US20200352945A1 - Platinum-resistant cancer treatment - Google Patents

Platinum-resistant cancer treatment Download PDF

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US20200352945A1
US20200352945A1 US16/613,912 US201816613912A US2020352945A1 US 20200352945 A1 US20200352945 A1 US 20200352945A1 US 201816613912 A US201816613912 A US 201816613912A US 2020352945 A1 US2020352945 A1 US 2020352945A1
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Udai BANERJI
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BTG International Ltd
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel treatment for cancer, more particularly for cancers that often show resistance to, or are otherwise refractory to, platinum based therapy.
  • cancers that are to be treated include ovarian, endometrial, mesothelial and non-small cell lung (NSCL), and cancers derived from these. More particularly preferred treatment is provided for ovarian derived cancers such as epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal.
  • the present invention provides novel treatment for such cancers that carry ⁇ -folate receptors (FR- ⁇ ), and especially those showing higher than background non-cancerous tissue levels of ⁇ -folate receptors, and particularly those having those FR- ⁇ on the surface of their cellular membranes.
  • Cancers suitable for the present treatment also include FR- ⁇ expressing breast and lung cancers, particularly triple negative breast cancer.
  • the ⁇ -folate receptor is overexpressed in many carcinomas, particularly those of ovarian origin where it is overexpressed highly and homogeneously in 90% of cases; see Cancer Res. 51, 5329-5338, 1991 (Campbell et al., 1991). Furthermore, high ⁇ -FR expression has been linked to aggressive, platinum resistant disease and poor prognosis—see Int. J. Cancer 74, 193-198, 1997 and Int. J. Cancer 79, 121-126, 1998 (both Toffoli et al.). The ⁇ -isoform is widely expressed in tumours of epithelial and non-epithelial origin with expression levels being generally low/moderate and high, respectively, reviewed in Critical Rev. Therap. in Drug Carrier Systems 15, 587-627, 1998 (Reddy and Low).
  • the present invention particularly advantageously provides a treatment for patients with High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma (HGSOC), such as in the salvage setting where there is high unmet medical need for products that are able to extend life.
  • HGSOC High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma
  • Ovarian cancer is a term for a group of tumours that arise from diverse types of tissue contained in the ovary.
  • the most common type of ovarian cancer arises from epithelial cells on the surface of the ovary, and can often spread to any surface within the abdominal cavity including the fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity.
  • Fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer are histologically equivalent diseases to epithelial ovarian cancer.
  • Ovarian cancer is classified from Stage I to Stage IV.
  • Advanced ovarian cancer falls within Stages III and IV; Stage III denotes disease that is locally advanced and has spread outside the pelvis into the abdominal cavity and Stage IV denotes that distant metastasis to other body organs such as the liver and lungs has occurred.
  • EOCs Epithelial ovarian cancers
  • Serous ovarian carcinomas are further divided into low-grade (type I) and high-grade (type II) serous ovarian carcinomas (LGSOC and HGSOC, respectively). Most deaths are attributable to HGSOC which is approximately 20 times more common than LGSOC.
  • Ovarian cancer may be categorised according to the response to initial platinum chemotherapy as follows:
  • HGSOCs 80% respond well to platinum/taxane therapy initially, with drug resistance emerging during subsequent treatment cycles. However, a minority of HGSOC cases (20%) are refractory to platinum-based chemotherapy from the time of presentation, but the basis for this drug resistance is not known.
  • Disease Stages III and IV a preferred target population for the present treatment, have a high rate of recurrence.
  • IP intraperitoneal
  • drugs such as paclitaxel and cisplatin, or a carboplatin regimen may be used. If the patient cannot tolerate IP delivery then intravenous drug may be given such as paclitaxel and carboplatin or docetaxel plus carboplatin.
  • Treatment of Stage III and IV disease is usually with chemotherapy; the treatment choice depends on the time elapsed since previous complete response to platinum-containing chemotherapy.
  • liposomal doxorubicin is a good first choice, there are many agents with similar efficacy and the final choice depends on individual circumstance and patient and physician preference.
  • Some of the drugs available include Gemcitabine, Topetecan, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Etoposide and Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel. Consideration may also be given to bevacizumab as a single agent or in combination with paclitaxel, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, or topotecan.
  • PARP inhibitors such as Lynparza (olaparib) and Rubraca (rucaparib) (both labels limited to BRCA mutations) and Zejula (niraparib); and check point inhibitors such as Tecentriq (atezoizumab) and Bavercio (avelumab) for non BRCA mutations.
  • Tecentriq atezoizumab
  • Bavercio avelumab
  • FR- ⁇ targeted drugs have been put into clinical trials.
  • the FR- ⁇ targeted monoclonal antibody Farletuzumab failed to improve progression free survival (PFS) in patients with platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer in a 1,100 patient Phase HI clinical in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin.
