US20190226894A1 - Method and apparatus for determining a corrected value for the viscosity-dependent sonic velocity in a fluid to be tested - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for determining a corrected value for the viscosity-dependent sonic velocity in a fluid to be tested Download PDF

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Publication number
US20190226894A1
US20190226894A1 US16/256,312 US201916256312A US2019226894A1 US 20190226894 A1 US20190226894 A1 US 20190226894A1 US 201916256312 A US201916256312 A US 201916256312A US 2019226894 A1 US2019226894 A1 US 2019226894A1
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viscosity
under test
sound pulse
fluid under
sound
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Stefan Rossegger
Robert Breidler
Robert Amsuess
Lukas Schantl
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Anton Paar GmbH
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Anton Paar GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/66—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by measuring frequency, phase shift or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. using ultrasonic flowmeters
    • G01F1/667—Arrangements of transducers for ultrasonic flowmeters; Circuits for operating ultrasonic flowmeters
    • G01F1/668—Compensating or correcting for variations in velocity of sound
    • G01F25/0007—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F25/00—Testing or calibration of apparatus for measuring volume, volume flow or liquid level or for metering by volume
    • G01F25/10—Testing or calibration of apparatus for measuring volume, volume flow or liquid level or for metering by volume of flowmeters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H5/00—Measuring propagation velocity of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. of pressure waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/024—Analysing fluids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/222—Constructional or flow details for analysing fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/32—Arrangements for suppressing undesired influences, e.g. temperature or pressure variations, compensating for signal noise
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4409—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison
    • G01N29/4436—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison with a reference signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4463—Signal correction, e.g. distance amplitude correction [DAC], distance gain size [DGS], noise filtering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
    • G01N2291/011—Velocity or travel time
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02818—Density, viscosity

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining a corrected value for a viscosity-dependent sonic velocity in a fluid under test, which includes generating and transmitting sound pulses to the fluid under test, registering the sound pulses after traversing a predetermined measuring distance in the fluid under test, obtaining a first arrival of a first sound pulse received after traversing the measuring distance, and determining a transit time of the first received sound pulse in the fluid under test.
  • the invention also relates to an apparatus for determining a corrected value for a viscosity-dependent sonic velocity in a fluid under test, which includes a sound pulse generator for emitting sound pulses, a sound pulse receiver for registering incoming sound pulses, a measuring cell defining a predetermined measuring distance in the measuring cell between the sound pulse generator and the sound pulse receiver, and an evaluation unit connected to the sound pulse generator and to the sound pulse receiver.
  • the prior art teaches various devices for determining the sonic velocity in fluids.
  • sound pulses are transmitted, for example, by a solid-fluid-solid layer sequence, and the sonic velocity is calculated from the transit time taken for the pulses to pass through the fluid layer.
  • Devices for determining the sonic velocity are also known, in which sound pulses impinge on a boundary surface between solid and fluid, and the component of the sound pulse reflected at the boundary surface is examined.
  • the sound pulses are registered after traversing a predetermined measuring distance in the fluid under test
  • a viscosity for the fluid under test is predetermined or ascertained
  • the transit time of the first received sound pulse and the viscosity are used to determine the sonic velocity in the fluid under test.
  • a first correction table is provided for the relationship between the viscosity and the deviation in the first arrival of the first received sound pulse for fluids each having a known viscosity
  • a correction is made with regard to the viscosity, by using the first correction table and the predetermined or ascertained viscosity, with respect to the first arrival during measurement of the first received sound pulse for the fluid under test, and
  • the sonic velocity in the fluid under test is calculated from the corrected transit time of the first received sound pulse and the predetermined measuring distance.
  • a first calibration table is prepared for the first arrival of the first received sound pulse for fluids that each have a known sonic velocity and known viscosity
  • the first arrival of the first received sound pulse and the predetermined or ascertained viscosity are used to determine the sonic velocity in the fluid under test by using the first calibration table.
  • the first arrival of the first received sound pulse is ascertained as:
  • a known viscosity or known viscosity range is predetermined for the fluid under test, or
  • a database of known viscosities or viscosity ranges for fluids is prepared, and the viscosity or a known range of viscosities are ascertained for the fluid under test in the database.
