Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D1/60—Deposition of organic layers from vapour phase
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D1/62—Plasma-deposition of organic layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D3/02—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
  • B05D3/0254—After-treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
  • B05D3/061—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation using U.V.
  • B05D3/065—After-treatment
  • B05D3/067—Curing or cross-linking the coating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
  • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
  • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
  • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
  • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
  • C23C16/40—Oxides
  • C23C16/401—Oxides containing silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
  • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
  • C23C16/50—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
  • C23C16/56—After-treatment
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
  • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
  • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
  • H01B3/46—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes silicones
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
  • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
  • H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
  • H01L21/02112—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer
  • H01L21/02123—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon
  • H01L21/02126—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material containing Si, O, and at least one of H, N, C, F, or other non-metal elements, e.g. SiOC, SiOC:H or SiONC
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
  • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
  • H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
  • H01L21/02203—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being porous
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
  • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
  • H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
  • H01L21/02205—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition
  • H01L21/02208—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition the precursor containing a compound comprising Si
  • H01L21/02214—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition the precursor containing a compound comprising Si the compound comprising silicon and oxygen
  • H01L21/02216—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition the precursor containing a compound comprising Si the compound comprising silicon and oxygen the compound being a molecule comprising at least one silicon-oxygen bond and the compound having hydrogen or an organic group attached to the silicon or oxygen, e.g. a siloxane
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
  • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
  • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
  • H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
  • H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
  • H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
  • H01L21/02271—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition
  • H01L21/02274—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition in the presence of a plasma [PECVD]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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  • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
  • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
  • H01L21/02296—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
  • H01L21/02318—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
  • H01L21/02345—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to radiation, e.g. visible light
  • H01L21/02348—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to radiation, e.g. visible light treatment by exposure to UV light

Definitions

• CVD chemical vapor deposition
• the dielectric films produced by the compositions and methods described herein can be used, for example, as insulating layers in electronic devices.
• the electronics industry utilizes dielectric materials as insulating layers between circuits and components of integrated circuits (IC) and associated electronic devices.
• Line dimensions are being reduced in order to increase the speed and memory storage capability of microelectronic devices (e.g., computer chips).
• microelectronic devices e.g., computer chips.
• the insulating requirements for the interlayer dielectric (ILD) become much more rigorous.
• Shrinking the spacing requires a lower dielectric constant to minimize the RC time constant, where R is the resistance of the conductive line and C is the capacitance of the insulating dielectric interlayer.
• Capacitance (C) is inversely proportional to spacing and proportional to the dielectric constant (k) of the interlayer dielectric (ILD).
• silica (SiO 2 ) CVD dielectric films produced from SiH 4 or TEOS (Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 4 , tetraethylorthosilicate) and O 2 have a dielectric constant k greater than 4.0.
• TEOS Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 4 , tetraethylorthosilicate
• O 2 have a dielectric constant k greater than 4.0.
• TEOS Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 4 , tetraethylorthosilicate
• This organosilica glass is typically deposited as a dense film (density ⁇ 1.5 g/cm 3 ) from an organosilicon precursor, such as a methylsilane or siloxane, and an oxidant, such as O 2 or N 2 O.
• Organosilica glass will be herein be referred to as OSG.
• dielectric constant or “k” values drop below 2.7 with higher device densities and smaller dimensions, the industry has exhausted most of the suitable low k compositions for dense films and has turned to various porous materials for improved insulating properties.
• Patents, published applications, and publications in the field of porous ILD by CVD methods field include: EP 1 119 035 A2 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,945, which describe a process of depositing an OSG film from organosilicon precursors with labile groups in the presence of an oxidant such as N 2 O and optionally a peroxide, with subsequent removal of the labile group with a thermal anneal to provide porous OSG; U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the ultimate final composition of the films indicate residual porogen and a high hydrocarbon film content of approximately 80 to 90 at. %. Further, the final films retain the SiO 2 -like network, with substitution of a portion of oxygen atoms for organic groups.
• a challenge which has been recognized in the industry, is that films with lower dielectric constants typically have higher porosity, which leads to enhanced diffusion of species into the films, specifically gas phase diffusion. This increased diffusion can result in increased removal of carbon from the porous OSG film from processes such as etching of the film, plasma ashing of photoresist, and NH 3 plasma treatment of copper surfaces.
