US20200148735A1 - Method for in vitro glycoengineering of an erythropoiesis stimulating protein - Google Patents

Method for in vitro glycoengineering of an erythropoiesis stimulating protein Download PDF

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US20200148735A1
US20200148735A1 US16/574,467 US201916574467A US2020148735A1 US 20200148735 A1 US20200148735 A1 US 20200148735A1 US 201916574467 A US201916574467 A US 201916574467A US 2020148735 A1 US2020148735 A1 US 2020148735A1
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erythropoiesis stimulating
stimulating protein
protein
poly
acetyl
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Maria Maier
Marco Thomann
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Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1816—Erythropoietin [EPO]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • C07K14/505—Erythropoietin [EPO]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C12P21/02—Preparation of peptides or proteins having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an in vitro glycoengineered erythropoiesis stimulating protein, methods for the production of said erythropoiesis stimulating protein and uses thereof.
  • Erythropoiesis stimulating proteins are glycoproteins comprising several N-glycosylation sites. Variation of the glycan pattern on proteins has enormous implications on protein function. For example, the structure of the N-linked glycans on a protein can impact various characteristics, including the protease susceptibility, intracellular trafficking, secretion, tissue targeting, biological half-life and antigenicity of the protein in a cell or organism. The alteration of one or more of these characteristics greatly affects the efficacy of a protein in its natural setting, and also affects the efficacy of the protein as a therapeutic agent in situations where the peptide has been generated for that purpose.
  • Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein with three N-glycosylation sites and one O-glycosylation site. Erythropoietin has been manufactured biosynthetically using recombinant DNA technology (Egrie, J C, Strickland, T W, Lane. J et al. (1986) Immunobiol. 72: 213-224) and is the product of a cloned human EPO gene inserted into and expressed in the ovarian tissue cells of the Chinese hamster (CHO cells). The primary structure of the predominant, fully processed form of human erythropoietin (hEPO) is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • Typical N-glycans of EPO include bi-, tri- and tetraantennary structures with one or two N-acetyl lactosamine repeats (see e.g. Postnikov et al. 2016 Russ. Chem. Rev. 85 99).
  • EP 2661492 discloses a method for improving the amount of alpha-2,6-sialylated glycans.
  • EP 2664192 discloses that the circulation time of glycoproteins may be increased by increasing the number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamines, which is suggested to be achieved using a member of the beta3-N-acetyl-glucosamin transferase family (B3GNT1, 2, 3, 4).
  • WO 2008/57683 discloses a method for purification of EPO. It is suggested to remodel the glycan pattern of EPO in vitro using N-acetyl-glucosamin transferase and galactosyltransferase to form a glycosylated EPO polypeptide having at least one glycan residue with a terminal -GlcNAc-Gal moiety, preferably on mono-antennary branches.
  • EP 2042196 discloses a method for conjugating glycoproteins, e.g. EPO, with a modifying group (e.g. PEG) via glycan linkage.
  • a modifying group e.g. PEG
  • the glycan pattern on the glycoprotein may be remodeled using different steps of glycosidation and (re-)glycosylation.
  • the sugar-coupled modifying group is linked to the glycoprotein using the respective sugar-specific glycosyltransferase.
  • sialic-acid-coupled modifying group For coupling a sialic-acid-coupled modifying group it is suggested to modify the glycan pattern of EPO, e.g., by (a) sialidation and subsequent sialylation with the sialic-acid-coupled modifying group; (b) treatment with N-acetyl-glucosamin transferase, galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase ST3; or (c) treatment with sialidase, galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase ST3.
  • erythropoiesis stimulating proteins having a desired and reproducible, i.e., a customized glycan pattern, e.g. for assuring a constant quality and/or improving the biological function and/or stability of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the production of in vitro glycoengineered erythropoiesis stimulating protein, comprising the steps of
  • One aspect of the invention relates to the use of the method according to the invention for increasing the number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on N-glycans of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of the method according to the invention for providing an erythropoiesis stimulating protein with a controlled number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on their N-glycans.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of the method according to the invention for improving the specific activity of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • Another aspect of the invention is an in vitro glycoengineered erythropoiesis stimulating protein produced by a method of the invention.