  • PFS progression free survival
  • Vintafolide a conjugate of an ⁇ -folate receptor targeting moiety with Vinblastine, has shown some success at improving PFS in combination with docetaxel in folate receptor positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been trailed together with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in ovarian cancer but the Phase III trial failed to meet the prespecified criteria for PFS to allow continuation of the study.
  • NSCLC folate receptor positive non-small cell lung cancer
  • PLD pegylated liposomal doxorubicin
  • Antibody-drug conjugate IMGN853 (mirvetuximab soravtansine) has also been through Phase I trial in platinum resistant epithelial ovarian cancer with some indication of potential for increasing PFS at a dose of 6 mg/kg every three weeks with PFS of 6.7 months in 39% of patients who had three or less prior lines of therapy.
  • a further drug class includes the thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors CB3717, ZD1694 (raltitrexed), LY231514 Alimta (pemetrexed) and ZD9331 (plevitrexed). All of these TS inhibitors have demonstrable clinical activity in a range of solid tumours (see Cancer Treatment Reports, 1986, 70, 1335 and Beale et al., “Tomudex: Clinical Development” in Antifolate Drugs in Cancer Therapy (ed. Jackman), Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., USA, pp. 177-181, 1999). Side-effects of raltitrexed and ZD9331 are predominantly related to inhibition of TS in gut and bone-marrow.
  • TS thymidylate synthase
  • Raltitrexed and pemetrexed are examples of “classical” TS inhibitors defined by the following properties: the reduced foliate carrier (RFC) is the main transporter into cells; they are excellent substrates for folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS) and thus extensively polyglutamated in tissues/tumours to polyglutamates which are effective cytotoxic drug species; and they have fairly short half-life in plasma. Because these classical inhibitors are cleared slowly from tissues because of polyglutamation, they are often cytotoxic and are used in an infrequent short-infusion, eg. about 15 min, dosing regimen at high dosages.
  • RRC reduced foliate carrier
  • FPGS folylpolyglutamate synthase
  • Plevitrexed is a “non-classical” TS inhibitor in that it is not polyglutamated and is has the following properties: the RFC is the main transporter into cells; it is not a substrate for FPGS; TS Ki ⁇ 0.4 nM, i.e. similar to polyglutamates of raltitexed and pemetrexed; it is readily effluxed from cells and thus not retained well in tissues/tumours; and has a long plasma half life.
  • pemetrexed Whilst pemetrexed has been approved for use in non-small cell lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma, it has also been proposed as a treatment for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. For example in this indication 500 mg/m 2 pemetrexed was given on day 1 and gemcitabine on day 8 of a 21 day cycle (Clin Transl. Oncol (2009) 11:35-40 and at 900 mg/m 2 once every 21 days (J. Clin Oncol 27: 2686-2691). Further discussion of these trials and others is provided in Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2012) 21(4) and Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2013) 22((9) the latter of which notes a recommended single agent pemetrexed dose of 600 mg/m 2 . This paper also notes that at that date no antifolate drug, which TS inhibitors are, had been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
  • TS inhibitor compounds are FR- ⁇ targeted cyclopenta[g]quinazolines, described in patent applications WO-A-94/11354, WO-A-95/30673 and WO-A-03/020748.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,789,417, 5,747,499, 7,250,511, 7,297,701, 7,528,141, 7,705,006, 7,863,284, 8,063,056, 8,486,955 and 8,552,016 are incorporated herein by reference for purposes of US patent rights.
  • These documents teach that these compounds be administered at a dose within a range of 50-25000, particularly 50-5000, mg per square metre body area patient (mg/m 2 ), i.e. approximately 1500 mg/m 2 , particularly 1-100 mg/kg. Higher dosages are taught could be employed and where subcutaneous infusion is used that the dose range may be increased to 1-1000 mg/kg, preferably 10-250 mg/kg, particularly 30-150 mg/kg.
  • inhibitors may also be used against other cells expressing FR- ⁇ , in contrast to FR- ⁇ , particularly those involved in rheumatoid arthritis and acute myeloid leukemia.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,466,111 teaches a dose within the range 50-25000 mg/m 2 , but also lists 5-25000 mg/m 2 but states that for subcutaneous administration the dose is increased to 1-1000 mg/kg or 0.1-10 mg/kg.
  • topical administration at 0.1 to 10 mg/kg and oral tablets containing 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg of compound are disclosed as is an injection solution of 1, 10 and 50 mg/ml.
  • FR is the main transporter; uptake via FR is slower and more easily saturable than is RFC-mediated uptake of other antifolates; they are not a substrate for FPGS; and TS Ki ⁇ 1.4 nM, which is similar to polyglutamates of raltitexed and pemetrexed. But because the compounds are readily effluxed from cells not retained in tissues/tumours, it was taught that high dosages should be tolerable.