• Carbon depletion in the OSG films can cause one or more of the following problems: an increase in the dielectric constant of the film; film etching and feature bowing during wet cleaning steps; moisture absorption into the film due to loss of hydrophobicity, pattern collapse of fine features during the wet clean steps after pattern etch and/or integration issues when depositing subsequent layers such as, without limitation, copper diffusion barriers, for example Ta/TaN or advanced Co or MnN barrier layers.
• a first approach is to use a porogen which results in a higher retention of Si-Methyl (Me) groups in the porous OSG layer.
• Si-Me Si-Methyl
• a second approach has been to use a damage resistant porogen (DRP), such as, for example, the porogen disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,753,985, which leaves additional amorphous carbon behind in the film after UV curing. In certain cases, this residual carbon does not negatively impact the dielectric constant nor the mechanical strength. It is difficult, however, to get significantly higher carbon contents in these films using the DRP.
• DRP damage resistant porogen
• bridged precursors generally have very high boiling points due to the increased molecular weight from having two silicon groups.
• the increased boiling point may negatively impact the manufacturing process by making it difficult to deliver the chemical precursor into the reaction chamber as a gas phase reagent without condensing it in the vapor delivery line or process pump exhaust.
• a substrate is provided within a reaction chamber, and gaseous reagents including at least one structure-forming precursor comprising an silacyclic compound are introduced therein.
• the silacyclic compound preferably contains less than about 100 ppm of impurities. Energy is then applied to the gaseous reagents in the reaction chamber to induce reaction of the gaseous reagents and thereby deposit a preliminary film on the substrate.
• a porogen is introduced in the reaction chamber with the gaseous reagents that include at least one structure-forming precursor comprising an silacyclic compound.
• the preliminary film includes the porogen.
• the method further includes the step of removing from the preliminary film at least a portion of the porogen to provide the porous dielectric film comprising pores and having a dielectric constant of about 2.6 or less.
• the silacyclic compound(s) may include 1-methyl-1-acetoxysilacyclopentane (MASCAP), as a structure former, which after UV curing provides a film that has similar mechanical properties as the films that use a prior art structure former such as diethoxymethylsilane (DEMS) at the same dielectric constant. Further, the films deposited using the silacyclic compounds described herein as the structure forming precursor(s) comprise a relatively higher amount of carbon.
• MASCAP 1-methyl-1-acetoxysilacyclopentane
• DEMS diethoxymethylsilane
• silacyclic compound(s) described herein have a lower molecular weight (Mw) relative to other prior art structure-forming precursors such as bridged precursors, (e.g., alkoxydisiloxane precursors) which by nature of having 2 silicon groups have a higher MW and higher boiling points, thereby making the silacyclic precursors described herein more convenient to process, for example, in a high volume manufacturing process.
• Mw molecular weight
• the film comprises a higher carbon content (10-40 at. %) as measured by X-ray photospectrometry (XPS) and exhibits a decreased depth of carbon removal when exposed to, for example an O 2 or NH 3 plasma as measured by examining the carbon content determined by XPS depth profiling.
• XPS X-ray photospectrometry
• a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for producing a low k dielectric film, the method comprising: providing a substrate within a reaction chamber; introducing into the reaction chamber gaseous reagents including at least one structure-forming precursor comprising an silacyclic compound such as, for example, 1-methyl-1-acetoxy-1-silacyclopentane; applying energy to the gaseous reagents in the reaction chamber to induce reaction of the gaseous reagents to deposit a preliminary film on the substrate, wherein the preliminary film can be subsequently UV cured to improve mechanical properties.
• the as deposited or UV cured film will have a dielectric constant of 3.3 or less, preferably 3.0 or less, most preferably 2.9 or less.
• the silacyclic compounds described herein provide unique attributes that make it possible for one to incorporate more carbon content in the dielectric film with little, if any, impact on the mechanical properties of the dielectric film compared to prior art structure forming precursors such as diethoxymethylsilane (DEMS).
• DEMS provides a mixed ligand system in DEMS with two alkoxy groups, one methyl and one hydride which offers a balance of reactive sites and allows for the formation of more mechanically robust films while retaining the desired dielectric constant desired.
• the silacyclic precursors described herein such as 1-methyl-1-acetoxy-1-silacyclopentane are asymmetric in nature and may offer advantages over more symmetric precursors such as 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclopentane or 1,1-diethoxy-1-silacyclopent-3-ene, or 1,1-diethoxy-1-silacyclopentane which have been disclosed in prior art.