  • the viscosity for the fluid under test is ascertained by using a measurement method for determining the viscosity, in particular by using a flexural resonator.
  • a simple method may be provided for determining the viscosity based on the transit time of the sound pulse, using the relationship between the pulse width of the first received sound pulse and the viscosity, in which:
  • a second calibration table is provided for the relationship between the viscosity and the pulse width of the first sound pulse that was received after traversing the measuring distance, for fluids that have a respectively known viscosity
  • the viscosity of the fluid under test is determined by using the second calibration table and the ascertained pulse width of the first received sound pulse.
  • the pulse width of the first received sound pulse is ascertained as:
  • the first correction table for the relationship between the viscosity and the first arrival deviation, or the first calibration table for the first arrival of the first received sound pulse for fluids that each have a known sonic velocity and known viscosity, is prepared for different temperatures
  • the temperature of the fluid under test is ascertained during measurement
  • the temperature is taken into account in correcting the sonic velocity value obtained by measurement by using the first correction table or the first calibration table.
  • the first correction table for the relationship between the viscosity and the first setpoint deviation, and the second calibration table for the relationship between the viscosity and the pulse width, are used to create a common correction table, wherein
  • the first arrival deviation is ascertained based on the pulse width that has been ascertained for the fluid under test and the common correction table, and
  • the sonic velocity in the fluid under test is calculated from the corrected transit time of the first received sound pulse and the predetermined measuring distance, or
  • the first calibration table for the first arrival of the first received sound pulse for fluids of known sonic velocity and known viscosity and the second calibration table for the relationship between the viscosity and the pulse width for fluids with respectively known viscosity, are used to create a common correction table
  • the first arrival of the first received sound pulse determined for the fluid under test, and the pulse width determined for the fluid under test, are used to determine the sonic velocity by using the common correction table.
  • the viscosity of the fluid under test is greater than 1000 mPa ⁇ s and/or that the measuring distance is less than 1 cm.
  • an apparatus for determining a corrected value for the viscosity-dependent sonic velocity in a fluid under test comprising:
  • a sound pulse generator for emitting sound pulses and a sound pulse receiver for registering incoming sound pulses
  • a measuring cell having a predetermined measuring distance disposed therein between the sound pulse generator and the sound pulse receiver
  • an evaluation unit connected to the sound pulse generator and the sound pulse receiver, the evaluation unit being configured to carry out a method according to the invention.
  • a sensor connected to the evaluation unit is provided for determining the temperature of the fluid under test.
  • the sound pulse generator and the sound pulse receiver are configured as a combined sound pulse generator/receiver, which is disposed at one end of the measuring distance,
  • the sound pulse generator/receiver is disposed opposite a sound-reflecting interface at the far end of the measuring distance
  • the sound pulse generator/receiver may be excited by the registration of incoming sound pulses to emit sound pulses.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, partly-sectional view of the structure of a sound measuring cell according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a received signal for a fluid
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing receiving signals from two fluids with different viscosity
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the received signal from FIG. 2 with a registered pulse width
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the received signals from FIG. 3 with registered pulse widths
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the deviation of the transit time of the sound pulse relative to the viscosity
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the pulse width and the viscosity.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the deviation of the sonic velocity relative to the viscosity.
  • the apparatus 10 includes a measuring cell 5 , in which the fluid 1 under test is located, a sound pulse generator 2 for emitting sound pulses, and a sound pulse receiver 3 for registering incoming sound pulses.
  • the sound pulse generator 2 and the sound pulse receiver 3 are disposed laterally on the outside of the measuring cell 5 , so that they face each other.
  • a suitable sound pulse generator 2 for example, is a piezoelectric ultrasonic signal generator and a suitable sound pulse receiver 3 is a corresponding ultrasonic signal receiver.
  • a measuring distance 4 is disposed between the sound pulse generator 2 and the sound pulse receiver 3 in the measuring cell 5 , and an evaluation unit 6 is connected to the sound pulse generator 2 and the sound pulse receiver 3 .
  • the measuring distance 4 is chosen so that the path between the sound pulse generator 2 and the sound pulse receiver 3 is significantly longer over the solid portion.
