electrode mixture layer including a carbon-based negative active material such as graphite formed on a negative current collector
  • a lithium metal battery is implemented in such a way that lithium ions are reduced and precipitated from the negative electrode to lithium metals during charge, and lithium metals are oxidized into lithium ions during discharge, by using a negative current collector alone or a negative electrode coated with a lithium metal layer on the negative current collector.
  • capacity of the entire battery is determined by a combination of the positive electrode capacity and the negative electrode capacity
  • capacity (i.e., energy density) of the lithium metal battery is determined by the positive electrode, relatively narrowing a cross-sectional area of the positive electrode may be lowering an energy density.
  • the present invention provides a lithium metal battery having improved energy density and safety.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium metal battery in which the cross-sectional area of the positive electrode is configured to be equal to or larger than that of the lithium metal negative electrode.
  • the lithium metal battery according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a lithium metal negative electrode; a positive electrode having a cross-sectional area equal to or greater than that of the lithium metal negative electrode; and a separator disposed between the lithium metal negative electrode and the positive electrode.
  • FIG. 1A is a top view (schematic view) of a laminate in which a positive electrode, a separator, and a lithium metal negative electrode are sequentially stacked by configuring a cross-sectional area of a positive electrode to be larger than that of a lithium metal negative electrode according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 1B is a side view (schematic view) of the laminate in FIG. 1A .
  • FIG. 2A is a top view (schematic view) of a laminate in which the positive electrode, the separator, and the carbon-based negative electrode are sequentially stacked by configuring a cross-sectional area of the carbon-based negative electrode to be larger than that of the positive electrode according to a general design method.
  • FIG. 2B is a side view (schematic view) of the laminate of FIG. 2A .
  • FIG. 3A is a top view (schematic view) of a laminate in which the positive electrode, the separator, and the lithium metal negative electrode are sequentially stacked by configuring a cross-sectional area of the lithium metal negative electrode to be larger than that of the positive electrode according to a general design method.
  • FIG. 3B is a side view (schematic view) of the laminate of FIG. 3A .
  • FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a problem in driving a battery including the laminate of FIG. 2A or 3A .
  • FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an advantage in driving a battery including the laminate of FIG. 1A .
  • a combination(s) thereof included in a Markush type means a mixture or a combination of one or more selected from constituent elements described in the expression of the Markush type and is meant to include at least one selected from the constituent elements.
  • a lithium metal battery having improved energy density per weight and energy density per volume compared with the lithium ion battery including a carbon-based negative electrode.
  • a general lithium secondary battery is a lithium ion battery using a carbon-based negative electrode (e.g., manufactured by forming a negative electrode mixture layer including a carbon-based negative active material such as graphite and the like on a negative current collector) and realizing movement of lithium ions through a liquid electrolyte prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent as a medium.
  • a carbon-based negative electrode e.g., manufactured by forming a negative electrode mixture layer including a carbon-based negative active material such as graphite and the like on a negative current collector
  • the lithium ions derived from a positive electrode are not intercalated into the carbon-based negative active material but nonuniformly precipitated (plated) as a lithium metal on the surface of the negative electrode during the charge of the lithium ion battery.
  • the lithium metal nonuniformly precipitated on the surface of the carbon-based negative electrode grows as a dendrite and then, passes a separator and causes a short circuit or forms a stable interface (a solid-electrolyte interface) between the carbon-based negative electrode and the electrolyte and thus depletes the electrolyte solution and the like and results in reducing a battery cycle-life.
  • the lithium ion battery is in general designed to have a relatively larger cross-sectional area of the carbon-based negative electrode than that of the positive electrode. Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B , when the carbon-based negative electrode has a relatively larger cross-sectional area than that of the positive electrode, the lithium ions derived from the positive electrode during the charge are all intercalated into the negative active material and thus suppress growth of the lithium dendrite.
  • a positive electrode tab (a positive current collector) and the negative electrode mixture layer are faced with the separator therebetween to form an electrode assembly.
  • the positive current collector may directly contact with the negative electrode mixture layer and accordingly, cause a large exothermic reaction and thus an safety accident such as a thermal runaway and the like.