  • the erythropoiesis stimulating protein is erythropoietin.
  • the invention provides a method for generating in vitro glycoengineered erythropoiesis stimulating proteins with a controlled number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • an erythropoiesis stimulating protein can be in vitro glycoengineered resulting in a customized glycan pattern, which may assure a constant product quality and/or improve the biological function, like the specific bioactivity, of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • the number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on N-glycans of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein can be increased.
  • FIG. 1 Structure of EPO and its glycosylation sites (adapted from Postnikov et al 2016 Russ. Chem. Rev. 85 99)
  • FIG. 2A-E Typical glycosylation patterns of EPO.
  • FIG. 2A N-glycan with two branches.
  • FIG. 2B N-glycan with three branches.
  • FIG. 2C N-glycan with four branches.
  • FIG. 2D N-glycan with four branches and one poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeat.
  • FIG. 2E N-glycan with four branches and three poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • erythropoiesis stimulating protein means a protein that directly or indirectly causes activation of the erythropoietin receptor, for example, by binding to and causing dimerization of the receptor.
  • Erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include erythropoietin and variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof that bind to and activate erythropoietin receptor; antibodies that bind to erythropoietin receptor and activate the receptor; or peptides that bind to and activate erythropoietin receptor.
  • the variants, analogs, or derivatives of erythropoietin as meant herein comprise at least three N-glycosylation sites, in one embodiment the N-glycosylation sites are Asn24, Asn38 and Asn83.
  • Erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include, but are not limited to, epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin delta, epoetin omega, epoetin iota, epoetin zeta, and analogs thereof, pegylated erythropoietin, carbamylated erythropoietin, mimetic peptides (including EMPL/hematide), and mimetic antibodies.
  • Exemplary erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include erythropoietin, darbepoetin, erythropoietin agonist variants, and peptides or antibodies that bind and activate erythropoietin receptor (and include compounds reported in U. S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0215444 and 2006/0040858, the disclosures of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) as well as erythropoietin molecules or variants or analogs thereof as disclosed in the following patents or patent applications, which are each herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • analogs when used with reference to polypeptides, refers to an amino acid sequence that has insertions, deletions or substitutions relative to the parent sequence, while still substantially maintaining the biological activity of the parent sequence, as determined using biological assays known to one of skill in the art.
  • derivatives of naturally occurring or analog polypeptides means polypeptides have been chemically modified, for example, to attach water soluble polymers (e.g., pegylated), labels (e.g., radionuclides or various enzymes), or other diagnostic or targeting or therapeutic moieties, or by insertion or substitution of non-natural amino acids by chemical means. Such derivatives will retain the binding properties of underivatized molecules of the invention.
  • the “erythropoiesis stimulating protein” comprises 3 or more N-glycosylation sites.
  • the erythropoiesis stimulating protein is erythropoietin.
  • erythropoietin refers to a glycoprotein, having the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • this term includes an amino acid sequence substantially homologous to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, whose biological properties relate to the stimulation of red blood cell production and the stimulation of the division and differentiation of committed erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow.
  • these terms include such proteins modified deliberately, as for example, by site directed mutagenesis or accidentally through mutations.
  • erythropoietin or EPO analog include analogs having from 1 to 6 additional sites for glycosylation, analogs having at least one additional amino acid at the carboxy terminal end of the glycoprotein, wherein the additional amino acid includes at least one glycosylation site, and analogs having an amino acid sequence which includes a rearrangement of at least one site for glycosylation.
  • “rearrangement” of a glycosylation site means the deletion of one or more glycosylation sites in naturally occurring EPO and the addition of one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation sites. These terms include both natural and recombinantly produced human erythropoietin.
  • N-glycan refers to an N-linked oligosaccharide, e.g., one that is attached by an asparagine N-acetylglucosamine linkage to an asparagine residue of a polypeptide.
  • N-glycans have a common pentasaccharide core of Man3GlcNAc2 (“Man” refers to mannose; “Glc” refers to glucose; and “NAc” refers to N-acetyl: “GlcNAc” refers to N-acelylglucosamine).
