US20210038684A1 - Compositions and Methods for Cancer Immunotherapy - Google Patents

Compositions and Methods for Cancer Immunotherapy Download PDF

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US20210038684A1
US20210038684A1 US16/898,008 US202016898008A US2021038684A1 US 20210038684 A1 US20210038684 A1 US 20210038684A1 US 202016898008 A US202016898008 A US 202016898008A US 2021038684 A1 US2021038684 A1 US 2021038684A1
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cells
cancer
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Heather C. Losey
Lei Sun
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Mural Oncology Inc
Alkermes PLC
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Alkermes Pharma Ireland Ltd
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Assigned to ALKERMES PHARMA IRELAND LIMITED reassignment ALKERMES PHARMA IRELAND LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LOSEY, HEATHER C., SUN, LEI
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/177—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A61K38/1793—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
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    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
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    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
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    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6425—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent the peptide or protein in the drug conjugate being a receptor, e.g. CD4, a cell surface antigen, i.e. not a peptide ligand targeting the antigen, or a cell surface determinant, i.e. a part of the surface of a cell
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    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
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    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • C07K14/08—RNA viruses
    • C07K14/15—Retroviridae, e.g. bovine leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus human T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma virus
    • C07K14/155—Lentiviridae, e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], visna-maedi virus or equine infectious anaemia virus
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • C07K14/54—Interleukins [IL]
    • C07K14/55—IL-2
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/715—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
    • C07K14/7155—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons for interleukins [IL]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2818—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD28 or CD152
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0646—Natural killers cells [NK], NKT cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
    • C12N2501/23—Interleukins [IL]
    • C12N2501/2302—Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Definitions

  • Interleukin-2 is a cytokine that induces proliferation of antigen-activated T cells and stimulates natural killer (NK) cells.
  • the biological activity of IL-2 is mediated through a multi-subunit IL-2 receptor complex (IL-2R) of three polypeptide subunits that span the cell membrane: p55 (IL-2R ⁇ , the alpha subunit, also known as CD25 in humans), p75 (IL-2R13, the beta subunit, also known as CD122 in humans) and p64 (IL-2R ⁇ , the gamma subunit, also known as CD132 in humans).
  • IL-2R multi-subunit IL-2 receptor complex
  • T cell response to IL-2 depends on a variety of factors, including: (1) the concentration of IL-2; (2) the number of IL-2R molecules on the cell surface; and (3) the number of IL-2R occupied by IL-2 (i.e., the affinity of the binding interaction between IL-2 and IL-2R).
  • the IL-2:IL-2R complex is internalized upon ligand binding and the different components undergo differential sorting. IL-2R ⁇ is recycled to the cell surface, while IL-2 associated with the IL-2:IL-2R ⁇ complex is routed to the lysosome and degraded.
  • Aldesleukin recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) also as known as Proleukin
  • rhlL-2 also as known as Proleukin
  • rhIL-2 is one of the few treatment regimens that elicit a complete and durable response in a subset of patients, up to 12% in melanoma and 7% in RCC.
  • High doses of rhIL-2 are required to stimulate cells that express the intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor, including memory CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which are the primary cell types mediating anticancer immune responses.
  • NK natural killer
  • rhIL-2 a contributing factor limiting the therapeutic efficacy of rhIL-2 is that it preferentially activates and induces the expansion of immunosuppressive CD4 + T regs , which can counteract anticancer immune responses. This preferential activation is through binding of IL-2 to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor expressed on T regs . Furthermore, it is hypothesized that direct interaction between rhlL-2 with high-affinity IL-2R expressed on vascular and pulmonary endothelial cells contributes to rhIL-2-mediated toxicity via capillary leak syndrome.
  • compositions, methods and treatment regimens in accordance with the invention provide numerous advantages for the treatment of cancer using IL-2 immunotherapy as compared to, for example, high dose rhlL-2 therapy (e.g. Aldesleukin). It has been discovered that administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 when administered at doses of about 6 ⁇ g/kg/day to about 70 ⁇ g/kg/day and preferably at about 6 ⁇ g/kg/day to about 15 ⁇ g/kg/day or at a corresponding fixed per day dose based, for example, on an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g.
  • 0.4 mg/day to about 1-4 mg) or based on a child, for example a child of about 12 kg to 50 kg or more, provides a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) cells.
  • the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater in a patient administered the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO:1 in accordance with the methods of the invention as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving, for example, high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment.
  • rhlL-2 high dose recombinant human IL-2
  • the invention provides methods of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg/day to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day, or a corresponding fixed dose thereof based, for example, on a 60-70 kg adult (e.g. ⁇ 0.4 mg/day to about ⁇ 1.0 mg/day), or a corresponding fixed dose based on a child, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg.
  • a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg/day to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day or a corresponding fixed dose thereof based, for example, on a 60-70 kg adult (e.g. ⁇ 0.4 mg/day to about ⁇ 1.0 mg/day), or a corresponding fixed dose based on a child, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg.
  • the dose of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in terms of ⁇ g/kg/day is a dose of about: 6 ⁇ g/kg/day, 8 ⁇ g/kg/day, 10 ⁇ g/kg/day, 12 ⁇ g/kg/day, 14 ⁇ g/kg/day, or 15 ⁇ g/kg/day or a corresponding fixed dose thereof based on, for example, a 60-70 kg adult or based on a child, for example a child of about 12 kg to 50 kg or more.
  • administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 results in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells.
  • the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells is at least 2-fold over baseline prior to administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 to the patient.
  • the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells is greater relative to the increase in circulating Treg cells.
  • an increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells is greater relative to the increase in circulating Treg cells as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating Treg cells in a patient receiving high dose rhIL-2 treatment.
  • the patient has an improved safety profile as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment.
  • the patient has a lower risk of capillary leak syndrome or cytokine release syndrome.
  • the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment and the patient has a lower risk of capillary leak syndrome.
  • the dose of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by intravenous injection or infusion.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by intravenous injection or infusion at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 9 consecutive days.
  • the rest period is at least about 16 days.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered in at least two courses of treatment, the first course of treatment comprising administration by intravenous injection or infusion at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day for a period 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 9 consecutive days resulting in a total 14 day course followed by a second course of treatment comprising administering by intravenous injection or infusion at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days, followed by a rest period of at least about 16 consecutive days resulting in a total 21 day course.
  • the first course of treatment comprising administration by intravenous injection or infusion at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day for a period 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 16 consecutive days
  • the second course of treatment begins within about 24 hours or more after completion of the first course of treatment.
  • a third 21-day course of treatment follows the second course of administration.
  • the third course of treatment begins within about 24 hours or more after completion of the second course of treatment.
  • a fourth 21 day course of treatment follows the third course of administration.
  • the fourth course of treatment begins within about 24 hours or more after completion of the third course of treatment.
  • administering the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 further comprises co-administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent.
  • a therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor or a PARP inhibitor.
  • the therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor inhibits the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor is pembrolizumab.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered in at least two courses of treatment, the first course of treatment comprising administration by intravenous injection or infusion at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 16 consecutive days resulting in a total 21 day course followed by a second course of treatment comprising administering by intravenous injection or infusion at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day for a period of at least 5 consecutive days, followed by a rest period of at least about 16 consecutive days resulting in a total 21 day course and wherein the pembrolizumab is co-administered on the first day of the first course of and on the first day of the second course; wherein the pembrolizumab is co-administered prior to, simultaneously with, or subsequent to, administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO:1
  • the patient has an improved safety profile as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment; and preferably the patient has a lower risk of cytokine release syndrome as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment.
  • the patient has a lower risk of capillary leak syndrome as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment.
  • the invention also provides methods of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein the dose is administered by intravenous injection or infusion for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 9 consecutive days resulting in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells; and wherein the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells is at least 2 fold over baseline prior to administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 to the patient; preferably wherein the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving high dose recombin
  • the invention also provides methods of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein the dose is administered by intravenous injection or infusion for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 9 consecutive days resulting in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells and wherein the patient has an improved safety profile as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2) treatment; preferably wherein the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (
  • the invention also provides methods of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein the dose is administered by intravenous injection or infusion for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 9 consecutive days resulting in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells and wherein the patient has a lower risk of cytokine release syndrome as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment; preferably wherein the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving high dose re
  • the invention also provides methods of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg per day of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein the dose is administered by intravenous injection or infusion for 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 9 consecutive days resulting in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells and lower risk of cytokine release syndrome as compared to a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2) treatment preferably wherein the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater as compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (r
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg and preferably about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1; preferably wherein the pharmaceutical compositions comprise about 8 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 8 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1; preferably wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 10 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1; preferably wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 12 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1; preferably wherein the fusion protein comprises about 14 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1; and preferably wherein the fusion protein comprises about 15 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the invention also provides a method of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of at least about 50 ⁇ g/kg to about 60 ⁇ g/kg per day or at a corresponding fixed per day dose based on an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g.
  • rhIL-2 high dose recombinant human IL-2
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg and preferably at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg, or at a corresponding fixed per day dose based on an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g. ⁇ 0.4 mg to about ⁇ 1.0 mg), or a corresponding fixed dose based on a child, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more, of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising about 40 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg or at a corresponding fixed dose based on, for example, an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g. ⁇ 3.0 mg to about ⁇ 3.6 mg), or a corresponding fixed dose based on a child, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more, of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1; preferably wherein the composition comprises about 40 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the invention also provides a method of treating cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a dose of less than 6 ⁇ g/kg/day such as about 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 5.9 ⁇ g/kg/day, or a corresponding fixed dose based on, for example, a 60-70 kg adult (e.g.
  • a corresponding fixed dose based on a child for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more, of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 resulting in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) cells and wherein the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells is greater relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg).
  • FIG. 1 shows diagrams of structural models of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 (panel A) and its selective binding intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor (panel B).
  • FIG. 2 are diagrams of the treatment regimens for intravenous (IV.) infusion of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 as monotherapy and as combination therapy with pembrolizumab in the first in human (FIH) study described in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 are graphs showing systemic exposure in human patients to the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 at various doses in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 4 are graphs showing circulating Treg cells, NK cells and CD8+ cells responses in human patients who have been treated with the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the pharmacodynamic response of patients exposed to high dose rhIL-2 as described in Example 2.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the pharmacodynamic response of patients exposed to high dose rhIL-2 as described in Example 2.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing duration of treatment and overall response by tumor type in those patients treated with SEQ ID NO: 1 as a monotherapy.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing duration of treatment and overall response by tumor type in those patients treated with SEQ ID NO: 1 as a combination therapy with pembrolizumab.
  • FIG. 9 is graph showing change in tumor size from baseline by tumor type in those patients treated with 8 SEQ ID NO: 1 as a combination therapy with pembrolizumab.
  • FIG. 10 is a series of graphs showing levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF ⁇ and IL-6 in mice treated with 8, 20, or 30 ⁇ g of the mouse ortholog of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing the mean (+standard deviation) serum concentrations ( ⁇ g/mL) of SEQ ID NO: 1 in patients with advanced solid tumors after the first IV dose (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 6 or 8 ⁇ g/kg) of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Cycle 1 Day 1 (C1D1)).
  • FIG. 12 are graphs showing the mean (+standard deviation) maximum serum concentrations (C max ) (left) and area under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUC last ) (right) in patients with advanced solid tumors after the first IV dose (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 6 or 8 ⁇ g/kg) of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Cycle 1 Day 1 (C1D1)).
  • FIG. 13 are graphs showing the mean (+standard error) absolute counts (cells/ ⁇ L blood) of total NK cells (top), total CD8+ T cells (middle) and T regs (bottom) in patients with advanced solid tumors in patients with advanced solid tumors after the first two treatment cycles with IV SEQ ID NO: 1 at a dose of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 6 or 8 ⁇ g/kg.