• the incorporation of one alkyl and one alkoxy group of the structure-forming precursor(s) described herein allows for a balance of mechanical strength and carbon incorporation at dielectric constant of 3.3 or less.
• a layer of silicon-containing dielectric material is deposited on at a least a portion of a substrate via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process employing a reaction chamber.
• Suitable substrates include, but are not limited to, semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide (“GaAs”), silicon, and compositions containing silicon such as crystalline silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, epitaxial silicon, silicon dioxide (“SiO 2 ”), silicon glass, silicon nitride, fused silica, glass, quartz, borosilicate glass, and combinations thereof.
• the substrate may have additional layers such as, for example, silicon, SiO 2 , organosilicate glass (OSG), fluorinated silicate glass (FSG), boron carbonitride, silicon carbide, hydrogenated silicon carbide, silicon nitride, hydrogenated silicon nitride, silicon carbonitride, hydrogenated silicon carbonitride, boronitride, organic-inorganic composite materials, photoresists, organic polymers, porous organic and inorganic materials and composites, metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, and germanium oxide.
• OSG organosilicate glass
• FSG fluorinated silicate glass
• Still further layers can also be germanosilicates, aluminosilicates, copper and aluminum, and diffusion barrier materials such as, but not limited to, TiN, Ti(C)N, TaN, Ta(C)N, Ta, W, or WN.
• the layer of silicon-containing dielectric material is deposited on at least a portion of the substrate by introducing into the reaction chamber gaseous reagents including at least one structure-forming precursor comprising an silacyclic compound.
• a second structure forming precursor can be added as a hardening additive to enhance the films mechanical properties.
• This film can be used as deposited, or UV cured to further improve mechanical properties.
• silacyclic compound as the structure-forming precursor(s) according which have the following structure of Formula (I):
• R 1 is selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1 to C 10 alkyl group, a linear or branched C 2 to C 10 alkenyl group, a linear or branched C 2 to C 10 alkynyl group, a C 3 to C 10 cyclic alkyl group, a C 3 to C 10 hetero-cyclic alkyl group, a C 5 to C 10 aryl group, a C 3 to C 10 hetero-aryl group;
• R 2 is selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1 to C 10 alkyl group, a linear or branched C 2 to C 10 alkenyl group, a linear or branched C 2 to C 10 alkynyl group, a C 3 to C 10 cyclic alkyl group, a C 3 to C 10 hetero-cyclic alkyl group, a C 5 to C 10 aryl or aralkyl group, a C 3 to C 10 hetero-aryl group; and R 3 is selected from a C 3 to C
• alkyl denotes a linear or branched functional group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Exemplary linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl groups.
• Exemplary branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, iso-hexyl, and neo-hexyl.
• the alkyl group may have one or more functional groups attached thereto such as, but not limited to, an alkoxy group such as methoxy, ethoxy, iso-propoxy, and n-propoxy, a dialkylamino group such as dimethylamino or combinations thereof, attached thereto. In other embodiments, the alkyl group does not have one or more functional groups attached thereto.
• the alkyl group may be saturated or, alternatively, unsaturated.
• cyclic alkyl denotes a cyclic functional group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
• exemplary cyclic alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclooctyl groups.
• hetero-cyclic denotes a C 2 to C 10 hetero-cyclic alkyl group such as an epoxy group.
• alkenyl group denotes a group which has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and has from 2 to 10 or from 2 to 10 or from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkynyl group denotes a group which has one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and has from 3 to 10 or from 2 to 10 or from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• aryl or aralkyl denotes an aromatic or alkyl substituted aromatic functional group having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or from 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
• exemplary aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, and o-xylyl.
• alkylaryl denotes an alkyl-substituted aryl as defined above.
• exemplary alkaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl and chlorobenzyl.
• hetero-aryl denotes a C 3 to C 10 hetero-cyclic aryl group including, but not limited to, 1,2,3-triazolyl, pyrrrolyl, and furanyl.
• R 3 is a C 3 to C 10 alkyl di-radical which forms a four-membered, five-membered, or six-membered cyclic ring with the Si atom.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain which links with the Si atom together to form a ring in Formula I wherein the ring is a four-membered, five-membered, or six-membered ring.