  • Man3GlcNAc2 Man3GlcNAc2
  • Man refers to mannose
  • Glc refers to glucose
  • NAc refers to N-acetyl
  • GlcNAc refers to N-acelylglucosamine
  • N-glycan refers to the structure Man3GlcNAc2 (“Man3”).
  • Man3 Man3GlcNAc2
  • N-glycans differ with respect to the number of branches (antennae) comprising peripheral sugars (e.g., fucose [herein abbreviated as “Fuc” ] and sialic acid) that are added to the Man3 core structure.
  • branches antigenae
  • Fuc fucose
  • sialic acid sialic acid
  • the substrate UDP-GlcNAc is the abbreviation for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
  • the intermediate ManNAc is the abbreviation for N-acetylmannosamine.
  • the intermediate ManNAc-6-P is the abbreviation for N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate.
  • the intermediate Sia-9-P is the abbreviation for sialate-9-phosphate.
  • the intermediate Cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid is abbreviated as “CMP-Sia.” Sialic acid is abbreviated as “Sia,” “Neu5Ac,” “NeuAc” or “NANA” herein.
  • the N-glycans on erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include one or more N-acetyl lactosamine units bound to the pentasaccharide core structure of the N-linked oligosaccharide.
  • the number of oligosaccharide “branches” as used herein refers to the number of individual oligosaccharide chains bound to the pentasaccharide core structure.
  • the N-glycan comprises two branches and is biantennary.
  • the N-glycan comprises three branches and is triantennary.
  • the N-glycan comprises four branches and is tetraantennary.
  • the N-glycans on erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include poly N-acetyl lactosamine units bound to the pentasaccharide core structure of the N-linked oligosaccharide.
  • poly N-acetyl lactosamine “repeat” as used herein refers to the number of N-acetyl lactosamine units within one oligosaccharide branch minus one for the first N-acetyl lactosamine unit. E.g, as demonstrated in FIG.
  • two N-acetyl lactosamine units are present within one oligosaccharide branch, meaning that the oligosaccharide comprises one poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeat.
  • four N-acetyl lactosamine units are present within one oligosaccharide branch, meaning that the oligosaccharide comprises three poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • sialic acid refers to a group of molecules where the common molecule includes N-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) having the basic 9-carbon neuraminic acid core modified at the 5-carbon position with an attached acetyl group.
  • Neuro5Ac N-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid
  • NeuSAc at the 5-carbon position
  • KDN 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galactonononic acid
  • Neu neurotrophinic
  • Neu5Gc N-glycolylneuraminic acid
  • hydroxyl groups at positions 4-, 7-, 8- and 9-of these four molecules can be further substituted with O-acetyl, O-methyl, O-sulfate and phosphate groups to enlarge this group of compounds.
  • unsaturated and dehydro forms of sialic acids are known to exist.
  • sialic acid free refers to a population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins that is substantially free from N-glycans comprising terminal sialic adic moieties.
  • sialic acid free refers to a population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins comprising a relative frequency of N-linked glycans that include a sialic acid moiety of 5% and less.
  • the sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein comprises a relative frequency of N-linked glycans that include a sialic acid moiety of about 0%.
  • the “relative frequency of N-linked glycans” as referred to herein means the percentage of a distinct glycan pattern within the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins related to all glycostructures within the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins.
  • the relative frequency of a population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins refers to the percentage of a distinct glycan pattern within the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins related to all glycostructures identified by mass analysis of the entire protein (in one embodiment as described in example 2).
  • the relative frequency of a population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins refers to the percentage of a distinct glycan pattern within the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins related to all glycostructures identified by mass analysis after enzymatic digest with endoproteinase Glu-C (LCMS peptide mapping, in one embodiment as described in example 1).
  • in vitro glycoengineering means the enzymatic alteration of the N-linked glycan structure of a erythropoiesis stimulating protein that is performed in vitro after the erythropoiesis stimulating protein is expressed in a recombinant expression system and, in one preferred embodiment, purified.
  • in vitro glycoengineering within the terms of the invention may encompass the cleavage of at least one sugar residue from the N-linked glycan structure of at least a fraction of the erythropoiesis stimulating proteins comprised within the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins that was subject of in vitro glycoengineering.
