Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
  • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark-ignition engine.
• WO2004/113476 discloses gasoline compositions meeting certain parameters whose use as a fuel in a spark ignition engine results in improved stability of engine crank case lubricant. However, there is no mention in this document of the use of such a fuel for providing reduced particulate emissions in a direct-injection spark ignition engine.
• a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark-ignition engine comprising fuelling the engine with a gasoline composition, wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of up to 150° C. and a final boiling point not greater than 190° C.
• gasoline composition for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark-ignition engine
• gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of less than 150° C. and a final boiling point not greater than 190° C.
• Low C9+ aromatics content together with a T90 of less than 150° C. and a final boiling point of not greater than 190° C. are believed to be key parameters in achieving reduced particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition internal combustion engines fuelled by gasoline compositions of the present invention.
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains amounts of aromatics having 9 carbon atoms or more, respectively in the range 0 to 5% v, based on the base fuel.
• the uses and methods of the present invention may be used to achieve any degree of reduction in particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition engine, including reduction to zero (i.e. eliminating particulate emissions). It may be used for the purpose of achieving a desired target level of particulate emissions.
• the method and use herein preferably achieves a 5% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, more preferably a 10% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, even more preferably a 15% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, and especially a 30% reduction or more in from a direct injection spark ignition engine, compared with the use of a gasoline fuel composition having a final boiling point of greater than 190° C., a T90 of 150° C. or more and comprising greater than 5v % of aromatics having 9 carbon atoms or more.
• Any suitable method for measuring particulate emissions from direct injection spark ignition engines can be used herein.
• An example of a suitable method for measuring particulate emissions can be found in the following SAE paper: SAE 2010-01-2115 published 25th October 2010 which measures the reduction of particulate emissions by a decrease in PM index of the gasoline composition.
• Gasoline compositions suitable for use in the present invention preferably have a PM index as measured according to the test method disclosed in SAE 2010-01-2115 of 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.95 or less, even more preferably 0.9 or less.
• Gasolines contain mixtures of hydrocarbons, the optimal boiling ranges and distillation curves thereof varying according to climate and season of the year.
• the hydrocarbons in a gasoline as defined above may conveniently be derived in known manner from straight-run gasoline, synthetically-produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, thermally or catalytically cracked hydrocarbons, hydrocracked petroleum fractions or catalytically reformed hydrocarbons and mixtures of these.
• Oxygenates both fossil- or bio-sourced
• MTBE methyl tert.butyl ether
• ETBE ethyl tert.butyl ether
• preferred gasoline compositions of the present invention contain 0 to 10% by volume of at least one oxygenate selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and isobutanol.
• gasoline compositions of the present invention contain up to 10% by volume of ethanol, preferably 2 to 10% v, more preferably 4 to 10% v, e.g. 5 to 10% v ethanol.
• DEC diethyl carbonate
• esters such as ethyl acetate and ketone such as methyl ethyl ketone.
• Oxygenates can help to reduce PN emissions through chemical means.
• Gasoline compositions according to the present invention are advantageously lead-free (unleaded), and this may be required by law. Where permitted, lead-free anti-knock compounds and/or valve-seat recession protectant compounds (e.g. known potassium salts, sodium salts or phosphorus compounds) may be present.
• lead-free anti-knock compounds and/or valve-seat recession protectant compounds e.g. known potassium salts, sodium salts or phosphorus compounds
• the octane level can be defined by RON, MON or the anti-knock index (Aki) ((RON+MON)/2). If RON is specified, it will generally be greater than 92. If anti-knock index is specified it will generally be above 85.
• Modern gasolines are inherently low-sulphur fuels, e.g. containing less than 200 ppmw sulphur, preferably not greater than 50 ppmw sulphur.
• Hydrocarbon base fuels as defined above may conveniently be prepared in known manner by blending suitable hydrocarbon, e.g. refinery, streams in order to meet the defined parameters, as will readily be understood by those skilled in the art.
• Olefin content may be boosted by inclusion of olefin-rich refinery streams and/or by addition of synthetic components such as diisobutylene, in any relative proportions.
• Diisobutylene also known as 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene (Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals)