  • TS requires inhibition for at least 24 hours to induce antiproliferative effects, and adequate intracellular exposure to drug of at least 2 to 3 days repeated frequently e.g. weekly for TS inhibitors to be effective.
  • This is achieved by polyglutamation of raltitrexed and pemetrexed which overcomes the short plasma half-life and short extracellular exposure.
  • Long intracellular exposure with plevitrexed, for example, is achieved by the unusually long plasma final half-life providing prolonged extracellular exposure.
  • FR- ⁇ alpha-folate receptor
  • BTG945 binds irreversibly to the active site of thymidylate synthase, which is then prevented from performing its normal role in generating thymidine monophosphate (dTMP), a key step in DNA synthesis and repair similarly exploited by the approved TS-inhibitors.
  • dTMP thymidine monophosphate
  • This efficacy has been exhibited as partial responses, using RECIST criteria, and stable disease, providing periods of progression free survival, particularly providing partial responses and/or objective response rates (ORR) in high percentages of ovarian cancer patients showing ⁇ -folate receptor expression, particularly when such expression exhibits receptor on tumour membranes.
  • ORR objective response rates
  • BTG945 is unusually favourable.
  • Dose limiting effects other than BOOP were not seen and BOOP itself has proven manageable and/or may be eliminated by optimised regimens using for example 2 or 3 weekly dosing.
  • Side effects such as neutropenia, diarrhea and hair loss, normally associated with thymidine synthase inhibitors, were not observed, nor were side effects associated with ⁇ -folate receptor antibody conjugates, such as diarrhea, blurred vision and nausea.
  • conventional toxicities associated with cytotoxic chemotherapy such as myelotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, were not observed.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula I
  • the cancer is one that has the characteristic of being a type prone to being or becoming refractory or resistant to platinum drug based therapy and (ii) the treatment is with a dose of between 1 mg/m 2 and 30 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration.
  • the treatment is preferably with a dosage regimen that results in plasma concentration of drug 0.5 ⁇ M or greater for at least 72 hours. More preferably the dosage regimen results in a plasma concentration of drug immediately after dosing that is from 1 ⁇ M to 5 ⁇ M for no more than 72 hours, preferably for no more than 60 hours. Most preferably the dosage regimen maintains the plasma concentration of drug from 0.1 ⁇ M to 2 ⁇ M for at least 50% of the treatment cycle period.
  • the treatment is preferably with a dosage regimen selected from
  • the cancer is preferably one that is platinum refractory or resistant.
  • the cancer is selected from ovarian, endometrial, mesothelial, non-small cell lung or a cancer derived from one of those.
  • the cancer is selected from those expressing ⁇ -folate receptors (FR- ⁇ ) and especially those showing higher than background non-cancerous tissue levels of ⁇ -folate receptors.
  • FR- ⁇ ⁇ -folate receptors
  • the FR- ⁇ is expressed on the surface membranes of the cancer cells.
  • the cancer is an ovarian cancer such as epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer, but may also be breast or lung cancer, for example triple negative breast or non-small cell lung.
  • ovarian cancer such as epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer, but may also be breast or lung cancer, for example triple negative breast or non-small cell lung.
  • Specifically preferred cancer to be treated is serous ovarian cancer such as High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) such as found in the salvage setting.
  • HGSOC High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
  • platinum drug based therapy includes, but is not limited to, that with drugs Cis-platin or Carboplatin.
  • preferred doses are from 3 mg/m 2 to 30 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration, more preferably doses of 5 mg/m 2 to 20 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration, still more preferably a dose of 8 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 , most preferably 10 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 and particularly about 12 mg/m 2 , eg. 11.5 mg/m 2 to 12.5 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration.
  • the dose is preferably administered intraperitoneally (IP) or intravenously (IV).
  • IP administration will allow dosing with less risk of systemic side effects, particularly those that would affect the lungs such as BOOP.
  • the dose is administered intravenously.
  • the compound is administered intraperitoneally (IP) as an injection, particularly a single injection, in a suitably sized volume, for example from 1 ml to 10 ml, more preferably 2 ml to 6 ml containing an appropriate amount of compound to meet the mg/m 2 dosage requirement.
  • IP intraperitoneally
  • Typical such doses will be 2, 3, 4 or 5 ml of solution.
  • Typically being an aqueous solution which may be in saline or in water for injection.
  • the compound here is the ‘Drug Substance’ and the ‘Drug Product’ is a vial with the appropriate volume for a single IP administration.
  • IP injections are given each as from 1 ml to 10 ml, but more preferably 2 ml to 6 ml solution containing the appropriate mg of Drug Substance. Typical such doses will be 2, 3, 4 or 5 ml of solution.
  • Each ‘Drug Product’ provides for single or multiple IP injections and the Drug Product is a vial containing the Drug Substance, for example being a glass vial, eg a clear glass vial, with a stopper and suitable fixing to maintain the stopper in place such as an aluminium crimp seal.