  • FIG. 14 are graphs showing the mean (+standard error) fold change from baseline (FCB). Absolute counts of total NK cells (left), total CD8+ T cells (middle) and T regs cells (right) on cycle 1, day 8 (C1D8) and cycle 2 day 8 (C2D8) in patients with advanced solid tumors after the first two treatment cycles with IV SEQ ID NO: 1 at a dose of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 6 or 8 ⁇ g/kg.
  • FIG. 15 are graphs showing the mean (+standard error) maximum serum concentrations (pg/ml) ( ⁇ standard error) IFN ⁇ (left) and of IL-6 (right) in patients with advanced solid tumors after the first two treatment cycles with IV SEQ ID NO: 1 at a dose of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 6 or 8 ⁇ g/kg.
  • articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context.
  • the invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
  • the invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” as applied to one or more values of interest refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value.
  • the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
  • the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest.
  • One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result.
  • the term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.
  • any form of administration or coadministration of a “combination”, “combined therapy” and/or “combined treatment regimen” refers to at least two therapeutically active agents or compositions which may be administered or co-administered”, simultaneously, in either separate or combined formulations, or sequentially at different times separated by minutes, hours or days.
  • each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent.
  • parenteral refers to dosage forms that are intended for administration as an injection or infusion and includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intracardiac, intrathecal, and intramuscular injection, as well as infusion injections usually by the intravenous route.
  • therapeutic agent encompasses any agent administered to treat a symptom or disease in an individual in need of such treatment in addition to, or in combination with, SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • additional therapeutic agent may comprise any active ingredients suitable for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
  • chemotherapeutic agent refers to a compound or a derivative thereof that can interact with a cancer cell, thereby reducing the proliferative status of the cell and/or killing the cell for example, by impairing cell division or DNA synthesis, or by damaging DNA, effectively targeting fast dividing cells.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide); metabolic antagonists (e.g., methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil or derivatives thereof); a substituted nucleotide; a substituted nucleoside; DNA demethylating agents (also known as antimetabolites; e.g., azacitidine); antitumor antibiotics (e.g., mitomycin, adriamycin); plant-derived antitumor agents (e.g., vincristine, vindesine, TAXOL®, paclitaxel, abraxane); cisplatin; carboplatin; etoposide; and the like.
  • alkylating agents e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
  • metabolic antagonists e.g., methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil or
  • Such agents may further include, but are not limited to, the anti-cancer agents trimethotrexate (TMTX); temozolomide; raltitrexed; S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR); 6-benzyguanidine (6-BG); a nitrosoureas a nitrosourea (rabinopyranosyl-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (Aranose), Carmustine (BCNU, BiCNU), Chlorozotocin, Ethylnitrosourea (ENU), Fotemustine, Lomustine (CCNU), Nimustine, N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU), Ranimustine (MCNU), Semustine, Streptozocin (Streptozotocin)); cytarabine; and camptothecin; or a therapeutic derivative of any thereof.
  • TTTX trimethotrexate
  • temozolomide
  • a single “course” of treatment such as a first course, second course, third course and so on refers to a treatment regimen wherein the Fusion Protein is administered for a desired period of time such as 1 to about 5 consecutive or non-consecutive days of treatment or a once weekly administration followed by a rest period of a certain amount of consecutive days. Therefore, one course of treatment includes a period of time of consecutive or non-consecutive administration of the Fusion Protein to the patient followed by a rest period of consecutive days wherein there is no administration of the Fusion Protein to the patient.
  • fusion protein designates a protein or peptide linked together with another protein or peptide by peptide bond between their respective N- and C-terminal amino acid residues or verse visa, or by insertion of the first protein or peptide into the internal region of the second protein or peptide by two peptide bonds at the N- and C-termini of the inserted protein or peptide.
  • a peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid.
  • a fusion protein is produced by expression of the fusion protein gene in an expression host, in which the coding sequence for the first protein or peptide is linked to the coding sequence of the second protein or peptide.
  • Fusion Protein refers to the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the invention also contemplates the use of a variant of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 having an amino acid sequence having sequence identity that is about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher over a contiguous stretch of about 20 amino acids up to the full length of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a variant of the SEQ ID NO: 1 may have a defined sequence identity as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 over a defined length of contiguous amino acids (e.g., a “comparison window”). Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art.
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Madison, Wis.), or by manual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds. 1995 supplement)).
  • a variant of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%, amino acid sequence identity to a contiguous stretch of SEQ ID NO: 1 of at least 20 amino acids and preferably from about 20 amino acids to about 40 amino acids, from about 40 amino acids to about 60 amino acids, from about 60 amino acids to about 80 amino acids, from about 80 amino acids to about 100 amino acids, from about 100 amino acids to about 120 amino acids, from about 120 amino acids to about 140 amino acids, from about 140 amino acids to about 150 amino acids, from about 150 amino acids to about 155 amino acids, from about 155 amino acids up to the full-length of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • IL-2 therapy includes administration of immunotherapy based on IL-2 and its associated biological functions as an immunotherapy including but not limited to maintenance of CD4 + regulatory T cells and differentiation of CD4 + T cells into a variety of subsets; promotion of CD8 + T-cell and NK cell cytotoxicity activity, and modulation of T-cell differentiation programs in response to antigen, promoting naive CD4 + T-cell differentiation into T helper-1 (Th1) and T helper-2 (Th2) cells while inhibiting T helper-17 (Th17) differentiation. Therefore “IL-2 therapy” as used herein includes but is not limited to immunotherapy with rhlL-2 or a variant of rhlL-2 such as the Fusion Protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • high dose IL-2 and “HD IL-2” include a dose of interleukin-2 (IL-2) of about or at least about 600,000 International Units (IU)/kg of body weight (kg)/dose, or about or at least about 720,000 IU/kg/dose.
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • low dose IL-2 and “LD IL-2” include a dose of interleukin-2 (IL-2) of less than about 600,000 IU/kg of body weight/dose, such as about 60,000 or about 72,000 IU/kg/dose, e.g., from about 60,000 to about 72,000 IU/kg/dose.
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • the term “subject” or “patient” refers to any organism to which a composition in accordance with the present disclosure may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans) and/or plants.
  • patient refers to a human subject who may seek or be in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment, will receive treatment, or a subject who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.
  • the “patient” can be a child (>1-17 years).
  • the patient can be an infant (1 year and younger).
  • the patient can be a pediatric patient, wherein the term “pediatric” is used as understood by those skilled in the art. For example, pediatric patients include infants, children and adolescents.
  • phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the term “preventing” refers to partially or completely delaying onset of an infection, disease, disorder and/or condition; partially or completely delaying onset of one or more symptoms, features, or clinical manifestations of a particular infection, disease, disorder, and/or condition; partially or completely delaying onset of one or more symptoms, features, or manifestations of a particular infection, disease, disorder, and/or condition; partially or completely delaying progression from an infection, a particular disease, disorder and/or condition; and/or decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the infection, the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
  • protein or “peptide” as used herein refers to a at least two or more amino acid residues linked together by peptide bond.
  • the amino acid sequence in a protein or peptide is shown in the standard format, i.e., from amino terminus (N-terminus) to carboxyl terminus (C-terminus).
  • recombinant production refers to the techniques for manipulating and combining two or more DNA sequences together that include recombination, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), in vitro mutagenesis, and direct DNA synthesis. These techniques are described in numerous published books and manuals, including the “Current protocols in molecular biology” (Ausubel eds. 2008. John Wiley & Son).
  • the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest.
  • One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result.
  • the term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.
  • therapeutically effective amount refers to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristic of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject.
  • the therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects, and it can be adjusted in connection with the dosing regimen and diagnostic analysis of the subject's condition, and the like. By way of example, measurement of the amount of inflammatory cytokines produced following administration can be indicative of whether a therapeutically effective amount has been used.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount which has the effect of (1) reducing the size of a tumor (i.e. tumor regression), (2) inhibiting (that is, slowing to some extent, preferably stopping) aberrant cell division, for example cancer cell division, (3) preventing or reducing the metastasis of cancer cells, and/or, (4) relieving to some extent (or, preferably, eliminating) one or more symptoms associated with a pathology related to or caused in part by unregulated or aberrant cellular division, including for example, cancer.
  • An “effective amount” is also that amount that results in desirable PD and PK profiles and desirable immune cell profiling upon administration of the therapeutically active compositions of the invention.
  • treating or “treatment” of a disease (or a condition or a disorder) as used herein refer to preventing the disease from occurring in a human subject or an animal subject that may be predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or exhibit symptoms of the disease (prophylactic treatment), inhibiting the disease (slowing or arresting its development), providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment), and causing regression of the disease.
  • the terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” “therapeutic,” and “therapy” do not necessarily mean total cure or abolition of the disease or condition. Any alleviation of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition, to any extent can be considered treatment and/or therapy.
  • treatment may include acts that may worsen the patient's overall feeling of well-being or appearance.
  • these terms also mean that the life expectancy of an individual affected with a cancer may be increased or that one or more of the symptoms of the disease will be reduced.
  • “treating” also includes enhancing or prolonging an anti-tumor response in a subject.
  • PFS progression free survival
  • OS Global survival
  • OS rate is defined as the proportion of participants who are alive at the time point.
  • OS for a participant is defined as the time from the first dosing date to the date of death due to any cause.
  • a complete response is the disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment.
  • a complete response may also be referred to herein as “total remission”.
  • partial response means a decrease in the size of the tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body in response to treatment.
  • a partial response may also be referred to herein as “partial remission”.
  • cancer as used herein, shall be given its ordinary meaning, as a general term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control.
  • reducing a tumor refers to a reduction in the size or volume of a tumor mass, a decrease in the number of metastasized tumors in a subject, a decrease in the proliferative status (the degree to which the cancer cells are multiplying) of the cancer cells, and the like.
  • enhancing refers to allowing a subject or tumor cell to improve its ability to respond to a treatment disclosed herein.
  • an enhanced response may comprise an increase in responsiveness of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or more.
  • “enhancing” can also refer to enhancing the number of subjects who respond to a treatment such as a combination therapy comprising chemotherapy, drug-resistant immunocompetent cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • an enhanced response may refer to a total percentage of subjects who respond to a treatment wherein the percentage is of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or more.
  • Immune checkpoint proteins regulate T cell function in the immune system.
  • T cells play a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
  • Immune checkpoint proteins interact with specific ligands that send a signal into the T cell and essentially switch off or inhibit T cell function.
  • Cancer cells take advantage of this system by driving high levels of expression of immune checkpoint proteins on their surface that results in control of the T cells expressing immune checkpoint proteins on the surface of T cells that enter the tumor microenvironment, thus suppressing the anticancer immune response.
  • inhibition of immune checkpoint proteins by agents referred to herein as “immune checkpoint protein inhibitors” or “immune checkpoint inhibitors” would result in restoration of T cell function and an immune response to the cancer cells.
  • immune checkpoint proteins include, but are not limited to: CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, OX40, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of an immune checkpoint protein which may be CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, OX40, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.
  • an immune checkpoint protein which may be CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, OX40, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.
  • immune checkpoint inhibitors include but are not limited to: from a PD-1 antagonist, PD-L1 antagonist, CTLA-4 antagonist, adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, B7-H3 antagonist, B7-H4 antagonist, BTLA antagonist, KIR antagonist, LAG3 antagonist, TIM-3 antagonist, VISTA antagonist or TIGIT antagonist.
  • angiogenesis inhibitor refers to a drug, compound, antibody or other agent that keeps new blood vessels from forming. In cancer treatment, angiogenesis inhibitors may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow.