  • a lithium metal battery uses the negative current collector alone or a negative electrode manufactured by coating a lithium metal layer on the negative current collector, so that the lithium ions are reduced and precipitated into a lithium metal at the negative electrode during the charge, while the lithium metal is oxidized into the lithium ions during the discharge.
  • the lithium metal battery is operated through precipitation of the lithium metal at the negative electrode every cycle and thus has a feature of using an electrolyte and a separator material, which are appropriate for suppressing the lithium dendrite and preventing the short circuit.
  • This lithium metal battery has a merit of improving energy density per volume and energy density per weight compared with the lithium ion battery by greatly reducing a thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer. Unlike the lithium ion battery having entire battery capacity determined by a combination of positive electrode capacity and negative electrode capacity, it is the positive electrode that determines entire battery capacity (i.e., energy density) of the lithium metal battery. Accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B , relatively reducing the cross-sectional area of cross-sectional area of the positive electrode is not different from lowering the energy density of the battery.
  • the positive electrode tab the positive current collector
  • the lithium metal layer of the negative electrode face each other with the separator therebetween to form an electrode assembly.
  • FIG. 4 when the separator is shrunk due to a cell temperature increase and the like, and the positive current collector directly contacts with the lithium metal layer of the negative electrode, a larger exothermic reaction than that of the lithium ion battery may occur and thus cause a larger safety accident.
  • the lithium metal battery of the embodiment uses a lithium metal negative electrode having a higher theoretical discharge capacity than that of the carbon-based negative electrode, a loading amount of the negative active material may relatively be reduced, and a thickness of the negative electrode may be designed to be thin. In this way, when the lithium metal is used as a negative active material, the reduction of the loading amount of the negative active material and the design alone of the thickness of the negative electrode to be thin may improve energy density per weight and energy density per volume of a battery.
  • the lithium metal battery of the embodiment is designed to make the cross-sectional area of the positive electrode determining capacity (i.e., energy density) of the battery larger than that of a negative electrode, energy density per weight and energy density per volume may be further improved.
  • the lithium metal battery of the embodiment has an advantage of inducing a contact of the positive electrode mixture layer having a small exothermic amount with the negative current collector during contraction of the separator due to a cell temperature increase and thus preventing a thermal runaway and improving safety.
  • a cross-sectional area of the negative electrode is designed to be 1.02 times to 1.2 times a cross-sectional area of the positive electrode.
  • the cross-sectional area of the positive electrode may be designed to be 1.0 time to 1.3 times, and specifically 1.03 times to 1.2 times, or 1.05 times to 1.1 times the cross-sectional area of the lithium metal negative electrode.
  • the lithium metal battery of the embodiment may have an improved energy density per weight and energy density per volume.
  • the cross-sectional area of the positive electrode is designed to be the same as or relatively larger than that of the lithium metal negative electrode but is not limited within the numerical range.
  • the cross-sectional area of the separator may be designed to be 1.01 to 1.3 times as large as that of the lithium metal negative electrode. In this way, since the cross-sectional area of the lithium metal negative electrode is relatively smaller than that of the separator, the lithium metal negative electrode and the separator have so large an extra space therebetween that the lithium dendrite may rarely contact the positive electrode.
  • the cross-sectional area of the separator is designed to be relatively larger than that of the positive electrode but not limited within the numerical range.
  • the lithium metal negative electrode of the embodiment has no structural difference from the lithium metal negative electrode generally known before the embodiment, except for the specificity of the cross-sectional area.
  • the lithium metal negative electrode of the embodiment may be a copper current collector alone having a thickness of 1 to 20 ⁇ m; or may include a lithium metal layer having a thickness of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, for example 1 to 50 ⁇ m which is coated on the both surfaces or one surface of the copper current collector.
  • the positive electrode of the embodiment also has no structural difference from the positive electrode of a lithium metal battery generally known before the embodiment except for the specificity of the cross-sectional area.
  • the positive electrode of the embodiment may include an aluminum current collector; and a positive active material layer disposed on the aluminum current collector and including a lithium metal oxide.
  • the lithium metal oxide may be composite metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi 1 ⁇ x Co x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiMnO 2 , and the like that are generally known as positive active materials.