  • the compound is conveniently administered by injecting the content of a vial provided by pharmaceutical company supplier into a sterile saline bag as part of a saline drip.
  • the ‘Drug Product’ is a sterile aqueous solution of the Drug Substance BTG945 as trisodium salt, preferably being the dihydrate in solid form.
  • the Drug Product is contained for example in a Type 1 clear glass vial, with a stopper and aluminium crimp seal.
  • the labelled strength of each vial includes for example a 2-mL solution containing the appropriate mg of the Drug Substance.
  • the only excipient in the BTG945 trisodium salt Drug Product can be sterile water for injection.
  • Drug Product vials are typically stored at low temperature and they are thawed prior to use, then the desired aliquot is withdrawn from 1 or multiple stoppered vials using a sterile syringe. This aliquot is then directly added to an infusion bag for further dilution in 250 mL of 0.9% sterile saline (USP) for injection, whether IP or IV.
  • USP 0.9% sterile saline
  • the prepared solution should preferably be administered to patients at ambient temperature within 24 hours. Prior to administration, the vials and bags should be protected from light.
  • the aliquot is directly added to an infusion bag for further dilution in 10 ml, 15 ml, 25 ml or 50 ml of 0.9% sterile saline (USP) for IP injection or infusion. Once diluted these bags are treated as previously described.
  • USP sterile saline
  • the invention treats with the said calculated dose by infusions, particularly intravenous infusions (IV) or as single or multiple injections, as set out above spaced between 10 and 28 days apart, more preferably between 10 and 21 days apart and most preferably at dosing interval of about 14 days or 21 days. Still more preferably, when administered IV, the invention treats with a cumulative maximum of 150 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area over the course of all infusions. More preferably this limit also applies to IP dosaging. More preferably the maximum cumulative dose is 144 mg/m 2 .
  • Treatment in accordance with the present invention provides the compound preferably in infusions 14 or 21 days apart in 21 or 28 day cycles, most preferably 28 day cycles of two infusions each cycle, one on day 1 and one on day 15. These cycles are preferably repeated until the maximum cumulative dose is reached. Infusions are preferably carried out over 0.5 to 3 hours. As the treatment may be effective using as little as 1 mg/m 2 it will be realised that infusion rates of 1 hour will be sufficient. Thus infusions may be carried out over 0.5 to 1 hour, over 1 hour, but fewer than 3 hours.
  • More preferred dosages for each administration, eg infusion, are 1 mg/m 2 to 20 mg/m 2 , preferably 3 mg/m 2 to 20 mg/m 2 , more preferably 6 mg/m 2 to 18 mg/m 2 , still more preferably from 8 mg/m 2 to 16 mg/m 2 , eg from 10 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 and from 10 mg/m 2 to 12 mg/m 2 .
  • the most preferred dose is about 12 mg/m 2 .
  • At a 12 mg/m 2 dose given in 28 day cycle once every 14 days it can be seen that the maximum cumulative recommended dose will be reached in just under 6 months.
  • a further preferred dose is a 12 mg/m 2 dose given once every 21 days in 21 day cycles.
  • the preferred dosage administered achieves a blood concentration of about 0.5 ⁇ M or greater of the compound for at least 72 hrs, preferably less than 2.0 ⁇ M and more preferably about 0.7 ⁇ M or greater is achieved for at least 36 hrs or even more preferably about 0.9 ⁇ M or greater is achieved for at least 24 hrs, more preferably also being less than about 1.5 ⁇ M.
  • This level is particularly preferred for IV administration. It is preferred that blood plasma levels of drug do not remain over 1 ⁇ M for more than 72 hours.
  • the dosage regimen maintains the plasma concentration of drug from 0.1 to 2 ⁇ M for at least 50% of the treatment cycle period. More preferably 0.1 to 1 ⁇ M for 50% of said period.
  • One particularly preferred cohort of suitable cancers for the treatment of the invention are those of female patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed, high risk advanced (FIGO stage III-IV) BRCA mutated high grade serous or high grade endometrioid ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal cancer and/or fallopian-tube cancer.
  • Stage III patients preferably have had one attempt at optimal debulking surgery (upfront or interval debulking).
  • Stage IV patients preferably have had either a biopsy and/or upfront or interval debulking surgery.
  • cancers of patients who have completed first line platinum e.g. carboplatin or cisplatin
  • first line platinum e.g. carboplatin or cisplatin
  • intraperitoneal e.g. intraperitoneal
  • cancers that express ⁇ -folate receptors, particularly those expressing ⁇ -folate receptors on the membranes and/or in cytoplasm of at least 25% of cells of the cancer. More effectively treated are cancers that express ⁇ -folate receptors on or in at least 50% of the cells of the cancer and most effectively those expressing ⁇ -folate receptors on or in at least 75% of the cells of the cancer. Such levels may be determined by histological investigation of biopsy tissue using ⁇ -folate specific antibodies linked to visualisation agents as known in the art. For maximal efficacy the cancers are those that express FR- ⁇ on the cell membranes.