• the ring structure can be saturated such as, for example, a cyclic alkyl ring, or unsaturated, for example, an aryl ring.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl
• R 3 forms a four-membered, five-membered, or six-membered cyclic ring with the Si atom. Examples of these embodiments are as follows:
• composition and method described herein uses the silacyclic compound, 1-methyl-1-acetoxysilacyclopentane (MASCAP), as the structure-forming precursor which has the following structure:
• MASCAP 1-methyl-1-acetoxysilacyclopentane
• the silacyclic compounds described herein and methods and compositions comprising same are preferably substantially free of one or more impurities such as without limitation, halide ions and water.
• impurities such as without limitation, halide ions and water.
• the term “substantially free” as it relates to an impurity means 100 parts per million (ppm) or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, and 5 ppm or less of the impurity.
• the term “free of” as it relates to an impurity means 0.1 parts per million (ppm) or less.
• the impurity includes, but is not limited to, halides, metal ions, volatile metal compounds, chlorosilicon-containing compounds, silicon-containing compounds.
• the silacyclic compounds are preferably substantially free of halide-containing compounds.
• halide ions such as, for example, chlorides (i.e. chloride-containing compounds such as HCl or silicon compounds having at least one Si—Cl bond) and fluorides, bromides, and iodides, means less than 5 ppm of halides (by weight) measured by ion chromatography (IC), preferably less than 3 ppm measured by ion chromatography (IC), and more preferably less than 1 ppm measured by ion chromatography (IC), and most preferably 0 ppm measured by ion chromatography (IC).
• IC ion chromatography
• Chlorides are known to act as decomposition catalysts for the silacyclic compounds. Significant levels of chloride in the final product can cause the silicon precursor compounds to degrade. The gradual degradation of the silicon precursor compounds may directly impact the film deposition process making it difficult for the semiconductor manufacturer to meet film specifications. In addition, the shelf-life or stability is negatively impacted by the higher degradation rate of the silicon precursor compounds thereby making it difficult to guarantee a 1-2 year shelf-life. Therefore, the accelerated decomposition of the silicon precursor compounds presents safety and performance concerns related to the formation of these flammable and/or pyrophoric gaseous byproducts.
• the silacyclic compounds are preferably substantially free of metal ions such as, Li + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ , Cr 3+ .
• metal ions such as, Li + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ , Cr 3+ .
• the term “substantially free” as it relates to Li, Al, Fe, Ni, Cr, Mg, and Ca means less than 5 ppm (by weight), preferably less than 3 ppm, and more preferably less than 1 ppm, and most preferably 0.1 ppm as measured by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
• ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
• the silicon precursor compounds having Formula A are free of metal ions such as, Li + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ , Cr 3+ .
• the term “free of” metal impurities as it relates to Li, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Ni, Cr, noble metal such as volatile Ru or Pt complexes from ruthenium or platinum catalysts used in the synthesis means less than 1 ppm or less, preferably 0.1 ppm or less (by weight) as measured by ICP-MS.
• Compositions according to the present invention that are substantially free of halides can be achieved by (1) reducing or eliminating chloride sources during chemical synthesis, and/or (2) implementing an effective purification process to remove chloride from the crude product such that the final purified product is substantially free of chlorides.
• Chloride sources may be introduced during synthesis due to using reagents that do contain halides such as trichloromethylsilane, tribromosilane thereby avoiding the production of by-products that contain halide.
• the synthesis should not use halide based solvents, catalysts, or solvents which contain unacceptably high levels of halide contamination.
• the crude product may also be treated by various purification methods to render the final product substantially free of halides such as chlorides.
• Such methods are well described in the prior art and may include, but are not limited to, purification processes such as distillation, or adsorption. Distillation is commonly used to separate impurities from the desire product by exploiting differences in boiling point. Adsorption may also be used to take advantage of the differential adsorptive properties of the components to effect separation such that the final product is substantially free of halide. Adsorbents such as, for example, commercially available MgO—Al 2 O 3 blends can be used to remove halides such as chloride.
• silicon-containing structure-forming precursors such as, for example, DEMS polymerize once energized in the reaction chamber to form a structure having an —O— linkage (e.g., —Si—O—Si—or —Si—O—C—) in the polymer backbone
• silacyclic compounds such as, for example, the MASCAP molecule polymerizes to form a structure where, some of the —O— bridge in the backbone is/are replaced with a —CH 2 — methylene or —CH 2 CH 2 — ethylene bridge(s).