  • Angiogenesis inhibitors include those agents that can target one or more signaling pathways associated with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK).
  • RTKs include, but are not limited to, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors types 1, 2, and 3 (VEGFR1-3); platelet derived growth factor receptors, types alpha and beta (PDGFR ⁇ / ⁇ ) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), types 1, 2, and 3 (FGFR1-3).
  • Preferred angiogenesis inhibitors in accordance with the invention have broad target selectivity and are capable of simultaneous targeted inhibition of multiple RTKs and are referred to herein as “multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors”.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the disclosure that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
  • such salts are non-toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts.
  • such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid
  • Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
  • non-toxic organic or inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
  • such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • Lists of suitable salts are found in Allen, Jr., L. V., ed., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22nd Edition, Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK (2012).
  • a recombinant human IL-2 variant fusion protein is a circularly permuted (cp) IL-2 variant fused to the extracellular domain of the IL-2R ⁇ portion of the IL-2 receptor and is referred to herein as the “fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1” or the “Fusion Protein” and has the following amino acid sequence:
  • fusion proteins that are closely related to SEQ ID NO: 1, such as those fusion proteins having sequence identities of about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identity over the full length of SEQ ID NO: 1 may also be suitable for administration in accordance with the methods of the invention.
  • fusion proteins that are closely related to SEQ ID NO: 1, such as those fusion proteins having sequence identities of about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identity over a contiguous sequence of at least about 20 amino acids up to the full length of SEQ ID NO: 1 may also be suitable for administration in accordance with the methods of the invention.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be produced using a biological recombinant expression system or any protein synthesizer.
  • Strategies for recombinant protein expression are well known in the art, and typically involve transfecting cells with a DNA vector that contains a genetic template encoding the Fusion Protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and then culturing the cells so that they transcribe and translate the Fusion Protein. Typically, the cells are then lysed to extract the expressed protein for subsequent purification. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic in vivo protein expression systems are widely used.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is produced in CHO cells.
  • the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions of a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and preferably pharmaceutical compositions of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg to at least about 15 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a corresponding fixed dose based on an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g. ⁇ 0.4 mg to about ⁇ 1.0 mg) or based on a child, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions of a dose of at least about 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, or 15 ⁇ g/kg or at a corresponding fixed dose based on, for example, an average 60-70 kg adult or based on, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions of a dose of at least about 3 ⁇ g/kg to at least about 5.5 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a corresponding fixed dose based on an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g. ⁇ 0.2 mg to ⁇ 0.4 mg).
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions of a dose of at least about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 ⁇ g/kg or a corresponding fixed dose based on an average 60-70 kg adult human or based on a child, for example a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions of a dose of at least about 40 ⁇ g/kg to at least about 70 ⁇ g/kg of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a corresponding fixed dose based on an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g. about 3.0 mg to about 3.6 mg) or based on a child, for example a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21′Edition, A. R. Gennaro discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
  • oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents.
  • compositions are mixed with solubilizing agents such as CREMOPHOR®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and/or combinations thereof.
  • Injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and/or suspending agents.
  • Sterile injectable preparations may be sterile injectable solutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.
  • Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; incorporated herein by reference).
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 ( FIG. 1A ) is designed to selectively bind to and activate the intermediate-affinity IL-2R, but not the high-affinity IL-2R.
  • the IL-2R ⁇ domain of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 serves to sterically impede the binding of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 to the high-affinity IL-2R yet still allow binding to the intermediate-affinity IL-2R.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered to a cancer patient in accordance with the methods and dosing regimens of the invention.
  • Preferred routes of administration are intravenous, e.g., intravenous injection and intravenous infusion, e.g., via central venous access. Additional routes of administration include subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, nasal, and pulmonary administration.
  • the Fusion Protein may be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one excipient.
  • the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for intravenous (I. V.) administration comprising a dose of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in terms of ⁇ g/kg as is often preferred for calculating dose in pediatric patients but is also useful for calculating dose for adults, preferably at a dose of: about 0.1 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 50 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 30 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 25 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 15 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 ⁇ g/kg; about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 3 ⁇ g/kg; about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 70 ⁇ g/kg; about 6 ⁇ g/kg to about 50 ⁇ g/kg; about 6 ⁇ g
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by I.V infusion to a patient at a dose of at least about 6 ⁇ g/kg per day to at least about 15 ⁇ g/kg/day or at a corresponding fixed per day dose based on, for example, an average 60-70 kg adult human (e.g. ⁇ 0.4 mg/day to about ⁇ 1.0 mg/day) or a corresponding fixed per day dose based on a child for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more.
  • the dose is about 6 ⁇ g/kg per day.
  • the dose is about 8 ⁇ g/kg per day.
  • the dose is about 10 ⁇ g/kg per day.
  • administration of the Fusion Protein need not be consecutive and may take place over the course of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 non-consecutive days.
  • the fusion protein is administered to the patient as a once a day by I.V. infusion for 1 to about 5 consecutive days.
  • the Fusion Protein is administered to the patient once a day for 1-5 non-consecutive days, e.g. infusions on day 1 with one or two days in between before the next infusion and so on for the desired total number of infusion days prior to the rest period.
  • the second course of treatment comprises administering the Fusion Protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 by I.V. infusion once a day for five (5) consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 16 consecutive days for a treatment course that lasts about 21 days.
  • Additional treatment courses such as a third, fourth and fifth treatment courses, may follow the second treatment course, preferably starting within about 24 hours after the previous course is finished.
  • all treatment courses after the first treatment course are at least about 21-day treatment courses.
  • Fusion Protein is administered with another therapeutic and/or anti-cancer agent as described infra.
  • the therapeutic agent is the immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab.
  • pembrolizumab is administered in a separate composition from the Fusion Protein and is preferably administered by I.V. infusion prior to, subsequent to, or simultaneously infusion of the Fusion Protein.
  • pembrolizumab is administered in a once a day dose of about 200 ⁇ g or as per the standard prescribing recommendations.
  • pembrolizumab is administered on the first day of each course of treatment with the Fusion Protein.
  • An exemplary treatment regimen is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the first course of treatment with the fusion protein and all subsequent courses of treatment are generally about 21 day courses wherein the Fusion Protein is administered by I.V. infusion once a day for five (5) consecutive days followed by a rest period of at least about 16 consecutive days prior to the next course of administration.
  • the days of administration need not be consecutive and may take place over the course of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 non-consecutive days.
  • the invention also provides a dosing regimen wherein the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO:
  • the periodic dosing is once every about 3 days to once every about 21 days.
  • the periodic dosing is once every 3 days, once every 4 days, once every 7 days, once every 14 days or once every 21 days. In accordance with this periodic dosing e.g.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by I.V. infusion on day 1, day 7, day 14 and day 21 during each treatment cycle.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by I.V. infusion on day 1, and day 14 during each treatment cycle.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by I.V. infusion on day 1, and day 21 during each treatment cycle.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by I.V. infusion on day 1, day 7 and day 14 during each treatment cycle.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered by I.V. infusion on day 1, day 7 and day 21 during each treatment cycle.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered periodically, for example, the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered to the patient by I.V. infusion on one or more days during a treatment cycle wherein each I.V. administration during the treatment cycle is separated by about 7 days, about 14 days, or about 21 days or any combination thereof so long as the administration of SEQ ID NO: 1 does not occur on consecutive days at doses of about 6 ⁇ g/kg per day to at about 15 ⁇ g/kg/day or at doses of about 16 ⁇ g/kg per day to about 70 ⁇ g/kg/day or a corresponding fixed per day dose based, for example, on an average 60-70 kg adult (e.g. ⁇ 1 mg to ⁇ 4 mg) or a corresponding fixed per day dose based on a child, for example, a child of about 12 kg to about 50 kg or more.
  • each I.V. administration during the treatment cycle is separated by about 7 days, about 14 days, or about 21 days or any combination thereof so long as the
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered periodically, for example, the patient is administered to the patient by I.V. infusion on one or more days during a treatment cycle wherein each I.V. administration during the treatment cycle is separated by about 7 days, about 14 days, or about 21 days or any combination thereof so long as the administration of SEQ ID NO: 1 does not occur on consecutive days preferably at a dose of about 16 ⁇ g/kg per day to about 70 ⁇ g/kg/day; preferably at dose of about 16 ⁇ g/kg per day to about 50 ⁇ g/kg/day; preferably at a dose of about 16 ⁇ g/kg per day to about 30 ⁇ g/kg/day; preferably at a dose of about 16 ⁇ g/kg per day to about 20 ⁇ g/kg/day; preferably at about a dose of 30 ⁇ g/kg per day to about 50 ⁇ g/kg/day; or a corresponding fixed per day dose based, for example, on an average 60-70 kg adult (e.g.
  • a once a day dosing regimen of less than about 6 ⁇ g/kg/day or a fixed dose equivalent thereof based on a 60-70 kg human may be administered in accordance with any of the dosing regimens described above for in relation to doses between 6 ⁇ g/kg/day and 15 ⁇ g/kg/day.
  • All of the dosing regimens of the invention described above preferably result in a dose dependent increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells in a patient in the absence of a dose dependent increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells and preferably result in an increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells that is greater relative to the increase in circulating Treg cells in the patient.
  • all dosing regimens of the invention preferably require less frequent dosing e.g., once daily dosing of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 as compared to dosing 3 times per day dosing of high dose or low dose rhlL-2.
  • dosing parameters of monotherapy with the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 or any of the combination therapies described herein dictate that the dosage amount be less than an amount that could be irreversibly toxic to the subject (i.e., the maximum tolerated dose, “MTD”) and not less than an amount required to produce a measurable effect on the subject.
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • Such amounts are determined by, for example, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters associated with ADME, taking into consideration the route of administration and other factors.
  • An effective dose is the dose or amount of an agent that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in some fraction of the subjects taking it.
  • the “median effective dose” or ED50 of an agent is the dose or amount of an agent that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in 50% of the population to which it is administered.
  • the ED50 is commonly used as a measure of reasonable expectance of an agent's effect, it is not necessarily the dose that a clinician might deem appropriate taking into consideration all relevant factors.
  • the effective amount can be more than the calculated ED50, in other situations the effective amount can be less than the calculated ED50, and in still other situations the effective amount can be the same as the calculated ED50.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered to a cancer patient in accordance with the methods and dosing regimens of the invention.
  • Preferred routes of administration are intravenous, e.g., intravenous injection and intravenous infusion, e.g., via central venous access. Additional preferred routes of administration include subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, nasal, and pulmonary administration.
  • the treatment regimens of the invention are administered to the patient until the patient is cured or until the patient is no longer benefiting from the treatment regimen.
  • rhlL-2 human recombinant interleukin-2
  • VLS vascular leak syndrome
  • EC damage The pathogenesis of endothelial cell (EC) damage is complex and can involve activation or damage to ECs and leukocytes, release of cytokines and of inflammatory mediators, alteration in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and in cytoskeleton function.
  • CLS restricts the doses of IL-2 which can be administered to humans and, in some cases, necessitates the cessation of therapy.
  • an “improved safety profile”, or a “lower risk of a side effects”, or “reduced frequency or severity of a side effect” associated with, for example standard rhlL-2 therapy and particularly as compared to high dose rhlL-2 therapy can be assessed in several ways.
  • a side effect or symptom of IL-2 therapy may be quantified.
  • a side effect or symptom of IL-2 therapy may be quantified on a semi-quantitative scale, for example 0 to 5, where 0 represents absence, 1 to 4 represent identifiable increases in severity, and 5 represents maximum severity.
  • a side effect or symptom of IL-2 therapy may be quantified on a quantitative scale, for instance: mass per volume such as mass of cytokine per volume of tissue fluid; temperature; duration; rate; enzyme activity; oxygen saturation; and so on.