  • In vitro glycoengineering within the terms of the invention always encompasses also the addition of at least one sugar residue to the N-linked glycan structure of at least a fraction of the glycoproteins comprised within the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins that was subject of in vitro glycoengineering.
  • In vitro glycoengineering within the terms of the invention includes a series of steps of enzymatic treatments of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins that were expressed in a recombinant expressions system and, in one preferred embodiment, purified.
  • said enzymatic treatment includes at least one step of enzymatic treatment with an enzyme capable of cleaving a terminal sugar residue from an N-linked oligosaccharide structure of the eiythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • said enzyme is selected a sialidase.
  • said enzymatic treatment includes treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with a glycosyltransferase, in one preferred embodiment a glycosyltransferase capable of adding a terminal sugar residue to an N-linked oligosaccharide structure of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • said enzymatic treatment includes treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating proteins with a N-Acetyl-Glucosamin-transferase, in one preferred embodiment beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2).
  • B3GNT2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • B3GNT2 consists of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • said enzymatic treatment includes treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating proteins with a galactosyltransferase, in one preferred embodiment ⁇ 1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (GalT1).
  • GalT1 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • said enzymatic treatment includes treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating proteins with a N-sialyltransferase, in one preferred embodiment ⁇ 2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3) or ⁇ 2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6).
  • the N-sialyltransferase is ST3.
  • enzymatically “treating” or enzymatic “treatment” means contacting the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with the respective enzyme in an aqueous solution, preferably a buffered solution.
  • the invention relates to a method for the production of an in vitro glycoengineered erythropoiesis stimulating protein, comprising the steps of
  • recombinantly produced erythropoiesis stimulating protein is subjected to series of enzymatic treatments in order to provide an erythropoiesis stimulating protein with N-linked glycans comprising a controllable and reproducible number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats, which can assure a constant product quality and/or improve the biological function of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • the number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats can be increased compared to the initial erythropoiesis stimulating proteins.
  • the series of enzymatic treatments is performed in the same order as indicated above.
  • sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein that is provided in step a) comprises a relative frequency of N-linked glycans that include a sialic acid of 5%-0%. In one embodiment of the invention sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein that is provided in step a) comprises a relative frequency of N-linked glycans that include a sialic acid of 2% to 0%. In one embodiment of the invention sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein that is provided in step a) comprises a relative frequency of N-linked glycans that include a sialic acid of 1% to 0%. In one embodiment of the invention sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein that is provided in step a) comprises a relative frequency of N-linked glycans that include a sialic acid of about 0%.
  • sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein is provided by treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with sialidase. In one embodiment sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein is provided by treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with sialidase in an aqueous solution at about 37° C. In one embodiment sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein is provided by treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with sialidase in an aqueous solution at about 37° C. for 10 to 24 hours. In one embodiment the sialidase is neuraminidase. In one embodiment the neuraminidase is of SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein is provided by treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with neuraminidase in an aqueous solution at 35-38° C. In one embodiment sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein is provided by treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with neuraminidase in an aqueous solution at about 37° C. In one embodiment sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein is provided by treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein with neuraminidase in an aqueous solution at about 37° C. for 10 to 24 hours. In one embodiment of the invention, sialidase-treated erythropoiesis stimulating protein is purified prior to the treatment of step b).
  • the method of the invention comprises the step of providing recombinantly produced erythropoiesis stimulating protein prior to enzymatic treatment. In one preferred embodiment the method comprises the step of providing an erythropoiesis stimulating protein produced in CHO cells prior to enzymatic treatment.
  • Methods for the production of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins in CHO cells are well known in the art (exemplarily for EPO production in CHO cells: EP0205564; EP0148605; Egrie. J C, Strickland, T W. Lane. J et al. (1986) Immunobiol. 72: 213-224; Inoue N, Takeuchi M, Ohashi H. Suzuki T (1995) Biotech Ann Rev. 1: 297-313).
  • step b) of the method of the invention GlcNAc is added to the N-linked glycans of the sialic acid free erythropoiesis stimulating protein provided in step a).