• an additional structure forming precursor further comprises a hardening additive which will increase the mechanical strength when used with silacyclic structure former
• hardening additives are tetraalkoxysilanes, such as for example, tetrethoxysilane (TEOS) or tetramethoxysilane (TMOS).
• TEOS tetrethoxysilane
• TMOS tetramethoxysilane
• the composition of the structure forming portion comprises from about 30 to about 95 weight percent structure forming precursor comprising the silacyclic compound(s) having Formula I; from about 5 to about 70 weight percent of hardening additive; and about 40 to about 95 weight percent of the total precursor flow of porogen precursor.
• gaseous reagents further comprise one or more porogen precursors which is introduced into the reaction chamber along with the at least one structure-forming precursor comprising an silacyclic compound such as, for example, 1-methyl-1-acetoxysilacyclopentane.
• porogen precursors which is introduced into the reaction chamber along with the at least one structure-forming precursor comprising an silacyclic compound such as, for example, 1-methyl-1-acetoxysilacyclopentane.
• Cyclic hydrocarbons of the general formula C n H 2n where n 4-14, where the number of carbons in the cyclic structure is between 4 and 10, and where there can be a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituted onto the cyclic structure. Examples include: cyclohexane, 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexane, cyclooctane, methylcyclooctane, methylcyclohexane, etc.
• the unsaturation can be located inside endocyclic or on one of the hydrocarbon substituents to the cyclic structure.
• Examples include, para-cymene, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, dimethyl-cyclooctadiene, cyclohexene, vinyl-cyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexene, alpha-terpinene, pinene, limonene, vinyl-cyclohexene, etc.
• Multiply unsaturated bicyclic hydrocarbons of the general formula C n H 2n-(2+2x) where x is the number of unsaturated sites in the molecule, n 4-14, where the number of carbons in the bicyclic structure is between 4 and 12, and where there can be a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituted onto the cyclic structure.
• the unsaturation can be located inside endocyclic or on one of the hydrocarbon substituents to the cyclic structure. Examples include camphene, norbornene, norbornadiene, 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene etc.
• Tricyclic hydrocarbons of the general formula C n H 2n-4 where n 4-14, where the number of carbons in the tricyclic structure is between 4 and 12, and where there can be a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituted onto the cyclic structure. Examples include adamantane.
• gaseous reagents is sometimes used herein to describe the reagents, the phrase is intended to encompass reagents delivered directly as a gas to the reactor, delivered as a vaporized liquid, a sublimed solid and/or transported by an inert carrier gas into the reactor.
• the reagents can be carried into the reactor separately from distinct sources or as a mixture.
• the reagents can be delivered to the reactor system by any number of means, preferably using a pressurizable stainless steel vessel fitted with the proper valves and fittings to allow the delivery of liquid to the process reactor.
• additional materials can be introduced into the reaction chamber prior to, during and/or after the deposition reaction.
• Such materials include, e.g., inert gas (e.g., He, Ar, N 2 , Kr, Xe, etc., which may be employed as a carrier gas for lesser volatile precursors and/or which can promote the curing of the as-deposited materials and provide a more stable final film) and reactive substances, such as oxygen-containing species such as, for example, O 2 , O 3 , and N 2 O, gaseous or liquid organic substances, NH 3 , H 2 , CO 2 , or CO.
• inert gas e.g., He, Ar, N 2 , Kr, Xe, etc.
• reactive substances such as oxygen-containing species such as, for example, O 2 , O 3 , and N 2 O, gaseous or liquid organic substances, NH 3 , H 2 , CO 2 , or CO.
• the reaction mixture introduced into the reaction chamber comprises at least one oxidant selected from the group consisting of O 2 , N 2 O, NO, NO 2 , CO 2 , water, H 2 O 2 , ozone, and combinations thereof.
• the reaction mixture does not comprise an oxidant.
• Energy is applied to the gaseous reagents to induce the gases to react and to form the film on the substrate.
• energy can be provided by, e.g., plasma, pulsed plasma, helicon plasma, high density plasma, inductively coupled plasma, remote plasma, hot filament, and thermal (i.e., non-filament) methods.
• a secondary rf frequency source can be used to modify the plasma characteristics at the substrate surface.
• the film is formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (“PECVD”).