  • mass per volume such as mass of cytokine per volume of tissue fluid
  • temperature such as mass of cytokine per volume of tissue fluid
  • rate such as rate
  • enzyme activity oxygen saturation
  • oxygen saturation such as oxygen saturation
  • a side effect or symptom of IL-2 therapy may be quantified on a quantitative scale, for instance: mass per volume such as mass of cytokine per volume of tissue fluid; temperature; duration; rate; enzyme activity; oxygen saturation; and so on.
  • the person skilled in the art will readily understand how to assess ad quantify any side effect or symptom of IL-2 therapy and be able to do so without difficulty or undue burden.
  • the person skilled in the art will be able to measure: a cytokine concentration in plasma or serum; temperature (fever); heart rate (tachy
  • a “lowered risk” of a side effect of IL-2 therapy may be about a 1% decrease, about a 2% decrease, about a 3% decrease, about a 4% decrease, about a 5% decrease, about a 6% decrease, about a 7% decrease, about an 8% decrease, about a 9% decrease, about a 10% decrease, about a 20% decrease, about a 30% decrease, about a 40% decrease, about a 50% decrease, about a 60% decrease, about a 70% decrease, about an 80% decrease, about a 90% decrease, about a 100%, decrease in the manifestation of side effects or symptom of IL-2 therapy as compared to, for example high dose rhlL-2 therapy.
  • the dosing regimen of the Fusion Protein in accordance with the invention reduces the frequency and severity of capillary leak syndrome (CLS) also referred to herein as vascular leak syndrome (VLS).
  • CLS capillary leak syndrome
  • VLS vascular leak syndrome
  • CRS cytokine-release syndrome
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 has been shown to induce lower levels of inflammatory cytokines as compared to for example, rhlL-2 in mice. See Example 4 and FIG. 10 .
  • MAS overlaps clinically with CRS with subjects potentially experiencing hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, liver dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypofibrinogenemia, hyperferritinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.
  • subjects with MAS exhibit elevated levels of cytokines, including IFN- ⁇ and GMCSF.
  • Neurotoxicity may result from immunotherapy including IL-2 therapy and symptoms may include cerebral edema, delirium, hallucinations, dysphasia, akinetic mutism, headache, confusion, alterations in wakefulness, ataxia, apraxia, facial nerve palsy, tremor, dysmetria, and seizure.
  • Patients undergoing IL-2 immunotherapy may experience one or more side effects or symptoms that are not necessarily caused by CLS, CRS, MAS or TLS including anemia, aphasia, arrhythmia, arthralgia, back pain, blood and bone marrow disorders, blood and lymphatic system disorders, cardiac disorders, chills, coagulation disorders, colitis, confused state, constitutional symptoms, cough, decreased appetite, diarrhea, disorientation, dizziness, dyspnea, encephalopathy, fatigue, fever, gastrointestinal disorders, general cardiovascular disorders, hemorrhage, hepatic disorders, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypothyroidism, increased ALT, increased AST, increased C-reactive protein, infection febrile neutropenia, leukopenia, malaise, abnormal metabolic laboratory-testing results, metabolism nutrition disorders, mucosal inflammation, musculoskeletal disorders, myalgia nausea, nervous system disorders, neurologic disorders, neutropenia edema, pain, palmar-plantar erythrody
  • Representative cancers include, but are not limited to, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult; Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood; Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult; Adrenocortical Carcinoma; Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Childhood; AIDS-Related Lymphoma; AIDS-Related Malignancies; Anal Cancer; Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebellar; Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral; Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic; Bladder Cancer; Bladder Cancer, Childhood; Bone Cancer, Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma; Glioblastoma, Childhood; Glioblastoma, Childhood; Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Adult; Brain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Cerebral Astrocytoma/M
  • reducing a tumor refers to a reduction in the size or volume of a tumor mass, a decrease in the number of metastasized tumors in a subject, a decrease in the proliferative status (the degree to which the cancer cells are multiplying) of the cancer cells, and the like.
  • the treatment regimens of the invention are particularly suited for treating solid tumors including but not limited to: lymphomas, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), advanced solid tumors, tumors that have previously been treated with therapeutic therapy but remain refractory to previous therapies.
  • the treatment regimens of the invention are particularly suited for treating solid tumors including but not limited to: lymphomas, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and including advanced solid tumors and tumors that have previously been treated with anti-cancer therapy but remain refractory to previous therapies.
  • fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be used as a monotherapy in the treatment regimens in accordance with the invention, the combination of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 with other anticancer treatments in the context of the invention is also contemplated.
  • Other therapeutic treatment regimens include other therapeutic immunotherapies such as adoptive cell transfer regimens, antigen-specific vaccination, inhibition of DNA repair proteins (e.g.
  • CTLA-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
  • PD-1 programmed death 1
  • immune checkpoint proteins include, but are not limited to: CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, OX40, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of an immune checkpoint protein which may be CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, OX40, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a biologic therapeutic or a small molecule.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, a fully human antibody, a fusion protein or a combination thereof.
  • the PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor comprises one or more anti-PD-1 antibodies, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab.
  • the combination therapy methods described herein include administering at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor in combination with the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the invention is not limited to any specific immune checkpoint inhibitor so long as the immune checkpoint inhibitor inhibits one or more activities of the target immune checkpoint proteins when administered in an effective amount as monotherapy or in combination with the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • minimal inhibition of the immune checkpoint protein by the immune checkpoint inhibitor may be sufficient in the presence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Many immune checkpoint inhibitors are known in the art.
  • Exemplary PD-1/PD-L1 based immune checkpoint inhibitors include antibody-based therapeutics.
  • Exemplary treatment methods that employ PD-1/PD-L1 based immune checkpoint inhibition are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,728,474 and 9,073,994, and EP Patent No. 1537878B1, and, for example, include the use of anti-PD-1 antibodies.
  • Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibodies are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,952,136, 8,779,105, 8,008,449, 8,741,295, 9,205,148, 9,181,342, 9,102,728, 9,102,727, 8,952,136, 8,927,697, 8,900,587, 8,735,553, and 7,488,802.
  • Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibodies include, for example, nivolumab (OPDIVO®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.), pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp), PDR001 (Novartis Pharmaceuticals), and pidilizumab (CT-011, Cure Tech).
  • Exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibodies are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibodies include, for example, atezolizumab (TECENTRIQ®, Genentech), durvalumab (AstraZeneca), MEDI4736, avelumab, and BMS 936559 (Bristol Myers Squibb Co.).
  • a method or composition described herein is administered in combination with a CTLA-4 inhibitor.
  • CTLA-4 In the CTLA-4 pathway, the interaction of CTLA-4 on a T-cell with its ligands (e.g., CD80, also known as B7-1, and CD86) on the surface of an antigen presenting cells (rather than cancer cells) leads to T-cell inhibition.
  • ligands e.g., CD80, also known as B7-1, and CD86
  • antigen presenting cells also known as cancer cells
  • Exemplary CTLA-4 based immune checkpoint inhibition methods are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,811,097, 5,855,887, 6,051,227.
  • anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • CTLA-4 antibodies include ipilimumab or tremelimumab.
  • a method or composition of the invention is administered in combination with (i) a PD-1 or PD-LI inhibitor, e.g., a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor disclosed herein, and (ii) CTLA-4 inhibitor, e.g., a CTLA-4 inhibitor disclosed herein.
  • a PD-1 or PD-LI inhibitor e.g., a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor disclosed herein
  • CTLA-4 inhibitor e.g., a CTLA-4 inhibitor disclosed herein.
  • FDA approved immune checkpoint protein inhibitors includes:
  • a preferred treatment regimen of the invention combines the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 administered in accordance with the invention with the immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab.
  • pembrolizumab is administered on the first day of each treatment cycle of the treatment regimen according to the invention.
  • 200 mg of pembrolizumab is administered in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations, generally once every three weeks or 21 days.
  • Treatment regimens with the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in accordance with the invention may also be combined with other therapeutic agents and/or anti-cancer agents in addition to, or instead of, immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • the therapeutic agent and/or anti-cancer agent is an antibody.
  • the therapeutic agent is a therapeutic protein.
  • the therapeutic agent is a small molecule.
  • the anticancer agent is an antigen.
  • the therapeutic agent is a population of cells.
  • the therapeutic agent is a therapeutic antibody.
  • the therapeutic agent is another cytotoxic and/or chemotherapeutic agent.
  • cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents a cellular function and/or causes cell death or destruction.
  • Chemotherapeutic agent includes chemical compounds useful in the treatment of cancer.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 may be combined with a therapeutic antibody.
  • Methods of producing antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, are well known in the art and are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,301, US2008/0138336, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,923,221, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Therapeutic antibodies that can be used in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, any of the art-recognized therapeutic antibodies that are approved for use, in clinical trials, or in development for clinical use. In some embodiments, more than one therapeutic antibody can be included in the combination therapy of the present invention.
  • Non-limiting examples of therapeutic antibodies include the following, without limitation:
  • the therapeutic antibodies to be used in the methods of the present invention are not limited to those described herein.
  • the following approved therapeutic antibodies can also be used in the methods of the invention: brentuximab vedotin (ADCETRISTM) for anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, ipilimumab (MDX-101; YERVOYTM) for melanoma, ofatumumab (ARZERRATM) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, panitumumab (VECTIBIXTM) for colorectal cancer, alemtuzumab (CAMPATHTM) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, ofatumumab (ARZERRATM) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (MYLOTARGTM) for acute myelogenous leukemia.
  • ADCETRISTM for anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lympho
  • Antibodies for use in accordance with the invention can also target molecules expressed by immune cells, such as, but not limited to, tremelimumab (CP-675,206) and ipilimumab (MDX-010) which targets CTLA4 and has the effect of tumor rejection, protection from re-challenge, and enhanced tumor-specific T cell responses; OX86 which targets OX40 and increases antigen-specific CD8+ T cells at tumor sites and enhances tumor rejection; CT-011 which targets PD 1 and has the effect of maintaining and expanding tumor specific memory T cells and activates NK cells; BMS-663513 which targets CD137 and causes regression of established tumors, as well as the expansion and maintenance of CD8+ T cells, and daclizumab (ZENAPAXTM) which targets CD25 and causes transient depletion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Tregs and enhances tumor regression and increases the number of effector T cells.
  • tremelimumab CP-675,206
  • MDX-010
  • the antibody is a pro-inflammatory and/or pro-tumorigenic cytokine targeting antibody including, but not limited to, anti-TNF antibodies, anti-IL-1Ra receptor targeting antibodies, anti-IL-1 antibodies, anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, and anti-IL-6 antibodies.
  • antibodies include those that target pro-inflammatory T helper type 17 cells (TH17).
  • the therapeutic antibody can be a fragment of an antibody; a complex comprising an antibody; or a conjugate comprising an antibody.
  • the antibody can optionally be chimeric or humanized or fully human.
  • the methods of the invention include administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in accordance with the treatment regimen of the invention in combination with a therapeutic protein or peptide.
  • Therapeutic proteins that are effective in treating cancer are well known in the art.
  • the therapeutic polypeptide or protein is a “suicide protein” that causes cell death by itself or in the presence of other compounds.
  • a representative example of such a suicide protein is thymidine kinase of the herpes simplex virus. Additional examples include thymidine kinase of varicella zoster virus, the bacterial gene cytosine deaminase (which converts 5-fluorocytosine to the highly toxic compound 5-fluorouracil), p450 oxidoreductase, carboxypeptidase G2, beta-glucuronidase, penicillin-V-amidase, penicillin-G-amidase, beta-lactamase, nitroreductase, carboxypeptidase A, linamarase (also referred to as ⁇ -glucosidase), the E. coli gpt gene, and the E. coli Deo gene, although others are known in the art.