  • Sections were deparaffinized, hydrated and antigen retrieval with Cell Conditioning Solution 1 (Ventana Medical Systems), followed by the mouse monoclonal anti-FRA antibody (1:40 dilution) incubation for 30 min. Positive staining was defined as the presence of membranous or membranous with cytoplasmic stain in tumor cells. Slides were scored as ⁇ 1% positive tumor cells staining as negative, 1-25% positive tumor cells staining as weak (11), 25-75% staining as moderate (21) and greater than 75% staining as strong (31). The scoring of FR- ⁇ staining was evaluated in a blinded fashion by two independent observers. Any discrepancies were resolved by joint review over a double-headed microscope.
  • An alternative method for non-invasively ascertaining the suitability of a patient for treatment using the present invention assays for ⁇ -folate receptors in the blood.
  • assays are described for example Basal et al (2009) PLoS ONE 4(7): e6292. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006292, at least for ovarian cancers.
  • ⁇ -folate receptor is found on membranes, it can be shed into circulating physiological fluids such as blood serum.
  • FR ⁇ circulating ⁇ -folate receptor
  • FR- ⁇ overexpressing cancers that are suitable for treatment by the method and regimens of the invention also include cancers of the uterus, mesothelium, kidney, stomach, lung, colon, choroid plexus and brain.
  • the highest levels of overexpression have been detected in non-mucinous ovarian cancer (Toffoli et al., 1998) where >90% of patients' tumours exhibit overexpression of the FR- ⁇ , but high levels have also been demonstrated in papillary serous endometrial cancer (Allard et al., 2007) renal cell cancer, and NSCLC (Parker et al., 2005).
  • breast, primary CNS, colon and gastric cancers show varying degrees of expression (Low and Kularatne, 2009).
  • the compound for use in the present invention has IUPAC nomenclature N— ⁇ N- ⁇ 4-[N-((6S)-2-Hydroxymethyl-4-oxo-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-6H-cyclopenta[g]quinazolin-6-yl)-N-(prop-2-ynyl)amino]benzoyl ⁇ - L - ⁇ -glutamyl ⁇ - D -glutamic acid or is a salt thereof and is herein referred to as BTG945, of which the trisodium salt thereof has the general formula II
  • the (6RS) racemate is also known to be an active form containing the active (6S) as described. It will be realised that doses may need to be at the higher end of the described ranges if they use the racemate as it contains only 50% of the (6S) form.
  • ester may be of a simple alcohol conjugated with one or more of the carboxylate moieties, which otherwise would be sites of sodium linkage in the formula above.
  • the resulting alkyl esters may be any of those equivalent to the parent compound for regulatory purposes.
  • a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable ester form of the cyclopenta[g]quinazoline for the treatment of the invention is, for example, an ester with an aliphatic alcohol of up to 6 carbon atoms, for example a methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl ester.
  • a salt or ester may be mono-acid-di-salt or -ester, di-acid-mono-salt or -ester or even tri-salt or -ester may be used.
  • a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salt form of the compound for the treatment of the invention is, for example, an acid addition salt with an inorganic or organic acid, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, trifluoroacetic or maleic acid; or an alkali metal, for example sodium, an alkaline earth metal, for example calcium, or ammonium, for example tetra(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, salt. Most preferred is the trisodium salt.
  • cyclopenta[g]quinazoline or salt described in the treatment of the present invention are believed in part at least to function as anti-cancer agents due to its ability to inhibit the enzyme thymidylate synthase.
  • the cyclopenta[g]quinazoline or salt composition may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example a tablet, capsule, aqueous or oily solution, suspension or emulsion; a form suitable for topical use, for example a cream, ointment, gel or aqueous or oily solution or suspension; a form suitable for nasal use, for example a snuff, nasal spray or nasal drops; a form suitable for vaginal or rectal use, for example a suppository; a form suitable for administration by inhalation, for example as a finely divided powder such as a dry powder, a microcrystalline form or a liquid aerosol; a form suitable for sub-lingual or buccal use, for example a tablet or capsule; or a form suitable for parenteral use (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion use), for example a sterile aqueous or oily solution, emulsion or suspension.
  • the above compositions may be prepared in
  • compound for parenteral administration is for parenteral administration.
  • compound for infusion where the compound is preferably formulated with saline or water for injection.
  • it is provided in solid format ready to be admixed with said water or saline.
  • the dihydrate of the trisodium salt for example the dihydrate of the trisodium salt.