  • step b) is performed in an aqueous solution in presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In one embodiment of the method of the invention step b) is performed at pH 7-8, in one embodiment at about pH 7.5. In one embodiment of the method of the invention step b) is performed in presence of manganese ions and calcium ions, in one preferred embodiment in presence of MnCl 2 and CaCl 2 ). In one embodiment of the method of the invention step b) is performed in a Tris buffered solution of pH 7-8, in presence of NaCl, manganese ions and calcium ions.
  • step b) is performed in a Tris buffered solution of about pH 7.5, which comprises about 20 to 25 mM Tris, about 100 to 150 mM NaCl, and about 5 to 10 mM MnCl 2 and about 5 to 10 mM CaCl 2 .
  • the treatment of step b) is performed for about 10 to 30 hours, in one preferred embodiment about 16 to about 24 hours.
  • the treatment of step b) is performed for about 10 to 30 hours at about 37° C.
  • the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and N-Acetyl-Glucosamin-transferase B3GNT2 in step b) is >1:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and N-Acetyl-Glucosamin-transferase B3GNT2 in step b) is less than 100:1 and more than 1:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and N-Acetyl-Glucosamin-transferase B3GNT2 in step b) is between 2:1 and 1:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and N-Acetyl-Glucosamin-transferase B3GNT2 in step b) is about 3:2.
  • the method of the invention comprises a step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein after step b) and prior to the treatment with galactosyltransferase.
  • the activated sugar substrate for the glycosyltransferase used in step b) is removed. Consequently, further uncontrolled addition of GlcNAc moieties to the erythropoiesis stimulating protein is avoided. This allows a controlled increase of the numbers of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • the step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein is performed by buffer exchange into an aqueous solution of about pH 6-7, in one preferred embodiment about pH 6.5.
  • the aqueous solution comprises UDP-galactose.
  • the step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein is performed by buffer exchange over a molecular weight cutoff filter of maximal 20 kDa into an aqueous buffer solution of about pH 6.5, wherein the buffer solution comprises about 20 mM manganese ions.
  • the buffer solution comprises about 20 mM MnCl 2 .
  • the aqueous solution comprises about 20 mM manganese ions and UDP-galactose.
  • step c) of the method of the invention Gal is added to the GlcNAc moieties added to the N-linked glycans in step b).
  • the treatment of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein in step c) is with galactosyltransferase GalT1.
  • the treatment of erythropoiesis stimulating protein in step c) is with galactosyltransferase GalT1 of SEQ ID NO. 4.
  • step c) is performed using galactosyltransferase GalT1 in presence of UDP-galactose.
  • step c) is performed in an aqueous buffer solution of pH 6-7, in one preferred embodiment pH about 6.5, wherein the buffer solution comprises about 20 mM mangangese ions, in one preferred embodiment as MnCl 2 .
  • step c) is performed at about 32 to 37° C. In one embodiment of the method of the invention step c) is performed at about 32 to 37° C. for 4 to 10 hours.
  • step c) the treatment of step c) is performed for about 2 to 10 hours, in one preferred embodiment about 3 to about 5 hours.
  • the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and galactosyltransferase (in one embodiment GalT1) in step c) is >1:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and galactosyltransferase (in one embodiment GalT1) in step c) is between 15:1 and 1:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between the erythropoiesis stimulating protein and galactosyltransferase (in one embodiment GalT1) in step c) is between 15:1 and 2:1.
  • the method of the invention comprises a step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein after step c) and prior to the treatment with sialyltransferase.
  • the activated sugar substrate for the glycosyltransferase used in step c) is removed. Consequently, further uncontrolled addition of Gal moieties to the erythropoiesis stimulating protein is avoided. This allows a controlled increase of the numbers of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • the method of the invention comprises a step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein after step c) and prior to the treatment with sialyltransferase including the step of removing the galactosyltransferase (in one embodiment GalT1).
  • the removal of galactosyltransferase is carried out by ion exchange chromatography. This allows a controlled increase of the numbers of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats and a better substrate conversion in the subsequent sialylation step.
  • the step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein after step c) is performed by buffer exchange into an aqueous solution of about pH 6-7, in one preferred embodiment about pH 6.5.
  • the aqueous solution comprises CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid.