• the flow rate for each of the gaseous reagents preferably ranges from 10 to 5000 sccm, more preferably from 30 to 1000 sccm, per single 200 mm wafer.
• the actual flow rates needed may depend upon wafer size and chamber configuration, and are in no way limited to 200 mm wafers or single wafer chambers.
• the film is deposited at a deposition rate of about 50 nanometers (nm) per minute.
• the pressure in the reaction chamber during deposition ranges from about 0.01 to about 600 torr (1.3 Pa-80 kPa) or from about 1 to 15 torr (130 Pa-2 kPa).
• the film is preferably deposited to a thickness of 0.002 to 10 microns, although the thickness can be varied as required.
• the blanket film deposited on a non-patterned surface has excellent uniformity, with a variation in thickness of less than 2% over 1 standard deviation across the substrate with a reasonable edge exclusion, wherein e.g., a 5 mm outermost edge of the substrate is not included in the statistical calculation of uniformity.
• Preferred embodiments of the invention provide a thin film material having a low dielectric constant and improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical resistance (to oxygen, aqueous oxidizing environments, etc.) relative to other low k dielectric films deposited using other structure forming precursors known in the art.
• the structure forming precursors described herein comprising the silacyclic compound(s) having Formula I provide a higher incorporation into the film of carbon (preferably predominantly in the form of organic carbon, —CH x , where x is 1 to 3) whereby specific precursor or network-forming chemicals are used to deposit films.
• the majority of the hydrogen in the film is bonded to carbon.
• the low k dielectric film deposited using the composition and method described herein preferably comprise: (a) about 10 to about 35 at. %, more preferably about 20 to about 30 at. % silicon; (b) about 10 to about 65 at. %, more preferably about 20 to about 45 at. % oxygen; (c) about 10 to about 50 at. %, more preferably about 15 to about 40 at. % hydrogen; (d) about 5 to about 40 at. %, more preferably about 10 to about 45 at. % carbon.
• the low k dielectric film may also include about 0.1 to about 15 at. %, more preferably about 0.5 to about 7.0 at. % fluorine, to improve one or more materials properties.
• OSG materials are considered to be low k materials as their dielectric constant is less than that of the standard material traditionally used in the industry—silica glass.
• the materials of the invention can also be provided by adding pore-forming species or porogens to the deposition procedure, incorporating the porogens into the as-deposited (i.e., preliminary) OSG film and removing substantially all of the porogens from the preliminary film while substantially retaining the terminal Si—CH 3 groups or bridging —(CH 2 ) x — of the preliminary film to provide the product film.
• the product film is porous OSG and has a dielectric constant reduced from that of the preliminary film as well as from an analogous film deposited without porogens. It is important to distinguish the film of the present invention as porous OSG, as opposed to a porous inorganic SiO 2 , which lacks the hydrophobicity provided by the organic groups in OSG.
• Films of the invention may also contain fluorine in the form of inorganic fluorine (e.g., Si—F). Fluorine, when present, is preferably contained in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 7 at. %.
• Films of the present development are preferably thermally stable, with good chemical resistance.
• preferred films after an anneal step have an average weight loss of less than 1.0 wt %/hr isothermal at 425° C. under N 2 .
• the films preferably have an average weight loss of less than 1.0 wt %/hr isothermal at 425° C. under air.
• the films disclosed herein are suitable for a variety of uses.
• the films are particularly suitable for deposition on a semiconductor substrate, and are particularly suitable for use as, e.g., an insulation layer, an interlayer dielectric layer and/or an inter-metal dielectric layer.
• the films can form a conformal coating.
• the mechanical properties exhibited by these films make them particularly suitable for use in Al subtractive technology and Cu damascene or dual damascene technology.
• the films are compatible with chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) and anisotropic etching, and are capable of adhering to a variety of materials, such as silicon, SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , OSG, FSG, silicon carbide, hydrogenated silicon carbide, silicon nitride, hydrogenated silicon nitride, silicon carbonitride, hydrogenated silicon carbonitride, boronitride, antireflective coatings, photoresists, organic polymers, porous organic and inorganic materials, metals such as copper and aluminum, and diffusion barrier layers such as but not limited to TiN, Ti(C)N, TaN, Ta(C)N, Ta, W, WN or W(C)N.