  • the lithium metal oxide may be represented by Chemical Formula 1:
  • M1 is Zr, Mg, Al, Ni, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr, Mo, or W, Me is represented by Chemical Formula 2,
  • the lithium metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1 is a positive active material known as NCM, and has a layered structure as a crystal structure, and may have higher energy density than that of the composite metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi 1 ⁇ x Co x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiMnO 2 , and the like.
  • Chemical Formula 2 as a has a higher value within the above range, it may contribute to an improvement in output of the battery, but the embodiment is not limited thereto.
  • the coating layer may include an oxide of a coating element, a hydroxide of a coating element, an oxyhydroxide of a coating element, an oxycarbonate of a coating element, or a hydroxycarbonate of a coating element, as a coating element compound.
  • the compounds constituting these coating layers may be amorphous or crystalline.
  • the coating element included in the coating layer may be Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, V, Sn, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr, or a mixture thereof.
  • the coating layer may be formed in a method having no adverse influence on properties of a positive active material by including these elements in the compound.
  • the method may include any coating method such as spray coating, dipping, and the like, but is not illustrated in more detail, since it is well-known to a person having an ordinary skill in the related field.
  • the positive active material layer of the embodiment may further include an irreversible compensation positive electrode material.
  • the lithium ions of the irreversible compensation additive are deintercalated during the initial charging of the lithium secondary battery to supply lithium ions on a single layer of the negative current collector, and the irreversible compensation additive from which the lithium ions are deintercalated is converted into an irreversible phase not to intercalate lithium ions.
  • the irreversible compensation additive may be one or more selected from Li 2 NiO 2 , Li 2 CuO 2 , Li 6 CoO 4 , Li 5 FeO 4 , Li 6 MnO 4 , Li 2 MoO 3 , Li 3 N, Li 2 O, LiOH, and Li 2 CO 3 .
  • the irreversible compensation additive may be included in the range of 1 to 50 wt % of the total weight of the positive active material, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the positive active material layer of the embodiment may further include a binder, and optionally, a conductive material, a filler, and the like.
  • the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery and may be, for example, graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, and the like; carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and the like; a conductive fiber such as a carbon fiber or a metal fiber, and the like; carbon fluoride, a metal powder such as aluminum, nickel powder, and the like; a conductive whisker such as zinc oxide, potassium titanate, and the like; a conductive metal oxide such as a titanium oxide, and the like; a conductive material such as a polyphenylene derivative, and the like.
  • graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, and the like
  • carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and the like
  • a conductive fiber such as a carbon fiber or a
  • the binder adheres to the positive electrode active material particles, and also adheres the positive electrode active material to the current collector well, and examples thereof may be polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, an ethylene oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, a styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, an epoxy resin, nylon, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
  • the lithium metal battery of the embodiment may further include an electrolyte impregnated in the separator.
  • the electrolyte may also be selected from those that are generally applied to lithium metal batteries.
  • the impregnation may mean that the electrolyte is disposed in the pores in the separator.
  • the solid electrolyte When a solid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte of the lithium metal battery, the solid electrolyte may also serve as a separator.
  • the solid electrolyte may be an organic solid electrolyte, an inorganic solid electrolyte, or a mixture thereof.
  • the organic solid electrolyte may be, for example, a polyethylene derivative, a polyethylene oxide derivative, a polypropylene oxide derivative, a phosphoric acid ester polymer, a poly agitation lysine, polyester sulfide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, a polymer including an ionic leaving group, and the like.
  • the inorganic solid electrolyte may be, for example, Li nitrides, halides, sulfates and the like such as Li 3 N, LiI, Li 5 NI 2 , Li 3 N—LiI—LiOH, LiSiO 4 , LiSiO 4 —LiI—LiOH, Li 2 SiS 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 —Li 2 S—SiS 2 , and the like.
  • Li nitrides, halides, sulfates and the like such as Li 3 N, LiI, Li 5 NI 2 , Li 3 N—LiI—LiOH, LiSiO 4 , LiSiO 4 —LiI—LiOH, Li 2 SiS 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 —Li 2 S—SiS 2 , and the like.
  • the liquid electrolyte when a liquid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte of the lithium metal battery, the liquid electrolyte includes a non-aqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt.
  • the non-aqueous organic solvent serves as a medium for transmitting ions taking part in the electrochemical reaction of a battery.
  • the non-aqueous organic solvent may be a carbonate-based, ester-based, ether-based, ketone-based, alcohol-based, or aprotic solvent.