  • the step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein after step c) is performed by buffer exchange over a molecular weight cutoff filter of maximal 20 kDa into an aqueous buffer solution of about pH 6.5. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the step of purifying the obtained erythropoiesis stimulating protein after step c) is performed by buffer exchange over a molecular weight cutoff filter of maximal 20 kDa into an aqueous buffer solution of about pH 6.5 comprising CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid.
  • step d) of the method of the invention sialic acid is added to the Gal moieties added to the N-linked glycans in step c).
  • the treatment of erythropoiesis stimulating protein in step d) is with sialyltransferase ST3.
  • the treatment of erythropoiesis stimulating protein in step d) is with sialyltransferase ST3 of SEQ ID NO: 4. This allows generation of a erythropoiesis stimulating protein with a high relative frequency of alpha-2,3-sialylated N-glycans.
  • the high relative frequency of sialylated N-glycans may additionally contribute to a higher specific bioactivity and a higher serum half life of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • step d) is performed in presence of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid.
  • step d) is performed in an aqueous buffer solution of pH 6-7, in one preferred embodiment pH about 6.5.
  • step d) is performed for 10 to 20 hours, in one preferred embodiment for about 16 to about 18 hours.
  • step d) is performed for 10 to 20 hours, in one preferred embodiment for about 16 to about 18 hours at about 37° C.
  • the weight ratio between erythropoiesis stimulating protein and sialyltransferase (in one embodiment ST3) in step d) is >1:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between erythropoiesis stimulating protein and sialyltransferase (in one embodiment ST3) in step d) is between >1:1 and 50:1. In one embodiment of the method of the invention the weight ratio between erythropoiesis stimulating protein and sialyltransferase (in one embodiment ST3) in step d) is between 2:1 and 50:1.
  • the treatment of erythropoiesis stimulating protein in step d) is with sialyltransferase ST6.
  • the treatment of erythropoiesis stimulating protein in step d) is with sialyltransferase ST6 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the invention also relates to the use of the method of the invention for increasing the number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on N-glycans of an erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the method of the invention for increasing the number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on N-glycans of an erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of the method of the invention for providing an erythropoiesis stimulating protein with a controlled number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on N-glycans of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • the method is used for providing erythropoiesis stimulating protein with up to 15 poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per N-glycosylation site.
  • the method is used for providing erythropoiesis stimulating protein with 2-15 poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per N-glycosylation site.
  • the method is used for providing erythropoiesis stimulating protein with 2-12 poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per N-glycosylation site. In one embodiment the method is used for providing erythropoiesis stimulating protein with 4-10 poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per N-glycosylation site.
  • the method is used for providing erythropoiesis stimulating protein with up to 15 poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per erythropoiesis stimulating protein. In one embodiment the method is used for providing erythropoiesis stimulating protein with 2-15 poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of the method of the invention for improving the specific activity of the erythropoiesis stimulating protein.
  • Another aspect of the invention is an in vitro glycoengineered erythropoiesis stimulating protein produced by a method of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins, characterized in that the relative frequency of N-linked glycans comprising more than two poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on each N-glycosylation site is more than 90%, in one embodiment more than 99%, in one embodiment about 100%, in one embodiment exactly 100%.
  • erythropoiesis stimulating proteins of the invention all erythropoiesis stimulating proteins comprise 2 or more poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats. Consequently, the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins of the invention is free of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins with zero or one poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • “free” refers to a fraction of 0,1% and less, in one embodiment to a fraction of 0%.
  • fraction in this refers to the number of molecules in the sample, e.g. a fraction of 1% means one erythropoiesis stimulating protein out of 100 erythropoiesis stimulating protein molecules.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins, characterized in that the average number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per individual erythropoiesis stimulating protein is at least 10. In one embodiment the average number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per erythropoiesis stimulating protein is 10 to 4).
  • the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins of the invention is characterized in that the relative frequency of N-linked glycans comprising more than two poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats on each N-glycosylation site is more than 99%, in one embodiment about 100%, in one embodiment exactly 100%; and the average number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per erythropoiesis stimulating protein is more than 10, in one embodiment 10 to 40. In one embodiment the average number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per N-glycosylation site is at least 2. In one embodiment the average number of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per N-glycosylation site is at least 3.
  • the population of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins is produced by a method of the invention.