  • the suicide protein converts a prodrug into a toxic compound.
  • prodrug means any compound useful in the methods of the present invention that can be converted to a toxic product, i.e. toxic to tumor cells.
  • the prodrug is converted to a toxic product by the suicide protein.
  • Representative examples of such prodrugs include: ganciclovir, acyclovir, and FIAU (1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iod-ouracil) for thymidine kinase; ifosfamide for oxidoreductase; 6-methoxypurine arabinoside for VZV-TK; 5-fluorocytosine for cytosine deaminase; doxorubicin for beta-glucuronidase; CB 1954 and nitrofurazone for nitroreductase; and N-(Cyanoacetyl)-L-phenylalanine or N-(3-chloropropionyl)-L-phenylalan
  • the therapeutic protein or polypeptide is a cancer suppressor, for example p53 or Rb, or a nude acid encoding such a protein or polypeptide.
  • a cancer suppressor for example p53 or Rb
  • a nude acid encoding such a protein or polypeptide Those of skill know of a wide variety of such cancer suppressors and how to obtain them and/or the nucleic acids encoding them.
  • anti-cancer/therapeutic proteins or polypeptides include pro-apoptotic therapeutic proteins and polypeptides, for example, p15, p16, or p21 WAF-1 .
  • Cytokines, and nucleic acid encoding them may also be used as therapeutic proteins and polypeptides.
  • Examples include: GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor); TNF-alpha (Tumor necrosis factor alpha); Interferons including, but not limited to, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma; and Interleukins including, but not limited to, Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-Beta (IL-beta), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-5 (IL-5), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-13 (IL-13), Interleukin-14 (IL-14), Interleukin-15 (IL-15), Interleukin-16 (IL-16), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Inter
  • cytocidal genes includes, but is not limited to, mutated cyclin G1 genes.
  • the cytocidal gene may be a dominant negative mutation of the cyclin G1 protein (e.g., WO/01/64870).
  • the therapeutic regimens of the invention include administration of a fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in combination with administration of a cancer vaccine for stimulating a cancer specific-immune response, e.g., innate and adaptive immune responses, for generating host immunity against a cancer (see, e.g., Overwijk, et al. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008; 198:569-80).
  • a cancer vaccine for stimulating a cancer specific-immune response, e.g., innate and adaptive immune responses, for generating host immunity against a cancer (see, e.g., Overwijk, et al. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008; 198:569-80).
  • Illustrative vaccines include, but are not limited to, for example, antigen vaccines, whole cell vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and DNA vaccines.
  • the vaccine composition may include one or more suitable adjuvants known to enhance a subject's immune response to the vaccine.
  • the vaccine may, for example, be cellular based, i.e., created using cells from the patient's own cancer cells to identify and obtain an antigen.
  • exemplary vaccines include tumor cell-based and dendritic-cell based vaccines, where activated immune cells from the subject are delivered back to the same subject, along with other proteins, to further facilitate immune activation of these tumor antigen primed immune cells.
  • Tumor cell-based vaccines include whole tumor cells and gene-modified tumor cells. Whole tumor cell vaccines may optionally be processed to enhance antigen presentation, e.g., by irradiation of either the tumor cells or tumor lysates).
  • Vaccine administration may also be accompanied by adjuvants such as bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), depending upon the type of vaccine employed.
  • BCG bacillus calmette-guerin
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • Plasmid DNA vaccines may also be used and can be administered via direct injection or biolistically. Also contemplated for use are peptide vaccines, viral gene transfer vector vaccines, and antigen-modified dentritic cells (DCs).
  • DCs antigen-modified dentritic cells
  • the vaccine is a therapeutic cancer peptide-based vaccine.
  • Peptide vaccines can be created using known sequences or from isolated antigens from a subject's own tumor(s) and include neoantigens and modified antigens.
  • Illustrative antigen-based vaccines include those where the antigen is a tumor-specific antigen.
  • the tumor-specific antigen may be selected from a cancer-testis antigen, a differentiation antigen, and a widely occurring over-expressed tumor associated antigen, among others.
  • Recombinant peptide vaccines, based on peptides from tumor-associated antigens, when used in the instant method, may be administered or formulated with, an adjuvant or immune modulator.
  • a peptide vaccine may comprise a cancer-testis antigen such as MAGE, BAGE, NY-ESO-1 and SSX-2, encoded by genes that are normally silenced in adult tissues but transcriptionally reactivated in tumor cells.
  • the peptide vaccine may comprise a tissue differentiation associated antigen, i.e., an antigen of normal tissue origin and shared by both normal and tumorous tissue.
  • the vaccine may comprise a melanoma-associated antigen such as gp100, Melan-A/Mart-1, MAGE-3, or tyrosinase; or may comprise a prostate cancer antigen such as PSA or PAP.
  • the vaccine may comprise a breast cancer-associated antigen such as mammaglobin-A.
  • tumor antigens that may be comprised in a vaccine for use in the instant method include, for example, CEA, MUC-1, HER1/Nue, hTERT, ras, and B-raf.
  • Other suitable antigens that may be used in a vaccine include SOX-2 and OCT-4, associated with cancer stem cells or the EMT process.
  • Antigen vaccines include multi-antigen and single antigen vaccines.
  • Exemplary cancer antigens may include peptides having from about 5 to about 30 amino acids, or from about 6 to 25 amino acids, or from about 8 to 20 amino acids.
  • an immunostimulatory adjuvant may be used in a vaccine, in particular, a tumor-associated antigen-based vaccine, to assist in generating an effective immune response.
  • a vaccine may incorporate a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to assist in improving immunity.
  • PAMP pathogen-associated molecular pattern
  • Additional suitable adjuvants include monophosphoryl lipid A, or other lipopolysaccharides; toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists such as, for example, imiquimod, resiquimod (R-848), TLR3, IMO-8400, and rintatolimod.
  • Additional adjuvants suitable for use include heat shock proteins.
  • a genetic vaccine typically uses viral or plasmid DNA vectors carrying expression cassettes. Upon administration, they transfect somatic cells or dendritic cells as part of the inflammatory response to thereby result in cross-priming or direct antigen presentation.
  • a genetic vaccine is one that provides delivery of multiple antigens in one immunization.
  • Genetic vaccines include DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines and viral-based vaccines.
  • DNA vaccines for use in the instant methods are bacterial plasmids that are constructed to deliver and express tumor antigen.
  • DNA vaccines may be administered by any suitable mode of administration, e.g., subcantaneous or intradermal injection, but may also be injected directly into the lymph nodes. Additional modes of delivery include, for example, gene gun, electroporation, ultrasound, laser, liposomes, microparticles and nanoparticles.
  • the vaccine comprises a neoantigen, or multiple neoantigens.
  • the vaccine is a neoantigen-based vaccine.
  • a neoantigen-based vaccine (NBV) composition may encode multiple cancer neoantigens in tandem, where each neoantigen is a polypeptide fragment derived from a protein mutated in cancer cells.
  • a neoantigenic vaccine may comprise a first vector comprising a nucleic acid construct encoding multiple immunogenic polypeptide fragments, each of a protein mutated in cancer cells, where each immunogenic polypeptide fragment comprises one or more mutated amino acids flanked by a variable number of wild type amino acids from the original protein, and each polypeptide fragment is joined head-to-tail to form an immunogenic polypeptide.
  • the lengths of each of the immunogenic polypeptide fragments forming the immunogenic polypeptide can vary.
  • Viral gene transfer vector vaccines may also be used; in such vaccines, recombinant engineered virus, yeast, bacteria or the like is used to introduce cancer-specific proteins to the patient's immune cells.
  • a vector-based approach which can be tumor lytic or non-tumor lytic, the vector can increase the efficiency of the vaccine due to, for example, its inherent immunostimulatory properties.
  • Illustrative viral-based vectors include those from the poxviridae family, such as vaccinia, modified vaccinia strain Ankara and avipoxviruses.
  • the cancer vaccine PROSTVAC, containing a replication-competent vaccinia priming vector and a replication-incompetent fowlbox-boosting vector.
  • Each vector contains transgenes for PSA and three co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD54 and CD58, collectively referred to as TRICOM.
  • Other suitable vector-based cancer vaccines include Trovax and TG4010 (encoding MUC1 antigen and IL-2). Additional vaccines for use include bacteria and yeast-based vaccines such as recombinant Listeria monocytogenes and Saccharomyces cerevisae.
  • vaccines may be combined and/or formulated with adjuvants and other immune boosters to increase efficacy.
  • administration may be either intratumoral or non-intratumoral (i.e., systemic).
  • cancer antigens that can be used in vaccinations include, but are not limited to, (i) tumor-specific antigens, (ii) tumor-associated antigens, (iii) cells that express tumor-specific antigens, (iv) cells that express tumor-associated antigens, (v) embryonic antigens on tumors, (vi) autologous tumor cells, (vii) tumor-specific membrane antigens, (viii) tumor-associated membrane antigens, (ix) growth factor receptors, (x) growth factor ligands, and (xi) any other type of antigen or antigen-presenting cell or material that is associated with a cancer.
  • the cancer antigen may be an epithelial cancer antigen, (e.g., breast, gastrointestinal, lung), a prostate specific cancer antigen (PSA) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a bladder cancer antigen, a lung (e.g., small cell lung) cancer antigen, a colon cancer antigen, an ovarian cancer antigen, a brain cancer antigen, a gastric cancer antigen, a renal cell carcinoma antigen, a pancreatic cancer antigen, a liver cancer antigen, an esophageal cancer antigen, a head and neck cancer antigen, or a colorectal cancer antigen.
  • epithelial cancer antigen e.g., breast, gastrointestinal, lung
  • PSA prostate specific cancer antigen
  • PSMA prostate specific membrane antigen
  • bladder cancer antigen e.g., a lung (e.g., small cell lung) cancer antigen
  • a colon cancer antigen e.g., an ovarian cancer antigen
  • a brain cancer antigen
  • the cancer antigen is a lymphoma antigen (e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's lymphoma), a B-cell lymphoma cancer antigen, a leukemia antigen, a myeloma (i.e., multiple myeloma or plasma cell myeloma) antigen, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen, a chronic myeloid leukemia antigen, or an acute myelogenous leukemia antigen.
  • the described cancer antigens are only exemplary, and that any cancer antigen can be targeted in the present invention.
  • the cancer antigen is a mucin-1 protein or peptide (MUC-1) that is found on all human adenocarcinomas: pancreas, colon, breast, ovarian, lung, prostate, head and neck, including multiple myelomas and some B cell lymphomas.
  • MUC-1 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. The major extracellular portion of MUC-1 has a large number of tandem repeats consisting of 20 amino acids which comprise immunogenic epitopes. In some cancers it is exposed in an unglycosylated form that is recognized by the immune system (Gendler et al., J Biol Chem 1990; 265:15286-15293).
  • the cancer antigen is a mutated B-Raf antigen, which is associated with melanoma and colon cancer.
  • the vast majority of these mutations represent a single nucleotide change of T-A at nucleotide 1796 resulting in a valine to glutamic acid change at residue 599 within the activation segment of B-Raf.
  • Raf proteins are also indirectly associated with cancer as effectors of activated Ras proteins, oncogenic forms of which are present in approximately one-third of all human cancers.
  • Normal non-mutated B-Raf is involved in cell signaling, relaying signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. The protein is usually only active when needed to relay signals.
  • mutant B-Raf has been reported to be constantly active, disrupting the signaling relay (Mercer and Pritchard, Biochim Biophys Acta (2003) 1653(1):25-40; Sharkey et al., Cancer Res. (2004) 64(5):1595-1599).
  • the cancer antigen is a human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) antigen.
  • HER-2/neu human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
  • Cancers that have cells that overexpress HER-2/neu are referred to as HER-2/neu + cancers.