  • composition may contain, in addition to the cyclopenta[g]quinazoline used in the invention, one or more other anti-cancer substances or palliative substances selected from, for example, other antimetabolites, DNA interacting agents, immune-oncological agents, tumour blood vessel inhibiting agents or signal transduction inhibitors or other inhibitors of deregulated pathways in tumours.
  • other anti-cancer substances or palliative substances selected from, for example, other antimetabolites, DNA interacting agents, immune-oncological agents, tumour blood vessel inhibiting agents or signal transduction inhibitors or other inhibitors of deregulated pathways in tumours.
  • Particular regimens that are preferred to be employed with the compound for treatment of cancer of the first aspect of the invention are with one or more further anticancer agents selected from Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Doxorubicin, Bevacizumab Gemcitabine, Topetecan, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Etoposide, Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel, Lynparza (olaparib), Rubraca (rucaparib), Zejula (niraparib). Tecentriq (atezoizumab), Bavercio (avelumab)
  • Multiple combinations may also include bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, or topotecan. Further such examples of combinations are exemplified in the examples below.
  • the first aspect of the present invention employs doses of these combined drugs that are lower than those presently prescribed. This is particularly because there has been found not to be cross resistance to BTG945 with that to these other drugs and desired toxic effects on target cancer cells will often be cumulative. Thus in addition to exemplary dosage regimens provided in the examples herein, lower doses or less frequent doses of additional drugs may be exployed.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating a patient suffering from a cancer that has the characteristic of being a type prone to being or becoming refractory or resistant to platinum drug based therapy and wherein the treatment is with a dose of between 1 mg/m 2 and 30 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration of a compound of formula I
  • the cancer to be treated is as described above for the first aspect of the invention.
  • the method preferably treats by administering the compound, salt or ester intraperitoneally (IP) or intravenously (IV).
  • the treatment is preferably with a dosage regimen that results in plasma concentration of drug of 0.5 ⁇ M or greater for at least 72 hours. More preferably the dosage regimen results in a plasma concentration of drug immediately after dosing that is from 1 to 5 ⁇ M for no more than 72 hours, preferably for no more than 60 hours. Most preferably the dosage regimen maintains the plasma concentration of drug of 0.1 to 2 ⁇ M for at least 50% of the treatment cycle period.
  • the treatment is preferably with a dosage regimen selected from
  • preferred doses are from 3 mg/m 2 to 30 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration, more preferably doses of 5 mg/m 2 to 20 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration, still more preferably doses of 6 mg/m 2 to 18 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration, yet more preferably a dose of 8 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 , most preferably 10 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 and particularly about 12 mg/m 2 , eg. 11.5 mg/m 2 to 12.5 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration.
  • the method treats by infusions of the dose spaced between 10 and 28 days apart, more preferably between 10 and 21 days apart and most preferably at dosing interval of about 14 days or 21 days. Still more preferably, when administered IV, the invention treats with a cumulative maximum of 150 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area taking into account all of the infusions. More preferably this limit also applies to IP dosaging. More preferably the maximum cumulative dose is 144 mg/m 2 .
  • the method in accordance with the present invention provides the compound preferably as infusions 14 or 21 days apart in 21 or 28 day cycles, most preferably 28 days. These cycles are preferably repeated until the maximum cumulative dose is reached. Infusions are preferably carried out over 0.5 to 3 hours. Infusions can be carried out over 0.5 to 1 hour, over 1 hour or from to 1 to fewer than 3 hours. As the treatment may be effective using as little as 1 mg/m 2 or 3 mg/m 2 it will be realised that infusion rates of 1 hour will be sufficient.
  • More preferred dosages for each infusion are 1 mg/m 2 to 20 mg/m 2 , more preferably from 10 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 .
  • the most preferred dose is about 12 mg/m 2 .
  • This is composed of 12 infusions of 12 mg/m 2 of compound providing cumulative total 144 mg/m 2 .
  • a further preferred dosing schedule is a 12 mg/m 2 dose given once every 21 days in 21 day cycles. Further dosing may considered preferably only if the attending clinician is monitoring for the irreversible BOOP or similar side effect.
  • the method of the second aspect of the present invention further provides for treatment with the compound of the formula I in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more further anticancer agents.
  • the one or more further anticancer agents used in this combination therapy are preferably selected from Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Doxorubicin, Bevacizumab Gemcitabine, Topetecan, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Etoposide, Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel, Lynparza (olaparib), Rubraca (rucaparib), Zejula (niraparib). Tecentriq (atezoizumab), Bavercio (avelumab) and Keytruda (pembrolizumab).
  • Multiple combinations may also include bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, or topotecan. Further such examples of combinations are exemplified in the examples below.
  • Preferred combinations are with paclitaxel or carboplatin or both.
  • the dosage regimen of the invention may also incorporate administration of a steroid to alleviate inflammation of the lung.