  • the evaluation unit 6 controls the sound pulse generator 2 to emit sound pulses at predetermined times, and the evaluation unit 6 receives and evaluates the data provided by the sound pulse receiver 3 .
  • the evaluation unit 6 is configured to carry out a method according to the invention for determining a corrected value for the viscosity-dependent sonic velocity, which will be discussed in more detail below.
  • the evaluation unit 6 may also have a separate control or electronic unit.
  • a temperature sensor 7 for determining the temperature of the fluid 1 under test is furthermore disposed on the measuring cell 5 and connected to the evaluation unit 6 .
  • An apparatus 10 according to the invention may be used, for example, for determining the sound propagation time in a fluid, for example while the fluid is flowing through a tube.
  • the tube is to be regarded as the measuring cell 5 in which the fluid 1 under test is located.
  • the sound pulse generator 2 and sound pulse receiver 3 are disposed opposite each other on the outer surfaces of the pipe.
  • an apparatus 10 according to the invention may also be used for installation in process lines, the process line in this case serving as the measuring cell 5 .
  • the sound pulse generator 2 and sound pulse receiver 3 are disposed on a fork-shaped part having small dimensions, and are located across from each other on that part.
  • An apparatus 10 according to the invention is also suitable for carrying out laboratory measurements using sample quantities that are as small as possible.
  • the measuring cell 5 for example a flow measuring cell or a sample container, is used with small dimensions in a supporting construction, in order to store a fluid 1 under test therein.
  • the evaluation unit 6 controls the sound pulse generator 2 , so that sound pulses are emitted from the sound pulse generator 2 .
  • the sound pulses are sent through a solid-fluid-solid layer sequence, and in each case the outer walls of the measuring cell 5 represent the solid.
  • the sound pulses are registered after traversing the predetermined measuring distance 4 in the fluid 1 under test from the sound pulse receiver 3 , whereupon the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 ( FIG. 2 ) of the first pulse received after traversing the measuring distance 4 is ascertained, and the transit time of the first received sound pulse under test fluid 1 is determined, by the evaluation unit 6 .
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a received signal in a fluid 1 under test, wherein the signal intensity I is plotted in arbitrary units [au] on the y-axis against the transit time t in ⁇ s on the x-axis.
  • the transit time of the sound pulse is considered to be that period of time that elapses between the excitation time T 0 at which the sound pulse generator 2 emits a sound pulse and the first arrival Tof 1 , at which the sound pulse receiver 3 registers the first sound pulse received after traversing the measuring distance 4 .
  • a first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 may be defined as the first zero crossing by the first sound pulse received at the sound pulse receiver 3 , which is registered after the first registered maximum of the sound pulse, as shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 . Defined in this way, the first arrival at the sound pulse receiver 3 may be determined particularly exactly.
  • the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 may be defined as the first registered arrival of the sound pulse at the sound pulse receiver 3 , or the peak position of the first maximum of the first sound pulse arriving at the sound pulse receiver 3 .
  • the sonic velocity of the fluid 1 under test may be calculated from this transit time of the sound pulse and the measuring distance 4 .
  • the actual transit time is characterized by the first increase of the signal at the receiver. If, as in the exemplary embodiment shown schematically in FIG. 3 , the first zero crossing Tof 1 is selected as the first arrival for evaluation, the transit time is still corrected by the amount of the pulse width P 1 (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the sonic velocity results, for example, from the measuring distance 4 divided by the actual transit time of the sound pulse. Because the start signal of the received sound pulse, i.e. the start of registration of the received signal, often cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy, the first arrival Tof 1 of the first received sound pulse is ascertained as the first registered zero crossing of the received sound pulse.
  • the sonic velocity when sound pulses propagate in a fluid is a materials parameter and may be used for materials characterization.
  • the sonic velocity is directly proportional to the concentration of the components and may therefore be advantageously used for determining concentration in, for example, two-component systems.
  • density may be ascertained from a determination of the sonic velocity with the aid of the relationship between the sonic velocity in a fluid and the fluid's compressibility and density.
  • the sound pulse arriving at the sound pulse receiver 3 is therefore a superposition of different sound phase velocities at different frequencies with different amplitudes, which cannot be completely recorded and analyzed.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows received sound pulses for the fluid 1 under test shown in FIG. 2 , with an additional fluid having a lower sonic velocity and a higher viscosity ⁇ or greater attenuation.