  • the carbonate-based solvent may include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), and ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and the like
  • the ester-based solvent may include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, 1,1-dimethylethyl acetate, methylpropionate, ethyl propionate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, decanolide, valerolactone, mevalonolactone, caprolactone, and the like.
  • the ether-based solvent may include dibutyl ether, tetraglyme, diglyme, dimethoxyethane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, fluorinated ether, and the like and the ketone-based solvent may include cyclohexanone, and the like.
  • the alcohol-based solvent may include ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and the like
  • the aprotic solvent may include nitrile such as R—CN (wherein R is a C2 to C20 linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group, a double bond, an aromatic ring, or an ether bond), amides such as dimethyl formamide, dioxolane such as 1,3-dioxolane, and sulfolane.
  • the non-aqueous organic solvent may be used alone or in a mixture, and when the organic solvent is used in a mixture, the mixture ratio may be controlled in accordance with a desirable cell performance.
  • the carbonate-based solvent is prepared by mixing a cyclic carbonate and a linear carbonate.
  • the cyclic carbonate and the linear carbonate are mixed together in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9, in which performance of electrolyte may be improved.
  • the non-aqueous organic solvent may further include an aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent in addition to the carbonate-based solvent.
  • the carbonate-based solvent and the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be mixed in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 30:1.
  • the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be an aromatic hydrocarbon compound of Chemical Formula 1.
  • R 1 to R 6 are independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1 to C10 alkyl group, a C1 to C10 haloalkyl group, or a combination thereof.
  • the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be benzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1,3-difluorobenzene, 1,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, iodobenzene, 1,2-diiodobenzene, 1,3-diiodobenzene, 1,4-diiodobenzene, 1,2,3-triiodobenzene, 1,2,4-triiodobenzene, toluene, fluorotoluene, 1,2-difluorotoluene, 1,3-difluorotol
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may further include vinylene carbonate or an ethylene carbonate-based compound of Chemical Formula 2 in order to improve battery cycle-life.
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen, a halogen, a cyano group (CN), a nitro group (NO 2 ), or a C1 to C5 fluoroalkyl group, provided that at least one of R 7 and R 8 is a halogen, a cyano group (CN), a nitro group (NO 2 ), or a C1 to C5 fluoroalkyl group.
  • Examples of the ethylene carbonate compound may include difluoro ethylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, dichloroethylene carbonate, bromoethylene carbonate, dibromoethylene carbonate, nitroethylene carbonate, cyanoethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and the like.
  • the amount of the vinylene carbonate or the ethylene carbonate-based compound used to improve cycle-life may be adjusted within an appropriate range.
  • the lithium salt dissolved in the organic solvent may act as a source of lithium ions to enable a basic operation of the lithium metal battery of the embodiment and may serve to promote movement of lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the lithium salt may be a lithium salt that is generally applicable to electrolyte solution.
  • the lithium salt may be LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiClO 4 , LiAlO 2 , LiAlCl 4 , LiN(C x F 2x+1 SO 2 )(C y F 2+1 SO 2 ), wherein, x and y are natural numbers, LiCl, LiI, LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 (lithium bis(oxalato) borate; LiBOB) or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.
  • a concentration of the lithium salt may be adjusted within the range of 0.1 to 10.0 M.
  • the electrolyte solution may have an appropriate conductivity and viscosity, and lithium ions may effectively move in the lithium metal battery of the embodiment.
  • this is only an example, and thus the present invention is not limited.
  • the electrolyte solution may be impregnated in a porous separator disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
  • the porous separator may include any materials commonly used in the conventional lithium battery as long as separating a negative electrode from a positive electrode and providing a transporting passage for lithium ions.
  • the separator may have a low resistance to ion transportation and an excellent impregnation for an electrolyte.
  • it may be selected from a glass fiber, polyester, Teflon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof and may have a form of a non-woven fabric or a woven fabric.
  • a polyolefin-based polymer separator such as polyethylene, polypropylene or the like is mainly used for a lithium ion battery.
  • a coated separator including a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used.
  • it may have a mono-layered or multi-layered structure.
  • a battery pack including the lithium metal battery of the above embodiment is provided.