  • a third aspect of the present invention provides a method for treating a patient suffering from a cancer that has the characteristic of being a type prone to being or becoming refractory or resistant to platinum drug based therapy and wherein the treatment is with a dose of between 1 mg/m 2 and 30 mg/m 2 of compound per patient body surface area per administration of a compound of formula I
  • corticosteroids are selected from the group consisting of prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone and prednisolone and hydrocortisone.
  • the dosage unit of the invention contains between 1 mg and 30 mg of the compound of formula I or salt or ester thereof. Still more preferably the dosage unit contains between 5 mg and 26 mg of the compound of formula I. Most preferably the dosage unit contains between 10 mg and 24 mg of the compound or salt or ester of formula I.
  • the preferred dosage form will be a container of the compound of formula I or its salt or ester, more preferably the sodium salt, as a sterile solid or aqueous solution in a medium such as water for injection or saline.
  • the sterile solid is preferably BTG945 or a salt or ester thereof free of other materials.
  • Such container would be such that the liquid contained therein, or added thereto when a solid format is provided, could be taken up into a syringe in an amount suited to the body surface area of the patient such as to transfer the required dose of 1 mg/m 2 to 30 mg/m 2 .
  • the dose is provided as an aqueous solution in a vial.
  • Such a dosage form or formulation will preferably be a vial containing from 1 ml to 30 mls of aqueous solution of the compound for treatment, more preferably from 1 ml to 20 ml, still more preferably from 1 ml to 10 ml and most preferably between 2 ml and 6 ml.
  • the dose is provided as solid form of the compound for treatment without liquid.
  • a preferred vial of the invention will contain from 0.5 mg to 40 mg of compound in 1 ml to 30 ml of aqueous solution, still more preferably 5 mg to 26 mg in 1 ml to 20 ml of aqueous solution and most preferably 10 mg to 24 mg in 1 ml to 10 ml of aqueous solution, eg about 6 mg or 12 mg in 2 ml to 6 ml of aqueous solution.
  • vials of drug content 6 mg, 8 mg, 10 mg, 12 mg, 14 mg, 16 mg, 18 mg, 20 mg and 24 mg are disclosed as novel embodiments of the invention. Particularly those where drug is in the form of dried BTG945 salt and/or its dehydrate, or its simple solution in water or saline for injection.
  • the compound for the treatment of the invention may be synthesised as described in the aforementioned patent applications or as set out in more recent patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,809,526 (Onyx) and patent application US2013/0345423 (Onyx).
  • FIGS. 1 to 5 show the clinical results of trial with the treatment of the present invention in humans.
  • FIG. 1 Shows the % change in tumours using RECIST criteria in patients in the dose escalation phase of the trial of Example 1 Weekly schedule is indicated by asterisk and an ⁇ -folate expressing tumour indicated by a cross.
  • FIG. 2 Shows the % change in tumours as measured by CA125 level in escalation phase of the trial of example 1. Numbers represent dose mg/m2 and letters whether weekly (w) or fortnightly (f) and an ⁇ -folate expressing tumour indicated by a cross.
  • FIG. 3 Shows the % change in tumours using RECIST criteria in patients in the expansion phase of the trial of Example 1 using 12 mg/m 2 dose once every 14 days in 28 day cycles. An ⁇ -folate expressing tumour is indicated by a cross.
  • FIG. 4 Shows the % change in tumours as measured using CA125 level in patients in the expansion phase of the trial of Example 1 using 12 mg/m 2 dose once every 14 days in 28 day cycles. An ⁇ -folate expressing tumour is indicated by a cross.
  • FIG. 5 Shows the mean blood concentration ( ⁇ M) of compound ONX-0801/BTG 945 versus time (hours) for patients under different dose regimens in the escalation phase of the trial before selection of the expansion dose.
  • Preferred target cancer to be treated with the following example regimens will be in patients with the following:
  • Example 1 Treatment of Patients with 1 mg/m 2 to 12 mg/m 2 BTG 945 (Trisodium Salt Form Compound of Formula II) as Monotherapy
  • Results 21 patients each were treated in schedule A and B exploring doses ranging from 1-6 mg/m 2 and 2-12 mg/m 2 , respectively.
  • the dose limiting toxicity on schedule A was G3 cellulitis; no dose limiting toxicity was seen on schedule B.
  • the most common toxicities were fatigue 15/42 (36%), nausea 9/42 (21%) and dysgeusia 5/42 (12%).
  • the Cmax, AUC and half-life at 12 mg/m 2 were 4952 ng/mL, 85170 h*ng/mL and 26 h, respectively.
  • Pre-clinical PK-PD modelling aimed to achieve concentrations between 0.05-1 ⁇ M and this was achieved for periods of 48 h at doses of 4 mg/m 2 and above.
  • the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of BTG945 was 12 mg/m 2 Q2W and an expansion in patients with HGSOC was initiated.