  • the signal intensity I in this case is plotted in arbitrary units [au] on the y-axis against the transit time t in ⁇ s on the x-axis.
  • the lower sonic velocity of the second fluid is reflected in a later arrival of the response signal and a temporally later first arrival Tof 2 , and the greater viscosity ⁇ or greater attenuation in comparison to the fluid 1 under test is reflected in a lower signal amplitude.
  • the group velocity i.e. the superposition of different sound phase velocities of viscous media, is further dependent on the frequency of the sound pulse generator 2 .
  • the resulting measurement error in determining the sound propagation time or the sonic velocity is less than 1 cm, particularly for measuring cells 5 having a measuring distance 4 , because with such short measuring distances 4 , it is more feasible to completely evaluate the received signal that arrives at the sound pulse receiver 3 .
  • the measuring error is particularly significant at high viscosities of the fluid 1 under test of greater than 1000 mPa ⁇ s.
  • the currently available evaluation electronics have sampling frequencies that are too low, and do not permit completely recording and evaluating the frequency spectrum for small transit distances.
  • the viscosity ⁇ may be used in this case as a first approximation for the correction and sonic velocity over a simple correction table or correction function, the determination of individual values for fluids of known viscosity ⁇ (and possibly sonic velocity) are used.
  • the measured transit time of the sound pulse between the time of transmission of the sound pulse T 0 and the registered first set Tof 2 is assigned to the known sonic velocity for the fluid through, for example, a calibration or calibration measurement, it may be seen in FIG. 3 that in the case of a strongly attenuated sound pulse or received signal, the first arrival Tof 2 deviates from the actual first arrival Tof′ 2 . From this, it is apparent that the measured first arrival Tof 2 differs from the actual first arrival Tof′ 2 by a quantity ⁇ Tof.
  • the magnitude of the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof thus, is dependent on the viscosity ⁇ , but also, for example, on the temperature.
  • the measurement error resulting from the viscosity ⁇ is corrected when determining the sound propagation time.
  • a first correction table is provided for the relationship between the viscosity ⁇ and the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof of the first received sound pulse for fluids each having a known viscosity ⁇ , and a viscosity ⁇ is predetermined or ascertained for the fluid 1 under test.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example of a first correction table for the relationship between the viscosity ⁇ and the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof of the first received sound pulse.
  • the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof is plotted in milliseconds against the root (sqrt) of the viscosity ⁇ in mPa ⁇ s.
  • a correction of the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof is determined.
  • the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof is dependent on the viscosity ⁇ , so that for a certain measured first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 at a certain viscosity ⁇ of the fluid 1 under test, the error to be corrected may be derived from the stored first correction table.
  • the first calibration table for example, calibration samples are used that have a known sonic velocity.
  • the duration measured for each of the calibration samples between the time T 0 at which the sound pulse generator 2 emits a sound pulse, and the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 , i.e. the first registered zero crossing of the received signal at the sound pulse receiver 3 is in this case calibrated with the known sound propagation times for the calibration samples, e.g. standard solutions.
  • the determined first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 for determining the sonic velocity of the fluid 1 under test is corrected by a viscosity-dependent error.
  • the first correction table may also be provided for the relationship between the viscosity ⁇ and the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof at different temperatures.
  • the temperature of the fluid under test is determined when measuring the fluid 1 under test, for example by using the sensor 7 , and it is subsequently taken into account in correcting the sonic velocity value obtained during measurement, by using the first correction table.
  • the first correction table when preparing the first correction table, preferably at least six calibration samples are measured at preferably at least three different temperatures, and a first correction table is created on that basis, in which the viscosity-related and temperature-related error is taken into account in determining the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof.
  • the first arrival Tof 1 Tof 2 measured for a fluid 1 under test, the distortion due to viscosity and temperature is corrected.
  • a model may also be configured so that correction of the first arrival ⁇ Tof is combined with a sonic velocity evaluation.
  • the sonic velocity in a fluid 1 under test may be determined or derived based on the transit time of the first received sound pulse, by using a first calibration table.