• 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene is typically a mixture of isomers (2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene) prepared by heating the sulphuric acid extract of isobutylene from a butene isomer separation process to about 90° C.
• yield is typically 90%, of a mixture of 80% dimers and 20% trimers.
• Gasoline compositions as defined above may variously include one or more additives such as anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes, lubricity improvers and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids.
• additives such as anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes, lubricity improvers and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids. Examples of suitable such additives are described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,629 and DE-A-19955651.
• Additive components can be added separately to the gasoline or can be blended with one or more diluents, forming an additive concentrate, and together added to base fuel.
• a preferred gasoline composition for use in the method of the present invention comprises one or more antioxidants in order to improve the oxidative stability of the gasoline composition.
• Any antioxidant additive which is suitable for use in a gasoline composition can be used herein.
• a preferred anti-oxidant for use herein is a hindered phenol, for example BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene). It is preferred that the gasoline composition comprises from 10 ppmw to 100 ppmw of antioxidant.
• Non-oxygenated high octane components that can be bio-sourced and which suitable for use herein include iso-butylenes or iso-octenes, iso-octane, triptane and iso-pentenes. These non-oxygenated high octane compounds help to reduce PN emissions through ignition and combustion optimization.
• Preferred gasoline compositions used in the method of the present invention have one or more of the following features:—
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 10% v olefins, (ii) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 12% v olefins, (iii) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 13% v olefins, (iv) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 20% v olefins, (v) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 18% v olefins, (vi) the base fuel has initial boiling point (IBP) of at least 28° C., (vii) the base fuel has IBP of at least 30° C., (viii) the base fuel has IBP up to 42° C., (ix) the base fuel has IBP up to 40° C., (x) the base fuel has T 10 of at least 42° C., (xi) the base fuel has T 10 of at least 45° C., (xii) the base fuel has T 10 of at least 46° C., (xiii) the base fuel has T 10 up to 58°
• Examples of preferred combinations of the above features include (i) and (iv); (ii) and (v); (iii) and (v); (vi), (viii), (x), (xii), (xvi), (xix), (xxii), (xxv) and (xxix); (vii), (ix), (xi), (xiv), (xvii), (xx), (xxiii), (x ⁇ v) and (x ⁇ x); and (vii), (ix), (xii), (xv), (xviii), (xxi), (xxiv), (xxvii), (xxxiii) and (xxxiv).
• Use of the gasoline composition described herein can give one of a number of benefits in addition to reducing particulate emissions in a direct injection spark-ignition engine. These benefits include reduced frequency of oil changes, reduced engine wear, e.g. engine bearing wear, engine component wear (e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear), improved acceleration performance, higher maximum power output, and/or improved fuel economy.
• engine wear e.g. engine bearing wear
• engine component wear e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
• improved acceleration performance e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
• higher maximum power output e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
• particulate matter emissions tests on gasoline compositions in direct injection spark ignition engines fuelled by test fuels were effected using the following procedure.
• Example 1 contains 0% v heavy aromatics
• Example 2 contains 4% v heavy aromatics
• Example 3 contains 8% v heavy aromatics
• Example 4 contains 12% v heavy aromatics.
• the gasoline compositions having a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of less than 150° C. and a final boiling point not greater than 190° C. provide a greater reduction in particulate emissions (as measured by a decrease in PM index).

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)

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Publications (1)

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Citations (4)

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• 2019
  • 2019-01-08 US US16/960,846 patent/US20200339898A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2019-01-08 JP JP2020537760A patent/JP2021510389A/ja active Pending
  • 2019-01-08 MX MX2020007002A patent/MX2020007002A/es unknown
  • 2019-01-08 RU RU2020126101A patent/RU2020126101A/ru unknown
  • 2019-01-08 CN CN201980007521.0A patent/CN111556890A/zh active Pending
  • 2019-01-08 BR BR112020013412-0A patent/BR112020013412A2/pt active IP Right Grant
  • 2019-01-08 WO PCT/EP2019/050308 patent/WO2019137896A1/en unknown
  • 2019-01-08 EP EP19700644.8A patent/EP3737735A1/en active Pending
• 2020
  • 2020-06-18 ZA ZA2020/03666A patent/ZA202003666B/en unknown
  • 2020-07-08 PH PH12020500585A patent/PH12020500585A1/en unknown

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