  • Exemplary HER-2/neu + cancers include prostate cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular adenocarcinoma), intestinal cancer, and bladder cancer.
  • HER-2/neu has an extracellular binding domain (ECD) of approximately 645 aa, with 40% homology to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a highly hydrophobic transmembrane anchor domain (TMD), and a carboxyterminal intracellular domain (ICD) of approximately 580 aa with 80% homology to EGFR.
  • ECD extracellular binding domain
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • TMD highly hydrophobic transmembrane anchor domain
  • ICD carboxyterminal intracellular domain
  • AH002823 human HER-2 gene, promoter region and exon 1
  • M16792 human HER-2 gene, exon 4
  • M16791 human HER-2 gene, exon 3
  • M16790 human HER-2 gene, exon 2
  • M16789 human HER-2 gene, promoter region and exon 1).
  • the amino acid sequence for the HER-2/neu protein is available at GENBANKTM Accession No. AAA58637. Based on these sequences, one skilled in the art could develop HER-2/neu antigens using known assays to find appropriate epitopes that generate an effective immune response.
  • HER-2/neu antigens include p369-377 (a HER-2/neu derived HLA-A2 peptide); dHER2 (Corixa Corporation); li-Key MHC class II epitope hybrid (Generex Biotechnology Corporation); peptide P4 (amino acids 378-398); peptide P7 (amino acids 610-623); mixture of peptides P6 (amino acids 544-560) and P7; mixture of peptides P4, P6 and P7; HER2 [9754]; and the like.
  • the cancer antigen is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antigen.
  • the EGFR antigen can be an EGFR variant 1 antigen, an EGFR variant 2 antigen, an EGFR variant 3 antigen and/or an EGFR variant 4 antigen.
  • Cancers with cells that overexpress EGFR are referred to as EGFR cancers.
  • Exemplary EGFR cancers include lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, brain cancer and bladder cancer.
  • the cancer antigen is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) antigen.
  • VEGFR is considered to be a regulator of cancer-induced angiogenesis. Cancers with cells that overexpress VEGFR are called VEGFR + cancers. Exemplary VEGFR + cancers include breast cancer, lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, leukemia, and lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the cancer antigen is prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and/or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that are prevalently expressed in androgen-independent prostate cancers.
  • PSA prostate-specific antigen
  • PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • the cancer antigen is Gp-100 Glycoprotein 100 (gp 100) is a tumor-specific antigen associated with melanoma.
  • the cancer antigen is a carcinoembryonic (CEA) antigen.
  • CEA + cancers include colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer.
  • Exemplary CEA antigens include CAP-1 (i.e., CEA aa 571-579), CAP1-6D, CAP-2 (i.e., CEA aa 555-579), CAP-3 (i.e., CEA aa 87-89), CAP-4 (CEA aa 1-11), CAP-5 (i.e., CEA aa 345-354), CAP-6 (i.e., CEA aa 19-28) and CAP-7.
  • CAP-1 i.e., CEA aa 571-579
  • CAP1-6D i.e., CEA aa 555-579
  • CAP-3 i.e., CEA aa 87-89
  • CAP-4 CEA aa 1-11
  • CAP-5 i.e., CE
  • the cancer antigen is carbohydrate antigen 10.9 (CA 19.9).
  • CA 19.9 is an oligosaccharide related to the Lewis A blood group substance and is associated with colorectal cancers.
  • the cancer antigen is a melanoma cancer antigen.
  • Melanoma cancer antigens are useful for treating melanoma.
  • Exemplary melanoma cancer antigens include MART-1 (e.g., MART-1 26-35 peptide, MART-1 27-35 peptide); MART-1/Mel an A; pMel17; pMel17/gp100; gp100 (e.g., gp 100 peptide 280-288, gp 100 peptide 154-162, gp 100 peptide 457-467); TRP-1; TRP-2; NY-ESO-1; p16; beta-catenin; mum-1; and the like.
  • MART-1 e.g., MART-1 26-35 peptide, MART-1 27-35 peptide
  • MART-1/Mel an A pMel17; pMel17/gp100
  • gp100 e.g.,
  • the cancer antigen is a mutant or wild type ras peptide.
  • the mutant ras peptide can be a mutant K-ras peptide, a mutant N-ras peptide and/or a mutant H-ras peptide. Mutations in the ras protein typically occur at positions 12 (e.g., arginine or valine substituted for glycine), 13 (e.g., asparagine for glycine), 61 (e.g., glutamine to leucine) and/or 59.
  • Mutant ras peptides can be useful as lung cancer antigens, gastrointestinal cancer antigens, hepatoma antigens, myeloid cancer antigens (e.g., acute leukemia, myelodysplasia), skin cancer antigens (e.g., melanoma, basal cell, squamous cell), bladder cancer antigens, colon cancer antigens, colorectal cancer antigens, and renal cell cancer antigens.
  • myeloid cancer antigens e.g., acute leukemia, myelodysplasia
  • skin cancer antigens e.g., melanoma, basal cell, squamous cell
  • bladder cancer antigens e.g., colon cancer antigens, colorectal cancer antigens, and renal cell cancer antigens.
  • the cancer antigen is a mutant and/or wildtype p53 peptide.
  • the p53 peptide can be used as colon cancer antigens, lung cancer antigens, breast cancer antigens, hepatocellular carcinoma cancer antigens, lymphoma cancer antigens, prostate cancer antigens, thyroid cancer antigens, bladder cancer antigens, pancreatic cancer antigens and ovarian cancer antigens.
  • the cancer antigen can be a cell, a protein, a peptide, a fusion protein, DNA encoding a peptide or protein, RNA encoding a peptide or protein, a glycoprotein, a lipoprotein, a phosphoprotein, a carbohydrate, a lipopolysaccharide, a lipid, a chemically linked combination of two or more thereof, a fusion or two or more thereof, or a mixture of two or more thereof, or a virus encoding two or more thereof, or an oncolytic virus encoding two or more thereof.
  • the cancer antigen is a peptide comprising about 6 to about 24 amino acids; from about 8 to about 20 amino acids; from about 8 to about 12 amino acids; from about 8 to about 10 amino acids; or from about 12 to about 20 amino acids.
  • the cancer antigen is a peptide having a MHC Class I binding motif or a MHC Class II binding motif.
  • the cancer antigen comprises a peptide that corresponds to one or more cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes.
  • CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte
  • the methods of the invention include administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in combination with administration of a therapeutic cell therapy.
  • Cell therapies that are useful for treating cancer are well known and are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,431.
  • the cell therapy is T cell transplant.
  • T cells are expanded ex vivo with IL-2 prior to transplantation into a subject.
  • Methods for cell therapies are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,431, US2006/0057121, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,126,132, 6,255,073, 5,846,827, 6,251,385, 6,194,207, 5,443,983, 6,040,177, 5,766,920, and US2008/0279836.
  • the therapeutic regimens of the invention include administration of a fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in further combination with radiation therapy.
  • radiation therapy may be used interchangeably with the term “radiotherapy”, is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy most often uses X-rays, but gamma rays, electron beams, or protons also can be used. The term “radiation therapy” most often refers to external beam radiation therapy. During this type of radiation, the high-energy beams come from a machine outside of the patient's body that aims the beams at a precise point on the body. Each session is quick and painless, lasting about 15 minutes.
  • the term “session” or “session of treatment” refers to each radiotherapy treatment.
  • a radiation therapy “regimen” or “schedule” usually consists of a specific number of treatments given over a set period of time, depending on the type and the stage of the cancer.
  • the therapeutic regimens of the invention include administration of a fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in combination with administration of an anticancer small molecule.
  • Small molecules that are effective in treating cancer are well known in the art and include antagonists of factors that are involved in tumor growth, such as EGFR, ErbB2 (also known as Her2) ErbB3, ErbB4, or TNF.
  • Non-limiting examples include small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) that target one or more tyrosine kinase receptors, such as VEGF receptors, FGF receptors, EGF receptors and PDGF receptors.
  • RTKIs small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors
  • RTKIs are known in the art, including, but are not limited to, vatalanib (PTK787), erlotinib (TARCEVATM), OSI-7904, ZD6474 (ZACTIMATM), ZD6126 (ANG453), ZD1839, sunitinib (SUTENTTM), semaxanib (SU5416), AMG706, AG013736, Imatinib (GLEEVECTM), MLN-518, CEP-701, PKC-412, Lapatinib (GSK572016), VELCADETM, AZD2171, sorafenib (NEXAVARTM), XL880, and CHIR-265.
  • PTK787 vatalanib
  • TARCEVATM erlotinib
  • OSI-7904 ZD6474
  • ZACTIMATM ZD6126
  • ANG453 ZD1839
  • sunitinib SUTENTTM
  • semaxanib SU5416
  • Small molecule protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors such as those disclosed in Jiang et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2008; 27:263-72 are also useful for practicing the methods of the invention.
  • Such inhibitors can target, e.g., HSP2, PRL, PTP1B, or Cdc25 phosphatases.
  • Small molecules that target Bcl-2/Bcl-XL are also useful for practicing the methods of the present invention.
  • Further exemplary small molecules for use in the present invention are disclosed in Zhang et al. Nature Reviews: Cancer 2009; 9:28-39.
  • chemotherapeutic agents that lead to immunogenic cell death such as anthracyclins (Kepp et al., Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2011; 30:61-9) will be well suited for synergistic effects with extended-PK IL-2.
  • the methods of the invention include administration of the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 in combination with administration with chemotherapeutic agents including but not limited to, alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, antimetabolic agents, other anti-tumor antibiotics, and plant derived agents.
  • chemotherapeutic agents including but not limited to, alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, antimetabolic agents, other anti-tumor antibiotics, and plant derived agents.
  • Alkylating agents are drugs which impair cell function by forming covalent bonds with amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl and phosphate groups in biologically important molecules. The most important sites of alkylation are DNA, RNA and proteins. Alkylating agents depend on cell proliferation for activity but are not cell-cycle-phase-specific. Alkylating agents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, bischloroethylamines (nitrogen mustards, e.g. chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, melphalan, uracil mustard), aziridines (e.g.
  • alkyl alkone sulfonates e.g. busulfan
  • nitroso-ureas e.g. BCNU, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin
  • nonclassic alkylating agents e.g., altretamine, dacarbazine, and procarbazine
  • platinum compounds e.g., carboplastin, oxaliplatin and cisplatin.
  • Antitumor antibiotics like adriamycin intercalate DNA at guanine-cytosine and guanine-thymine sequences, resulting in spontaneous oxidation and formation of free oxygen radicals that cause strand breakage.
  • Other antibiotic agents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, anthracyclines (e. g. doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and anthracenedione), mitomycin C, bleomycin, dactinomycin, and plicatomycin.
  • Antimetabolic agents suitable for use in the present invention include but are not limited to, floxuridine, fluorouracil, methotrexate, leucovorin, hydroxyurea, thioguanine, mercaptopurine, cytarabine, pentostatin, fludarabine phosphate, cladribine, asparaginase, and gemcitabine.
  • Plant derived agents include taxanes, which are semisynthetic derivatives of extracted precursors from the needles of yew plants. These drugs have a novel 14-member ring, the taxane. Unlike the vinca alkaloids, which cause microtubular disassembly, the taxanes (e.g., taxol) promote microtubular assembly and stability, therefore blocking the cell cycle in mitosis.
  • Other plant derived agents include, but are not limited to, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinzolidine, vinorelbine, etoposide, teniposide, and docetaxel.
  • compositions for Combination Therapy are Compositions for Combination Therapy
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered together (simultaneously or sequentially) with one or more additional therapeutic agents or other therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered prior to the administration of one or more therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered concurrent with the administration of one or more therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is administered subsequent to the administration of one or more therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody.