  • a first calibration table for the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 of the first received sound pulse is provided by using calibration measurements of fluids each having a known sonic velocity and known viscosity ⁇ .
  • the calibration table is an assignment table in which the respective first arrival Tofi or transit time of a fluid i is assigned to the known sonic velocity of the fluid i.
  • a corrected value for the sonic velocity may be derived by using the first calibration table, the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 determined for a fluid 1 under test, and the viscosity ⁇ ascertained or predetermined for the fluid 1 under test.
  • the viscosity ⁇ required for correcting the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof or the correction of the sonic velocity is predetermined or ascertained for the fluid 1 under test in an apparatus 10 according to the invention or in a method according to the invention.
  • a known viscosity ⁇ or a known viscosity range ⁇ is predetermined for the fluid 1 under test and input, for example, at the evaluation unit 6 .
  • a database of known viscosities ⁇ or viscosity ranges ⁇ may be provided for fluids 1 under test, and the viscosity ⁇ or a known viscosity range ⁇ for the fluid 1 under test may be ascertained in the database.
  • Such a database of known viscosities ⁇ or value ranges of the viscosity ⁇ for different fluids may be stored, for example, in the evaluation unit 6 .
  • the viscosity ⁇ for the fluid 1 under test may be ascertained by using a measuring method for determining the viscosity ⁇ , in particular by using a flexural resonator.
  • a measuring apparatus for determining the viscosity ⁇ is combined with an apparatus 10 according to the invention; or a further evaluation unit of a measuring apparatus for determining the viscosity ⁇ is connected to the evaluation unit 6 , so that viscosity measurements for the fluid 1 under test are sent to the evaluation unit 6 of the apparatus 10 .
  • the viscosity ⁇ for the fluid under test may also be determined approximately directly by determining the pulse width of the first incoming sound pulse at the sound pulse receiver 3 , or of the received signal.
  • the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 of the first received sound pulse is ascertained as the full width at half maximum of the first incoming sound pulse, by a known and preferred method, as shown in FIG. 4 for the first fluid 1 under test.
  • the signal intensity I is plotted in arbitrary units [a.u.] on the y-axis against the transit time t in ⁇ s on the x-axis.
  • the full width at half maximum indicates the full width of the signal received at the sound pulse receiver 3 at half the maximum deflection.
  • the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 of the first received sound pulse may be determined as the time interval between the start signal, i.e. the time of first receiving the sound pulse, and the first registered zero crossing of the sound pulse.
  • the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 in this case is a function of attenuation by the fluid 1 under test, the excitation frequency of the sound pulse generator 2 , the temperature and the viscosity ⁇ of the fluid 1 under test.
  • the excitation frequency of the sound pulse generator 2 and the measuring distance 4 are constant and the only variable quantity is the viscosity ⁇ , as the temperature is assumed to be constant.
  • FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the pulse width P in nanoseconds and the root (sqrt) of the viscosity ⁇ . It is evident that the sound pulse arriving at the sound pulse receiver 3 is more strongly attenuated by the same stimulation pulse of the sound pulse generator 2 when it propagates in more viscous media than in less viscous media. This circumstance leads on one hand to a decrease in the signal amplitude and, on the other hand, to an increase in the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 .
  • a second calibration table for is provided for the relationship between the viscosity and the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 of the first sound pulse received after traversing the measuring distance 4 , for a multiplicity of fluids each having a known viscosity ⁇ .
  • An example of such a second calibration table or calibration function is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the pulse width P of the first sound pulse received in the fluid 1 under test after traveling the measuring distance 4 is subsequently determined, and the viscosity of the fluid 1 under test is determined by using the second calibration table or calibration function and the ascertained pulse width P of the first received sound pulse.
  • the pulse width P changes as a function of the viscosity ⁇ and increases with increasing viscosity ⁇ .
  • the pulse width change causes a first-time offset ⁇ Tof.
  • This first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof may be corrected with knowledge of the viscosity ⁇ , as described above, for a certain type of measuring cell with a known measuring distance 4 and a constant excitation frequency of the sound pulse generator 2 , for example, by using the correction table.
  • the two steps i.e., the determination of the viscosity ⁇ of the fluid under test by using the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 and the determination of the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof based on the ascertained viscosity ⁇ of the fluid 1 under test, may also be stored in a single common correction table or as a common correction function.