• the films are preferably capable of adhering to at least one of the foregoing materials sufficiently to pass a conventional pull test, such as ASTM D3359-95a tape pull test. A sample is considered to have passed the test if there is no discernible removal of film.
• the film is an insulation layer, an interlayer dielectric layer, an inter-metal dielectric layer, a capping layer, a chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) or etch stop layer, a barrier layer or an adhesion layer in an integrated circuit.
• CMP chemical-mechanical planarization
• the films described herein are uniformly deposited dielectric films, the films as used in a full integration structure may actually consist of several sandwiched layers with for example a thin layer at the bottom or top which contains silicon oxide like properties. These sandwich layers may be utilized to enhance secondary integration properties such as for example adhesion, etch selectivity or electromigration performance.
• the invention is particularly suitable for providing films and products of the invention are largely described herein as films, the invention is not limited thereto.
• Products of the invention can be provided in any form capable of being deposited by CVD, such as coatings, multilaminar assemblies, and other types of objects that are not necessarily planar or thin, and a multitude of objects not necessarily used in integrated circuits.
• the substrate is a semiconductor.
• the present invention includes the process by which the products are made, methods of using the products and compounds and compositions useful for preparing the products.
• a process for making an integrated circuit on a semiconductor device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,583,049, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Compositions of the invention can further comprise, e.g., at least one pressurizable vessel (preferably of stainless steel) fitted with the proper valves and fittings to allow the delivery of porogen, and MASCAP precursor to the process reactor.
• the contents of the vessel(s) can be premixed.
• multiple structure forming precursors can be maintained in separate vessels or in a single vessel having separation means for maintaining the porogen and precursor separate during storage.
• Such vessels can also have means for mixing the porogen and precursor when desired.
• post-treating can be conducted under high pressure or under a vacuum ambient.
• UV annealing is a preferred method conducted preferably under the following conditions.
• the environment can be inert (e.g., nitrogen, CO 2 , noble gases (He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), etc.), oxidizing (e.g., oxygen, air, dilute oxygen environments, enriched oxygen environments, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc.) or reducing (dilute or concentrated hydrogen, hydrocarbons (saturated, unsaturated, linear or branched, aromatics), etc.).
• the pressure is preferably about 1 Torr to about 1000 Torr (130 Pa-130 kPa), more preferably atmospheric pressure.
• a vacuum ambient is also possible for thermal annealing as well as any other post-treating means.
• the temperature is preferably 200-500° C., and the temperature ramp rate is from 0.1 to 100 deg ° C./min.
• the total UV annealing time is preferably from 0.01 min to 12 hours.
• Chemical treatment of the OSG film is preferably conducted under the following conditions.
• Supercritical fluid post-treatment for selective removal of porogens from an organosilicate film is preferably conducted under the following conditions.
• the fluid can be carbon dioxide, water, nitrous oxide, ethylene, SF 6 , and/or other types of chemicals.
• Other chemicals can be added to the supercritical fluid to enhance the process.
• the chemicals can be inert (e.g., nitrogen, CO 2 , noble gases (He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), etc.), oxidizing (e.g., oxygen, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc.), or reducing (e.g., dilute or concentrated hydrocarbons, hydrogen, etc.).
• the temperature is preferably ambient to 500° C.
• the chemicals can also include larger chemical species such as surfactants.
• the total exposure time is preferably from 0.01 min to 12 hours.
• Plasma treating for selective removal of labile groups and possible chemical modification of the OSG film is preferably conducted under the following conditions.
• the environment can be inert (nitrogen, CO 2 , noble gases (He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), etc.), oxidizing (e.g., oxygen, air, dilute oxygen environments, enriched oxygen environments, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc.), or reducing (e.g., dilute or concentrated hydrogen, hydrocarbons (saturated, unsaturated, linear or branched, aromatics), etc.).
• the plasma power is preferably 0-5000 W.
• the temperature is preferably ambient to 500° C.
• the pressure is preferably 10 mTorr (1.3 Pa) to atmospheric pressure.
• the total curing time is preferably 0.01 min to 12 hours.
• UV curing for selective removal of porogens from an organosilicate film is preferably conducted under the following conditions.
• the environment can be inert (e.g., nitrogen, CO 2 , noble gases (He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), etc.), oxidizing (e.g., oxygen, air, dilute oxygen environments, enriched oxygen environments, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc.), or reducing (e.g., dilute or concentrated hydrocarbons, hydrogen, etc.).