  • the configuration except for the lithium metal battery of the embodiment is generally known in the art, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
  • the battery pack may be used as a power source for the device.
  • the device may be, but are not limited to, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, or a power storage system.
  • Lithium Metal Battery ( 1 ) Wherein Cross-sectional Area of Positive Electrode>Cross-Sectional Area of Negative Electrode
  • a Li/Cu/Li-structured foil (a total thickness: 50 ⁇ m) covered with a 20 ⁇ m lithium foil (Li foil) on both surfaces of a 10 ⁇ m-thick copper current collector was punched to have a width of 33 mm and a length of 50 mm to prepare a lithium metal negative electrode of Example 1.
  • LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 as a positive active material, carbon black as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as the binder, respectively were mixed in a weight ratio of a positive active material:conductive material:binder of 96:2:2 and the mixture was added to NMP as a solvent, to prepare positive active material slurry.
  • PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • the positive active material slurry was coated to be respectively 75 ⁇ m thick on both surfaces of a 12 ⁇ m-thick aluminum current collector, dried, compressed, and then, punched to have a width of 34 mm and a length of 51 mm and thus to manufacture a positive electrode according to Example 1.
  • a stack cell was manufactured by disposing a separator (a polypropylene-based porous polymer substrate having a width of 35 mm, a length of 54 mm, and a thickness of 12 ⁇ m) between the lithium metal negative electrode of Example 1 and the positive electrode of Example 1.
  • a separator a polypropylene-based porous polymer substrate having a width of 35 mm, a length of 54 mm, and a thickness of 12 ⁇ m
  • a lithium metal negative electrode of Example 2 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 34 mm and a length of 51 mm.
  • a positive electrode of Example 2 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 34 mm and a length of 51 mm.
  • a lithium metal battery cell of Example 2 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the lithium metal negative electrode and the positive electrode according to Example 2 were used.
  • a lithium metal negative electrode of Example 3 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 45 mm and a length of 65 mm.
  • a positive electrode of Example 3 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 43 mm and a length of 62 mm.
  • a lithium metal battery cell of Example 3 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the lithium metal negative electrode and the positive electrode according to Example 3 were used.
  • Graphite as negative active material, carbon black as a conductive material, and SBR-CMC as a binder were mixed in in a weight ratio of a negative active material:conductive material:binder of 96:2:2 and the mixture was added to distilled water as a solvent, to prepare negative active material slurry.
  • the negative active material slurry was coated to be respectively 80 ⁇ m thick on both surfaces of a 10 ⁇ m-thick copper current collector, dried, compressed, and punched to have a width of 34 mm and a length of 51 mm and thus to manufacture a negative electrode according to Comparative Example 1.
  • a positive electrode of Comparative Example 1 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 33 mm and a length of 50 mm.
  • a stack cell was manufactured by disposing a separator (a polypropylene-based porous polymer substrate having a width of 35 mm, a length of 54 mm, and a thickness of 12 ⁇ m) between the carbon-based negative electrode of Comparative Example 1 and the positive electrode of Comparative Example 1.
  • a separator a polypropylene-based porous polymer substrate having a width of 35 mm, a length of 54 mm, and a thickness of 12 ⁇ m
  • Lithium Ion Battery Cell ( 2 ) Wherein Cross-Sectional Area of Negative Electrode ⁇ Cross-Sectional Area of Positive Electrode
  • a lithium metal negative electrode of Comparative Example 2 was manufactured according to the same method as Comparative Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 43 mm and a length of 62 mm.
  • a positive electrode of Comparative Example 2 was manufactured according to the same method as Comparative Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 45 mm and a length of 65 mm.
  • a lithium ion battery cell of Comparative Example 2 was manufactured according to the same method as Comparative Example 1 except that the carbon-based negative electrode according to Comparative Example 2 and the positive electrode according to Comparative Example 2 were used.
  • a lithium metal negative electrode of Comparative Example 3 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 34 mm and a length of 51 mm.
  • a positive electrode of Comparative Example 3 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 33 mm and a length of 50 mm.
  • a lithium metal battery cell of Comparative Example 3 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the lithium metal negative electrode of Comparative Example 3 and the positive electrode of Comparative Example 3 were used.
  • a lithium metal negative electrode of Comparative Example 4 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 45 mm and a length of 65 mm.