  • the SEQ ID NO: 1 and one or more therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody are administered simultaneously.
  • the and one or more therapeutic agents are administered sequentially.
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and one or more therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody are administered within one, two, or three days of each other.
  • the one or more therapeutic agents may be those that serve as adjunctive therapy for cancer, such as cytokines, chemotherapeutic agents, small molecules, antigens, or therapeutic antibodies, and are well known in the art and discussed supra. Additional non-limiting examples of additional agents include GM-CSF (expands monocyte and neutrophil population), IL-7 (important for generation and survival of memory T-cells), interferon alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-12, and therapeutic antibodies, such as anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD40, anti-OX40, and anti-CD137, PARP inhibitors, antibodies.
  • the subject receives the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and one or more therapeutic agents during a same period of prevention, occurrence of a disorder, and/or period of treatment.
  • the invention provides for separate pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, solubilizer, emulsifier, preservative and/or adjuvant and another pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more therapeutic agents, such as a therapeutic antibody, with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, solubilizer, emulsifier, preservative and/or adjuvant.
  • the invention provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and one or more therapeutic or anti-cancer agents in the same composition, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, solubilizer, emulsifier, preservative and/or adjuvant.
  • kits comprising a fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 formulated for SC administration, and optionally any other chemotherapeutic or anti-cancer agent.
  • the kits are generally in the form of a physical structure housing various components, as described below, and can be utilized, for example, in practicing the methods described above.
  • a kit can include the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 (provided in, e.g., a sterile container), which can be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be provided in a form that is ready for use or in a form requiring, for example, reconstitution or dilution prior to administration.
  • the kit can also include buffers, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and the like, packaged with or separately from the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • combination therapy e.g., the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 and an immune checkpoint inhibitor(s)
  • the kit can contain the several agents separately or they can already be combined in the kit.
  • additional complementary therapy e.g., a fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1, an immune checkpoint inhibitor(s), and an additional complementary therapy or agent
  • the kit can contain the several agents separately or two or more of them can already be combined in the kit.
  • a kit of the invention can be designed for conditions necessary to properly maintain the components housed therein (e.g., refrigeration or freezing).
  • a kit can contain a label or packaging insert including identifying information for the components therein and instructions for their use (e.g., dosing parameters, clinical pharmacology of the active ingredient(s), including mechanism(s) of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, contraindications, etc.).
  • Each component of the kit can be enclosed within an individual container, and all of the various containers can be within a single package.
  • Labels or inserts can include manufacturer information such as lot numbers and expiration dates.
  • the label or packaging insert can be, e.g., integrated into the physical structure housing the components, contained separately within the physical structure, or affixed to a component of the kit (e.g., an ampule, syringe or vial).
  • Labels or inserts can additionally include, or be incorporated into, a computer readable medium, such as a disk (e.g., hard disk, card, memory disk), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory-type cards.
  • a computer readable medium such as a disk (e.g., hard disk, card, memory disk), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory-type cards.
  • the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g., via an internet site, are provided.
  • compositions of the invention any particular embodiment of the compositions of the invention; any method of production; any method of use can be excluded from any one or more claims, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.
  • Example 1 A Phase 1 Study of the Fusion Protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 Administered Intravenously as Monotherapy and in Combination with Pembrolizumab in Subjects with Advanced Solid Tumors
  • the Fusion Protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a fusion of circularly permuted IL-2 and IL-2 Receptor a (IL-2R ⁇ ) designed to selectively activate the intermediate-affinity IL-2R, comprised of IL-2R ⁇ and ⁇ , for activation of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and NK cells.
  • the intermediate-affinity IL-2R is expressed predominantly on effector lymphocytes, which play an important role in driving antitumor immune responses.
  • Wild-type IL-2 activates the high-affinity IL-2R, comprised of IL-2R ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ c , driving the expansion of immunosuppressive CD4 + regulatory T (T reg ) cells at concentrations below those at which intermediate-affinity IL-2R-bearing effector cells are activated.
  • T reg regulatory T
  • the fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 is being studied in a Phase 1 study in human subjects with advanced refractory solid tumors.
  • the Fusion Protein was supplied as a sterile, white to off-white, lyophilized powder for IV or SC administration.
  • the excipients included in the Fusion Protein formulation are citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, sucrose, and polysorbate 20.
  • sterile water for injection United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
  • Citrate buffer containing 1% polysorbate 20 PS20 Diluent
  • Saline solution (0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP) is sourced separately as needed for additional dilution.
  • the first part of the study is a dose escalation with the primary objective of investigating the safety and tolerability of the Fusion Protein and to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D).
  • the RP2D will be equal to or less than the MTD and its associated dosing schedule and will be selected based on the safety, PK, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity data observed during dose escalation.
  • FIG. 2 shows the treatment regimens followed for this study.
  • FIG. 2 shows the treatment regimens followed for this study.
  • IL-6 levels peaked at 4 hours post-dose and recovered to baseline at 8-10 hours post-dose. Fever coincided with the time of maximum IL-6 and recovered to baseline 8-12 hours post-dose.
  • One patient with ovarian cancer had a confirmed partial response.
  • One patient with triple negative breast cancer showed greater than 50% reduction in target lesion size ( FIG. 9 ).
  • rhlL-2 Recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhlL-2, aldesleukin) is approved and used for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. 1-8 However, the use of rhlL-2 is limited to patients with normal cardiac and pulmonary function due to associated capillary leak syndrome and resulting hypotension. 9-12
  • rhlL-2 preferentially activates and induces the expansion of immunosuppressive CD4+ Tregs,13 and high-dose IL-2 is required to induce signaling on receptor complexes expressed on potential tumor killing CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.
  • ADVERSE EVENT N 10 Hypotension requiring vasopressors 8 (80%)* Elevated bilirubin 7 (70%) Erythematous rash 7 (70%) Thrombocytopenia 7 (70%) Diarrhea 7 (70%) Nausea 6 (60%) Acute kidney injury 6 (60%) Vomiting 5 (50%) Metabolic acidosis 4 (40%) Rigors 3 (30%) Toxic encephalopathy 3 (30%) Dyspnea 2 (20%) Neutropenia 1 (10%) Fatigue 1 (10%) Leukopenia 1 (10%) Hyponatremia 1 (10%) Arthralgias 1 (10%) Gastrointestinal bleeding (prior nivolumab) 1 (10%) *Including capillary leak syndrome in 5 patients
  • the data also shows that the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) is greater compared to the increase in circulating NK cells and CD8+ cells relative to the increase in circulating T regulatory (Treg) in a patient receiving high dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhlL-2) treatment
  • rhlL-2 human IL-2
  • rhlL-2 treatment induced greater levels of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice than SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the data FIG. 10 shows the cytokine production for IFN ⁇ and IL-6. Elevated levels of TNF ⁇ and IL-6 are found in individuals with inflammation that is associated with an infection as in septicemia or are afflicted with a chronic inflammatory disease like rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Antibodies that block TNF ⁇ and IL-6 pathways are prescribed for treating rheumatoid arthritis and anti-IL-6 drugs are used to mitigate the effects of inflammation that arise during certain types of anti-cancer treatments like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Therefore, reduced induction of proinflammatory cytokines as observed in FIG. 10 would suggest that treatment with SEQ ID NO: 1 would be better tolerated and potentially safer than treatment with rhlL-2.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • the study has three parts: Part A, a dose-escalation monotherapy part; Part B, a dose-expansion monotherapy part; and Part C, a combination therapy part with pembrolizumab (see also Example 1).
  • Part A a dose-escalation monotherapy part
  • Part B a dose-expansion monotherapy part
  • Part C a combination therapy part with pembrolizumab (see also Example 1).
  • An overview of the Study is shown in Table 3.
  • cohorts in the study used a standard 3+3 study design with 3 to 6 subjects per cohort to receive SEQ ID NO: 1 at dose levels as shown in Table 3.
  • the starting dose of 0.1 ⁇ g/kg/day was selected based on minimal anticipated biological effect level.
  • Doses in subsequent cohorts are being increased according Table 3 until stopped for DLTs or an MTD is reached. Additional dose levels will be considered if the RP2D or MTD has not been reached within the proposed dose range.
  • each cohort is evaluated for safety and tolerability using a 3+3 study design with allowance for over-enrollment with 4 to 7 subjects and a minimum of 3 evaluable subjects per cohort to receive IV SEQ ID NO: 1 at the specified dose and schedule. If none of the 3 subjects experiences a DLT, then the next dose level will open for enrollment. If 1 of the 3 subjects experiences a DLT, then 3 additional subjects will be enrolled at the same dose level. If no additional DLTs are observed, then the next dose level will open for enrollment.
  • One or more lower dose level(s) may be tested in search of the MTD, defined as the dose level immediately below that in which ⁇ 2 of 6 evaluable subjects experience DLTs.
  • SRC Safety Review Committee
  • a teleconference of the Safety Review Committee (SRC) to include at a minimum the study investigators who have enrolled subjects and the Sponsor's Medical Monitor, will be convened to review the safety data from the current cohort and to decide if dose escalation is warranted.
  • Dose-limiting toxicity will be defined by any of the following events described in Example 1, Table 1.
  • Part B the second part of the study (i.e., Part B) commenced.
  • this part of the study up to 41 subjects with melanoma and up to 41 subjects with RCC are being enrolled to receive SEQ ID NO: 1 at the RP2D. Enrollment to these cohorts will follow a partial response (unconfirmed) Simon's two-stage design enrollment. Response assessments will be based on the RECIST guidelines.
  • Part C In the third part of the study (Part C), subjects received SEQ ID NO: 1 in combination with pembrolizumab (see Example 1). Part C is running independently of and concurrently with monotherapy of Part A and Part B.
  • a 3- to 6-subject run-in phase is being utilized to assess the safety of SEQ ID NO: 1 in combination with pembrolizumab.
  • subjects were enrolled with any tumor type.
  • Rollover subjects (Cohort 4) were not eligible to participate in the safety run-in phase of Part C.
  • the first 3 subjects received SEQ ID NO: 1 at the dose level of 1 ⁇ g/kg/day (Example 1). As all 3 subjects tolerated therapy their first 21-day cycle as assessed by the SRC, then the study progressed to the 3 ⁇ g/kg/day dose level. As the first 6 subjects tolerate therapy adequately for their first 21-day cycle as assessed by the SRC, expansion Cohorts C1, C2, C3, and C4 were opened.
  • Antitumor activity was determined by the measurement of extent of known disease at baseline and approximately every 5 to 6 weeks, following each even-numbered treatment cycle.
  • CR, PR, or SD have been shown to occur after an increase in tumor burden characterized as PD by RECIST criteria.
  • the conventional response criteria such as RECIST may not adequately assess the activity of immunotherapeutic agents.
  • PD evaluated radiologically may not mean therapeutic failure, as responses to immune therapies may occur after conventional PD.
  • the appearance of measureable antitumor activity may take longer for immune therapies than for cytotoxic therapies.
  • immunotherapeutic agents there should be allowance for clinically insignificant PD, defined as small new lesions in the presence of other responsive lesions, which may occur even though the subject is responding to the immunotherapy.
  • Stable disease may also represent antitumor activity with iRECIST. Therefore, RECIST and iRECIST were used to ensure a more comprehensive evaluation of tumor response for SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the ORR/iORR is the number of subjects exhibiting a CR/iCR or PR or iPR divided by the number of subjects evaluable for antitumor activity. Duration of response was also be determined.
  • the ORR/iORR was calculated separately for subjects in the dose-escalation portion of the study (Part A), in the dose-expansion part of the study (Part B), and in the combination therapy part of the study (Part C). Tumor images were collected and stored centrally. Centralized readings may be used to assess scans beginning in the second stage (N2) of Part B cohorts and Part C C5, C6, and C7 cohorts. Antitumor activity will be expressed as the following:
  • Serum samples for evaluation of SEQ ID NO: 1 PK was obtained from each subject at predetermined time points.