• the temperature is preferably ambient to 500° C.
• the power is preferably 0 to 5000 W.
• the wavelength is preferably IR, visible, UV or deep UV (wavelengths ⁇ 200 nm).
• the total UV curing time is preferably 0.01 min to 12 hours.
• Microwave post-treatment for selective removal of porogens from an organosilicate film is preferably conducted under the following conditions.
• the environment can be inert (e.g., nitrogen, CO 2 , noble gases (He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), etc.), oxidizing (e.g., oxygen, air, dilute oxygen environments, enriched oxygen environments, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc.), or reducing (e.g., dilute or concentrated hydrocarbons, hydrogen, etc.).
• the temperature is preferably ambient to 500° C.
• the power and wavelengths are varied and tunable to specific bonds.
• the total curing time is preferably from 0.01 min to 12 hours.
• Electron beam post-treatment for selective removal of porogens or specific chemical species from an organosilicate film and/or improvement of film properties is preferably conducted under the following conditions.
• the environment can be vacuum, inert (e.g., nitrogen, CO 2 , noble gases (He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), etc.), oxidizing (e.g., oxygen, air, dilute oxygen environments, enriched oxygen environments, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc.), or reducing (e.g., dilute or concentrated hydrocarbons, hydrogen, etc.).
• the temperature is preferably ambient to 500° C.
• the electron density and energy can be varied and tunable to specific bonds.
• the total curing time is preferably from 0.001 min to 12 hours, and may be continuous or pulsed. Additional guidance regarding the general use of electron beams is available in publications such as: S.
• Exemplary films were deposited on 200 mm wafers via a plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) process using an Applied Materials Precision-5000 system in a 200 mm DxZ reaction chamber or vacuum chamber that was fitted with an Advance Energy 200 RF generator from a variety of different chemical precursors and process conditions.
• the PECVD process generally involved the following basic steps: initial set-up and stabilization of gas flows, deposition of the film onto the silicon wafer substrate, and purge/evacuation of chamber prior to substrate removal. After the deposition, some films were subjected to UV annealing.
• UV annealing was performed using a Fusion UV system with a broad band UV bulb, with the wafer held under a helium gas flow at one or more pressures ⁇ 10 torr (1.3 kPa) and at one or more temperatures ⁇ 400° C.
• Thickness and refractive index were measured on an SCI FilmTek 2000 Reflectometer. Dielectric constants were determined using Hg probe technique on mid-resistivity p-type wafers (range 8-12 ohm-cm). FTIR spectra were measured using a Nicholet Nexxus 470 spectrometer. In Example 1 mechanical properties were determined using MTS Nano Indenter. Compositional data were obtained by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on a Physical Electronics 5000LS and are provided in atomic weight percent. The atomic weight percent % values reported do not include hydrogen.
• XPS x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
• Example 1 Deposition of OSG Films from 1-methyl-1-acetoxy-1-silacyclopentane
• An organosilicate layer was deposited using 1-acetoxy-1-methyl-1-silacyclopentane as a silicon precursor.
• the deposition conditions for depositing the composite film on a 200 mm wafer are as follows: The precursor was delivered to the reaction chamber via direct liquid injection (DLI) at a flow rate of 1000 milligrams/minute (mg/min) of 1-methyl-1-acetoxy-1-silacyclopentane, 200 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) helium carrier gas flow, 20 sccm O 2 , 350 milli-inch (0.89 cm) showerhead/wafer spacing, 400° C.
• DLI direct liquid injection
• RI Refractive Index
• This film as deposited had a dielectric constant of 2.96, an elastic modulus of 13.5 GPa, and a hardness of 2.4 GPa.
• UV annealing step After deposition the film was exposed to a UV annealing step for a period of 4 minutes at 400° C. After UV annealing the film had shrunk 7.6% to 461 nm thick with a refractive index of 1.488.
• the film After UV curing the film had a dielectric constant of 3.00, an elastic modulus of 16.8 GPa, and a hardness of 3.2 GPa.
• the elemental composition of the film after UV annealing as measured by XPS was 27.1 at. % carbon, 42.6 at. % oxygen and 30.3 at. % silicon. Although XPS analysis cannot measure hydrogen composition in such a film, it is expected that hydrogen is present in the form of C—H bonding and possibly Si—H bonding and would constitute between 10 and 50 at. % of the film.

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