  • a positive electrode of Comparative Example 4 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the punching size was changed into a width of 43 mm and a length of 62 mm.
  • a lithium metal battery cell of Comparative Example 4 was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the lithium metal negative electrode of Comparative Example 4 and the positive electrode of Comparative Example 4 were used.
  • Thicknesses of the battery cells according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
  • the lithium metal battery cells used the lithium metal negative electrodes having higher theoretical discharge capacity than the carbon-based negative electrodes, a loading amount of a negative active material was relatively reduced, and a negative electrode thickness was designed to be thin.
  • reducing a loading amount of the negative active material and the design alone of the thickness of the negative electrode to be thin may improve energy density per weight and energy density per volume of a battery.
  • Table 2 provides design limitations of lithium ion battery cells, advantages of lithium metal battery cells equally designed to the lithium ion battery cells, and great effects when a design method of the lithium metal battery cells is changed.
  • Comparative Examples 1 and 2 all were lithium ion battery cells, which are different in that the former was manufactured to have a larger cross-sectional area of a negative electrode, while the latter was designed to have a larger cross-sectional area of a positive electrode.
  • the lithium ion battery cell did not exhibit increased capacity or energy density even though the positive electrode was made larger but rather had a negative influence on a battery cycle-life.
  • the lithium ion battery cell wherein a lithium metal precipitated at the negative electrode had a negative influence on battery performance (particularly, cycle-life characteristics) could not but adopt a design of suppressing growth of lithium dentrite by relatively making the cross-sectional area of the negative electrode larger than that of the positive electrode.
  • Comparative Examples 1 and 3 were equally designed to have larger cross-sectional areas of negative electrodes, but the former was a lithium ion battery cell manufactured by applying a graphite-based negative electrode, while the latter was a lithium metal battery cell manufactured by applying a lithium metal negative electrode.
  • Comparative Example 3 and Example 1 were all lithium metal battery cells in the overall equal dimension. However, the former was designed to have a larger cross-sectional area of a negative electrode than that of a positive electrode, but the latter was designed to have a larger cross-sectional area of a positive electrode than that of a negative electrode.
  • Comparative Example 4 and Example 4 were the same lithium metal battery cells in the overall dimension, wherein the former was designed to include a negative electrode having a larger cross-section, while the latter was designed to include a positive electrode having a larger cross-section.
  • a lithium metal battery using a basic operation principle that a lithium metal is precipitated in a lithium metal layer of a negative current collector or a negative electrode needs not to be designed to have a larger cross-sectional area of the negative electrode but an equal or larger cross-sectional area of the positive electrode than that of the negative electrode, which may contribute to improving battery performance.
  • the cells charged up to SOC 100 under the above charge condition were put in a heating chamber and heated up to 130 ° C. at 2 ° C./min. When an internal temperature of the chamber reached 130 ° C., the heating was stopped, and while the cells were maintained at the same temperature for 4 hours, whether the cells were ignited or not was examined, and maximum temperatures of the cells were measured.
  • the lithium metal battery cells having smaller cross-sectional areas of positive electrodes than those of negative electrodes (Comparative Examples 3 and 4) exhibited a thermal runaway phenomenon and were ignited thereby when the internal temperature thereof reached 130° C.
  • lithium metal battery cells having equal or larger cross-sectional areas of positive electrodes than those of negative electrodes were less exothermic and thus not ignited.
  • the thermal runaway was prevented by inducing a contact between less exothermic positive electrode mixture layers and negative current collectors instead of a contact between more exothermic positive current collectors and lithium metals during contraction of separators due to a cell temperature increase.
  • the cross-sectional areas of the positive electrodes were designed to be equal to those of the negative electrodes and thus all cover the negative electrodes or larger than those of the negative electrodes.
  • a lithium metal battery cell of the embodiment may further improve energy density per weight and energy density per volume of the battery by designing a positive electrode determining capacity (i.e., energy density) of the battery to have an equal or larger cross-section than that of a lithium metal negative electrode.
  • the lithium metal battery of the embodiment may induce a contact between a less exothermic positive electrode mixture layer and a negative current collector instead of a contact between a more exothermic positive current collector and a lithium metal during contraction of a separator due to a cell temperature increase and thus prevent a thermal runaway and more improve safety.

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