  • a common correction table or correction function yields the viscosity-induced first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof, starting from the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 determined for the fluid under test, which must be taken into account when ascertaining the sonic velocity in the fluid under test.
  • a multiplicity of correction measurements are conducted on preferably at least six samples each having a known viscosity ⁇ and sonic velocity.
  • a higher-order polynomial is normally required in order to describe the relationship between the first arrival deviation ⁇ Tof and the viscosity ⁇ derived from the pulse width P, P 1 , P 2 .
  • known viscosity ⁇ and sonic velocity are necessary in order to enable description by using a second-order polynomial.
  • a common correction table or correction function may be created from the first calibration table, which indicates the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 of the first received sound pulse for fluids each having a known sonic velocity and known viscosity ⁇ , and the second calibration table, which indicates the relationship between the viscosity ⁇ and the pulse width P; P 1 , P 2 for fluids each having a known viscosity ⁇ .
  • a corrected viscosity-dependent sonic velocity may be determined straightforwardly by using the common correction table and the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 of the first received sound pulse and ascertained pulse width P; P 1 , P 2 for the fluid 1 under test.
  • the temperature of the samples may be taken into consideration, with a corresponding polynomial expression and calibration measurement in the common correction table or common correction function.
  • the temperature during measurement of the fluid 1 under test may be measured and taken into account in correcting the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 .
  • the correction of the first arrival or the correction of the specific transit time for the fluid 1 under test is thus viscosity-dependent and temperature-dependent; to evaluate the sonic velocity, both quantities may be obtained from either measurement or known reference values.
  • FIG. 8 shows a representation of the sonic velocity deviation ⁇ v in meters per second plotted against the root (sqrt) from the viscosity ⁇ for fluids under test 1 with known sound velocities, for which a correction based on the viscosity ⁇ was applied in evaluating the sonic velocity.
  • the viscosity ⁇ was determined from the pulse width P of the first sound pulse that was received after it had traversed the measuring distance 4 for the respective fluid. It may be seen in FIG. 8 that taking into account the viscosity-related first-time application deviation, results in a significant improvement in the ascertained measurements for the sonic velocity in the fluids under test 1 .
  • an apparatus 10 may also be configured in such a way that the sound pulse generator 2 and the sound pulse receiver 3 are configured as a combined sound pulse generator/receiver, the sound pulse generator/receiver being disposed at one end of the measuring distance 4 .
  • a sound-reflecting boundary surface is disposed at the far end of the measuring distance 4 , opposite the sound pulse generator/receiver, and the sound pulse generator/receiver may be induced to emit sound pulses upon registering incoming sound pulses.
  • the sound pulses that the combined sound pulse generator/receiver emits are incident on the solid-fluid interface, and are subsequently registered by the combined sound pulse generator/receiver, and after these sound pulses are registered, a new sound pulse is transmitted.
  • Combined piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers/receivers are a suitable example of a combined sound pulse generator/receiver.
  • the sound propagation times or sonic velocities determined by such an apparatus 10 are characterized by high resolution and repeatability, and the measurement is immediately sensitive to changes in concentration or temperature, so that drift-free measurement results may be obtained in real time. Furthermore, the construction of such a measuring cell 5 is robust and requires fewer moving parts.
  • Such a configuration of an apparatus 10 according to the invention is particularly suitable for strongly absorbing fluids 1 under test, because in this case, the multiple reflections are greatly reduced and do not interfere with determining the first arrival Tof 1 , Tof 2 in the fluid 1 under test.
  • each apparatus 10 according to the invention may also be configured to be thermostatted, so that the temperature remains constant during measurement and therefore the temperature need not be taken into account in correcting the viscosity-dependent sonic velocity.

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US16/256,312 2018-01-24 2019-01-24 Method and apparatus for determining a corrected value for the viscosity-dependent sonic velocity in a fluid to be tested Abandoned US20190226894A1 (en)

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CN116577417A (zh) * 2023-07-13 2023-08-11 浙江大学 一种用于复合材料的自适应超声全聚焦缺陷成像方法

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CN110068387A (zh) 2019-07-30
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JP2019128356A (ja) 2019-08-01
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