  • EPO Erythropoietin
  • IVGE In vitro glycoengineering
  • EPO was desialylated by incubation with neuraminidase (Roche) in aqueous buffered solution of pH 7.5 at 37° C. for 18 hours.
  • GlcNAc moieties to the N-linked glycans 1.5 mg desialylated erythropoietin were mixed with 1.0 mg N-acetylglucosamine transferase, B3GnT2 (dissolved in 25 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH7.5). 8.8 mg UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, 2.5 mg MnCl 2 and 2.2 mg CaCl 2 ) (each dissolved in water) were added to the solution. The sample was incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours.
  • Gal moieties to the N-linked glycans 149 j g galactosyltransferase, GalT1 and 3 mg UDP-galactose were added, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 5 hours.
  • sialyltransferase ST3, 70 mg CMP-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, 17 ⁇ g alkaline phosphatase and 20 ⁇ l of 10 mM ZnCl 2 solution were added and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours.
  • glycostructures present on the N-linked glycans of the obtained in vitro glycoengineered erythropoietin was performed by LCMS peptide mapping after endoproteinase Glu-C digest. For this, 250 ⁇ g sample were denatured (using guanidinium hydrochloride), reduced (using dithiothreitol), carboxymethylated (using iodoacetic acid) and finally digested by endoproteinase Glu-C. The digest was analyzed by RP-UHPLC with an online coupled mass spectrometer. Resulting data sets were evaluated for specific glycan signal of the peptides bearing the N-glycosylation sites (asparagine 24, 38 and 83).
  • results are shown in the following tables comparing recombinantly produced erythropoietin that was not treated with any glycosidase or glycosyltransferase (“EPO before IVGE”) and erythropoietin resulting from a method of the invention as described before (“EPO after IVGE”).
  • the term “repeat” refers to the poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeat as defined above.
  • Untreated CHO produced EPO comprises a fraction of 79% of individual molecules with zero or one poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per EPO molecule.
  • EPO Erythropoietin
  • IVGE In vitro glycoengineering
  • EPO was desialylated as described in Example 1.
  • GlcNAc moieties to the N-linked glycans 90 ⁇ g of the desialylated erythropoietin glycoproteins were mixed with 60 ⁇ g N-acetylglucosamine transferase B3GnT2 (dissolved in 25 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH7.5), and 525 ⁇ g UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in 25 mM Tris buffer including 10 mM CaCl 2 and 10 mM MnCl 2 at pH 7.5. The sample was incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. One third of the sample containing EPO glycoproteins was used for analytical purposes.
  • Residual material of the EPO glycoproteins was purified by buffer exchange to 100 mM MES buffer including 20 mM MnCl 2 and 20 mM UDP-galactose at pH 6.5 using Vivaspin centrifugation columns (10 kD filter).
  • GalT1 Gal moieties to the N-linked glycans 27 ⁇ g galactosyltransferase, GalT1
  • GalT1 galactosyltransferase
  • Residual material of the EPO glycoproteins was purified by buffer exchange to 100 mM MES. pH6.5, incl. 150 mg/ml CMP-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. 27 ⁇ g sialyltransferase, ST3, were added followed by incubation at 37° C. for 16 hours.
  • glycostructures present on the N-linked glycans of the obtained in vitro glycoengineered erythropoietin was performed by mass spectrometry. For this, samples were injected in a UHPLC system without further sample preparation. The UHPLC system was coupled to a mass spectrometer. Data sets (deconvoluted sum spectra) were evaluated with regard to glycan specific signals.
  • results are shown in the following data sets comparing recombinantly produced erythropoietin that was not treated with any glycosidase or glycosyltransferase (“EPO before IVGE”) and erythropoietin resulting from a method of the invention as described before (“EPO after IVGE”).
  • the term “repeat” refers to the poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeat as defined above.
  • Untreated CHO produced EPO comprised a fraction of 80% of individual molecules with zero or one poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per EPO molecule, while in vitro glycoengineered EPO comprised 100% of EPO glycoproteins with 2 and more poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeats.
  • the average number of poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeats per EPO glycoprotein is 12 and more, whereas untreated CHO produced EPO comprised about 1 poly N-acetyl lactosamine repeat per EPO glycoprotein.
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