  • PRs partial responses
  • Archival samples have been analysed from 8/11 patients in the expansion cohort. 4/4 AFR+ve did have PR and 4/4 AFR ⁇ ve patients did not have a PR following treatment with BTG945, respectively.
  • RECIST and CA125 responses are shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 .
  • the RP2D of BTG945 is 12 mg/m 2 Q2W.
  • multiple patients with AFR overexpressing HGSOC have had PRs and further randomized biomarker prespecified phase II trials are warranted.
  • 12 mg/m 2 BTG945 is administered IV in saline for injection on day 1 and day 15 of a 28 day cycle over 1 hour up to a maximum of 6 cycles.
  • One or more of the following exemplary therapeutic regimes are administered in coordination with this treatment as follows:
  • Example 2.2 Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 IV over 30 min on days 1 and 8; every 21 d
  • Example 2.8 Keytruda 200 mg iv q3 weeks with 945 at any line of chemotherapy.
  • 12 mg/m 2 BTG945 is administered IV in saline for injection on day 1 and day 15 of a 28 day cycle over 1 hour up to a maximum of 6 cycles.
  • One or more of the following exemplary therapeutic regimes are administered in coordination with this treatment as follows:
  • Example 3.1 Paclitaxel 135 mg/m 2 IV over 24 h on day 1 plus cisplatin 100 mg/m 2 IP on day 2 (may reduce dose to 75 mg/m 2 ) plus paclitaxel 60 mg/m 2 IP on day 8 for six or more cycles, provided that the disease is responsive.
  • the cisplatin dose may be reduced to 75 mg/m 2 IP on day 2; some clinicians give paclitaxel 135 mg/m 2 IV over 3 h followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 IP, both on day 1 and on an outpatient basis
  • Example 3.2 Carboplatin treatment. Normal range of carboplatin AUC for treatment of ovarian carcinoma is from 5 to 7.5; patients who have received extensive prior chemotherapy or radiation should start with an AUC ⁇ 5
  • Example 4 Combination Therapy with BTG945 and Other Anti-Cancer Therapies for Platinum Sensitive Cancers where Patient Cannot Tolerate IP Administration
  • 12 mg/m 2 BTG945 is administered IV in saline for injection on day 1 and day 15 of a 28 day cycle over 1 hour up to a maximum of 6 cycles.
  • One or more of the following exemplary therapeutic regimes are administered in coordination with this treatment as follows:
  • Example 4.1 Paclitaxel 175 mg/m 2 IV over 3 h plus carboplatin AUC 7.5 IV over 1 h on day 1; every 21 d for six cycles or
  • Example 4.2 Docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 IV over 1 h plus carboplatin AUC 5 IV over 1 h on day 1; every 21 d for six cycles
  • Platinum-sensitive recurrence If recurrence occurs >6 mo from initial or subsequent complete clinical response to platinum-containing chemotherapy, the patient should be treated with 12 mg/m 2 BTG945 administered IV in saline for injection on day 1 and day 15 of a 28 day cycle over 1 hour up to a maximum of 6 cycles together with one of the IV platinum-containing combination regimens below. The choice depends on factors such as preexisting comorbidity, prior toxicities, and physician and patient preference. Regimens are as follows:
  • Example 5.4 Docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 IV over 1 h plus carboplatin AUC 5 IV over 1 h; every 21 d for six cycles
  • Example 5.5 Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 IV over 30 min on days 1 and 8 plus carboplatin AUC 4 IV over 1 h on day 1; every 21 days for six cycles
  • Platinum-sensitive recurrence If recurrence occurs >6 mo from initial or subsequent complete clinical response to platinum-containing chemotherapy, the patient should be treated with 12 mg/m 2 BTG945 administered IV in saline for injection on day 1 and day 15 of a 28 day cycle over 1 hour up to a maximum of 6 cycles together with one of the IV platinum-containing combination regimens below.
  • Example 6.2 Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 IV over 30 min on days 1 and 8 plus carboplatin AUC 4 IV push on day 1; every 21 d for 6-10 cycles plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg IV on day 1 prior to gemcitabine and carboplatin and continued until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity
  • Example 6.3 Bevacizumab 10 mg/kg IV every 14 d in combination with one of the following IV chemotherapy regimens: paclitaxel, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, or topotecan (topotecan is given weekly)
  • Example 6.4 Bevacizumab 15 mg/kg IV every 21 d in combination with topotecan (every 21 d)
  • Example 7 Combination Therapy with BTG945 and Platinum-Sensitive or Resistant or Refractory BRCA-Mutated Stage III and IV Platinum-Sensitive Recurrence Cancers
  • olaparib 400 mg PO BID is approved as monotherapy for the maintenance treatment of adult patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed, BRCA-mutated (germline and/or somatic) high-grade serous epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are showing response (complete or partial) to platinum-based chemotherapy.

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AU2018268400A1 (en) 2019-10-31

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