  • a validated electrochemiluminescence method using the Meso Scale Discovery platform will be used for the quantitation of SEQ ID NO: 1 in human serum.
  • Noncompartmental PK analysis was performed to estimate the PK parameters for SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Serum samples for evaluation of anti-SEQ ID NO: 1 antibody induction were obtained from each subject at predetermined time points.
  • a validated electrochemiluminescence method using the Meso Scale Discovery platform was used for the detection of antidrug antibodies to SEQ ID NO: 1 in human serum.
  • the assessment of immune-response induction for each study subject was based on the comparison of the pre-dose and post-dose sample results.
  • biomarkers The pharmacodynamic response of various biomarkers were assessed in blood and serum samples collected from all subjects in the study. Additional biomarker analyses were performed on tumor tissue samples, which are optional for study subjects.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 The pharmacodynamic effect of SEQ ID NO: 1 was assessed by measuring circulating CD8 + T cells, T regs , and NK cells in peripheral blood by flow cytometry from each subject at predetermined time points. In addition, serum samples were obtained from each subject at predetermined time points. Concentration of multiple proinflammatory cytokines including interferon- ⁇ , tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ , IL-10, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was also be measured at predetermined time points.
  • ctDNA Circulating tumor DNA
  • ORR The evaluation of ORR was based on Investigator review of the radiographic or photographic images, as defined according to RECIST 1.1. Overall response rate is defined as the proportion of subjects with objective evidence of CR or PR among the number of subjects evaluable for antitumor activity.
  • the best ORR was assigned for each subject as the best response recorded after initiation of study treatment, taking into account any requirement for confirmation. If applicable, responses recorded after disease progression or initiation of new anticancer treatment were excluded.
  • the ORR was calculated separately for those subjects in the dose-escalation portion of the study (Part A), in the dose-expansion portion of the study (Part B), and in the combination therapy part of the study (Part C). Summarization of ORR was presented by frequency, percentage, and 95% confidence interval (CI). The CI were obtained using an exact approach given the small sample size. Sum of the Diameters of all lesions reported at each visit were graphed by spider plot (% change over time) and waterfall plot (best % change). The swimmer plot was used to display the characteristics of the responses in subjects.
  • iRECIST Responses assigned using iRECIST have a prefix of “i” (ie, immune) to differentiate them from responses assigned using RECIST 1.1.
  • the principles used to establish objective tumor response are largely unchanged from RECIST 1.1, but the major change for iRECIST is the concept of resetting the bar if RECIST 1.1 progression is followed at the next assessment by tumor shrinkage.
  • iRECIST defines iUPD (immune unconfirmed progressive disease) on the basis of RECIST 1.1 principles. If the criteria for iUPD have never been met, principles follow RECIST 1.1.
  • the next timepoint response could be iUPD, iSD, iPR, or iCR, or iCPD (immune confirmed progressive disease).
  • iBOR the best overall response
  • Immune overall response rate was based on iBOR. The iBOR was calculated separately for those subjects in the dose-escalation portion of the study (Part A), in the dose-expansion portion of the study (Part B), and in the combination therapy part of the study (Part C).
  • a spider plot, waterfall plot, and swimmer plot were used to display the characteristics of the responses in subjects.
  • Disease control rate is defined as the proportion of subjects with objective evidence of CR, PR, or SD at Cycle 4 or later.
  • the DCR was calculated separately for those subjects in the dose-escalation portion of the study (Part A), in the dose-expansion portion of the study (Part B), and in the combination therapy part of the study (Part C). Summarization of DCR was presented by frequency, percentage, and 95% CI. The CI was obtained using an exact approach given the small sample size.
  • Immune disease control rate is defined as the proportion of subjects with objective evidence of iCR, iPR, or iSD at Cycle 4 or later.
  • the iDCR was calculated separately for those subjects in the dose-escalation portion of the study (Part A), in the dose-expansion portion of the study (Part B), and in the combination therapy part of the study (Part C). Summarization of iDCR was presented by frequency, percentage, and 95% CI. The CI was obtained using an exact approach given the small sample size.
  • Duration of response defined as the time from the first documentation of response (CR or PR) to the first documentation of objective tumor progression or death due to any cause.
  • Subjects who are alive and progression free as of the analysis cut-off date will be censored at their last evaluable tumor response assessment before initiation of any new anticancer treatment. Subjects with two or more consecutive missing response assessments prior to death or a visit with documented progression will be censored at the last date of tumor assessment when the subject was documented to be progression free. Subjects who never achieve CR or PR prior to starting any new anticancer treatment at a lesion site will be excluded from the analysis. The rate of response was calculated for RECIST responders.
  • the DOR was calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of PD/death in Part B ⁇ date of first response (CR or PR) in Part B+1)/7
  • the DOR was calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of PD/death in Part C ⁇ date of first response (CR or PR) in Part C+1)/7.
  • the distribution of DOR was estimated for Part B and Part C using Kaplan-Meier methodology.
  • the median point estimate DOR was provided along with the two-sided 95% CIs based on the antitumor evaluable population with subjects who experienced CR or PR. Kaplan-Meier curves were provided.
  • Immune duration of response defined as the time from the first documentation of response (iCR or iPR) to the first documentation of objective tumor progression or death due to any cause.
  • Subjects who are alive and progression free as of the analysis cut-off date were censored at their last evaluable tumor response assessment before initiation of any new anticancer treatment.
  • Subjects with two or more consecutive missing response assessments prior to death or a visit with documented progression were censored at the last date of tumor assessment when the subject was documented to be progression free.
  • Subjects who never achieve iCR or iPR prior to starting any new anticancer treatment at a lesion site were excluded from the analysis. The rate of response were calculated for iRECIST responders.
  • the iDOR were calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of iPD/death in Part B ⁇ date of first response (iCR or iPR) in Part B+1)/7
  • the iDOR were calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of iPD/death in Part C ⁇ date of first response (iCR or iPR) in Part C+1)/7.
  • the distribution of iDOR was estimated for Part B and Part C using Kaplan-Meier methodology.
  • the median point estimate iDOR was provided along with the two-sided 95% CIs based on the antitumor evaluable population with subjects who experienced iCR or iPR. Kaplan-Meier curves were provided.
  • Durable response rate is defined as the percentage of subjects with an objective response (complete or partial response per RECIST1.1) lasting continuously for 6 months and starting any time within 12 months of initiating the study drug.
  • the DRR was summarized by each tumor type. Summary of DRR was presented by frequency, percentage, and 95% CI. The CI was obtained using an exact approach given the small sample size.
  • Immune durable response rate is defined as the percentage of subjects with an objective response (complete or partial response per iRECIST) lasting continuously for 6 months and starting any time within 12 months of initiating the study drug.
  • the iDRR was summarized by each tumor type. Summary of iDRR was presented by frequency, percentage, and 95% CI. The CI was obtained using an exact approach given the small sample size.
  • the PFS was calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of PD/death in Part B ⁇ first dose date in Part B+1)/7
  • the PFS were calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of PD/death in Part C ⁇ first dose date in Part C+1)/7.
  • the survival distribution of PFS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology.
  • the median PFS was provided along with the two-sided 95% CIs based on the antitumor evaluable population.
  • Kaplan-Meier curves were provided.
  • the 6-month and one-year PFS rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimate.
  • Immune progression-free survival defined as the time from the first dose to the first documentation of objective tumor progression or death due to any cause. Subjects who do not have disease progression or have not died were censored at the last known time that the subject was progression free. If a subject begins a new anticancer treatment (either systemic or local) prior to documented progression or death, or a subject is removed from the study due to undocumented clinical disease progression, then the subject was censored at the last assessment where the subject was documented as progression free prior to the intervention. Subjects with two or more consecutive missing response assessments prior to a visit with documented progression (or death) were censored at the last date of tumor assessment when the subject was documented to be progression free.
  • the iPFS was calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of iPD/death in Part B ⁇ first dose date in Part B+1)/7
  • the PFS was calculated as follows (in weeks): (date of iPD/death in Part C ⁇ first dose date in Part C+1)/7.
  • the survival distribution of iPFS will be estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology.
  • the median iPFS was provided along with the two-sided 95% CIs based on the antitumor evaluable population.
  • Kaplan-Meier curves were provided.
  • the 6-month and one-year iPFS rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimate.
  • Cycle 2-stable disease SD
  • Cycle 4-SD 17% reduction in target lesions form baselines
  • Cycle 6 partial response (PR) 32% reduction in lesions from baseline
  • Cycle 8-confirmed PR as per RECIST 35% reduction in target lesions from baseline.
  • RP2D was determined to be a daily dose of 6 ⁇ g/kg.
  • a new Cohort 6 began enrollment in the study to be tested at a daily dose of 8 ⁇ g/kg.
  • Two patients were enrolled with up to 4 more patients expected to be enrolled. What follows is the data received from the first two patients to be enrolled.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 serum concentration vs time profiles after the first IV dose (Cycle 1 Day 1) of SEQ ID NO: 1 are depicted in FIG. 11 .
  • Mean peak (C max ) and total serum exposure (AUC) of SEQ ID NO: 1 across the dose range evaluated in Part A described in Example 1 are shown in FIG. 12 .
  • the 6 ⁇ g/kg dose was selected as the recommended Phase 2 dose (Example 1) for IV dosing of SEQ ID NO: 1. Enrollment at the 8 ⁇ g/kg is ongoing with two patients treated at this dose level.
  • FIG. 13 The time course of cell populations of total NK cells, total CD8 + T cells and regulatory T cells (T reg ) in peripheral blood after the first two cycles of treatment with IV SEQ ID NO: 1 are depicted in FIG. 13 .
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 induced dose dependent increase in circulating NK and CD8 + T cells with minimal, non-dose dependent effect on T reg cells, and the 6 and 8 ug/kg dose levels have the most robust elevation of NK cells and CD8 + T cells without a significant change in the T reg profile.
  • transient elevation of serum concentrations of interferon gamma (IFN ⁇ ) and IL-6 were observed in patients receiving higher doses (>1 ⁇ g/kg) of SEQ ID NO: 1 ( FIG. 15 ).
  • the peak IL-6 response was interestingly observed at the 3 ⁇ g/kg dose level, with reduced serum IL-6 levels at doses higher than 3 ⁇ g/kg, including 6 and 8 ⁇ g/kg.
  • IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is not thought to contribute to the antitumor response but is likely associated with general inflammation and side effects of treatment including fever. Increased levels of IL-6 in the serum and tumor site has been demonstrated in several cancers. Usually this increase is accompanied with a poor prognosis and lower survival rate. Downregulation of IL-6 has been correlated with a better response to cancer treatment.
  • IFN ⁇ is a very important marker of cytotoxic effector cell function, and CD8 + T cells and NK cells produce IFN ⁇ upon activation. IFN ⁇ is associated with the antitumor immune response, and significant elevation was observed at the 3, 6, and 8 ⁇ g/kg dose levels of SEQ ID 1. Notably, elevation of IFN ⁇ was observed at the 6 and 8 ug/kg dose levels where the IL-6 levels were much lower than the peak level observed at 3 ⁇ g/kg. The IFN ⁇ levels observed after treatment with 8 ug/kg SEQ ID NO: 1 were approximately 4 to 5-fold higher even than observed at 3 and 6 ⁇ g/kg. This suggests that the 6 and 8 ⁇ g/kg dose levels and potentially higher dose levels of 10, 12, 15 ⁇ g/kg or greater may have a particular advantage in terms of antitumor immune activity relative to inflammatory activity in comparison to lower dose levels of SEQ ID NO: 1.

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