US20180104233A1 - Methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions using bcn057 or bcn512 - Google Patents

Methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions using bcn057 or bcn512 Download PDF

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US20180104233A1
US20180104233A1 US15/784,162 US201715784162A US2018104233A1 US 20180104233 A1 US20180104233 A1 US 20180104233A1 US 201715784162 A US201715784162 A US 201715784162A US 2018104233 A1 US2018104233 A1 US 2018104233A1
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fibrosis
radiation
cancer
formula
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Andrew J. Norris
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BCN BIOSCIENCES LLC
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Priority to US16/292,266 priority patent/US11229635B2/en
Priority to US17/584,361 priority patent/US20220160701A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/63—Compounds containing para-N-benzenesulfonyl-N-groups, e.g. sulfanilamide, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl hydrazide
    • A61K31/635—Compounds containing para-N-benzenesulfonyl-N-groups, e.g. sulfanilamide, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl hydrazide having a heterocyclic ring, e.g. sulfadiazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/20—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing sulfur, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate or aminosulfonic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A61K47/40—Cyclodextrins; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present application provides new uses for molecules that were originally identified to protect normal cells from radiation induced cell death. Fundamental to radiation exposure and injury are DNA strand breaks, resulting in genetic instability and DNA deletions which are involved in cell death, cellular dysfunction, as well as longer term consequences such as birth defects and cancer.
  • the compounds disclosed herein were first described in U.S. Ser. No. 13/813,923 and U.S. Ser. No. 14/889,719.
  • the present invention provides new methods of use for these compounds, in particular the compounds BCN057 (also called YEL002) and 512, also called BCN512.
  • the invention provides a method of increasing hematopoiesis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of BCN057, BCN512, or an analog thereof.
  • the subject has leukemia, AML, ALL, bone marrow ablation, bone marrow transplant, bone marrow suppression due to radiation or chemotherapy, a platelet disorder, or clinical radiation related exposure.
  • the platelet disorder is caused by bone marrow failure (e.g., aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome), bone marrow suppression (e.g., from medication, chemotherapy, or irradiation as discussed above), chronic alcohol abuse, congenital macrothrombocytopenias (e.g., Alport syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Fanconi anemia, platelet-type or pseudo-von Willebrand disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), infection (e.g., cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, mumps, parvovirus B19, rickettsia, rubella, varicella-zoster virus), myelodysplastic syndrome, neoplastic marrow infiltration, or nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12 and folate).
  • bone marrow failure e.g., aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobin
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting cancer cell growth in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of BCN057, BCN512 or an analog thereof, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of renal cancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancers, breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian, leukemia, skin cancer such as melanoma, central nervous system cancers including pediatric brain cancers and adult brain cancers.
  • the invention provides a method of preventing late effects of clinical radiation, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of BCN057, BCN512 or an analog thereof, wherein the effects are reduction of tissue fibrosis, reduction in hormonal deficits, reduction in neurological impairment from radiation, reduction in growth retardation from radiation treatment, reduction of pulmonary, prostate, colon or kidney damage from radiation, reduction in leukemia arising from radiation treatment
  • the invention provides a method of treating fibrosis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of BCN057, BCN512, or an analog thereof.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrotic disease selected from the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, gastrointestinal fibrosis and renal fibrosis from kidney dialysis
  • the fibrotic disease is pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, cirrhosis, liver fibrosis (caused, for example by chronic viral hepatitis B or C), endomyocardial fibrosis, old myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis (soft tissue of the mediastinum), myelofibrosis (bone marrow), retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal fibrosis, keloid conditions, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, arthofibrosis, peyronie's disease, dupuytren's contracture, oral submucous fibrosis, or adhesive capsulitis.
  • the invention provides a method of improving wound and tissue healing in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of BCN057, BCN512 or an analog thereof.
  • the wound is a dermal wound. In one embodiment, the wound is caused by sun, radiation or heat exposure.
  • he analog is selected from the group consisting of Formula IB-H.
  • the compound is Formula IA.
  • the analog is selected from the group consisting of Formula IIB-H.
  • the compound is Formula IIA.
  • the subject received radiation therapy.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of BCN057 comprising 100 mM methanesulfonic acid/10% povidone (PVP); 100 mM MSA/2% benzyl alcohol/2% N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).
  • PVP methanesulfonic acid/10% povidone
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the composition comprises 30 wt % Captisol (SBE-beta-CD) and 100 mM MSA. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises 30 wt % Captisol (SBE-beta-CD) and 100 mM MSA at pH 4.0 or lower.
  • the invention provides a nanoparticle pharmaceutical composition of BCN512.
  • FIG. 1 Inhibition of RPMI-8226, K-562, and CCRF-CEM cell lines by BCN057.
  • FIG. 2 Inhibition of breast cancer cell lines: T-470, MDA-MB-231/ATCC, H5578T, BT-549, and MDA-MB-468; the CNS cancer lines: SNB-19, SNB-75, SF-539; Colon cancer cell line HCT-116; Melanoma cell lines: UACC-62 SK-MEL-5; non-small cell lung cancer cell lines: HOP-92, EKVX, NCI-H23; ovarian cancer cell lines IGROV1, NCI/ADR-RES, OVCAR-4; prostate cancer cell line PC-3; and renal cancer cell lines: A498, ACHN, UO-31, CAKI-1, and 786Q by BCN057.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of the amount of blood platelets from plasma (mouse) demonstrating through multiple doses and multiple routes of entry that the drug stimulates platelet production rapidly.
  • FIG. 4 Cytokine panel for mice treated with BCN057.
  • FIG. 5 shows the cytokine analysis of plasma from mice treated with nothing (marked as 0G above), 7 Grey radiation (7G) and 7G+BCN057).
  • FIG. 6 Pharmacokinetic profile for C57BL/6 male mice receiving a 10 mg/kg sc injection of 512 in a low % deoxycholate formulation. Cmax observed is 132.5 ng/ml with a Tmax observed at 2 hours.
  • FIG. 7A Tumor metastasis model of the number of metastatic tumor nodules in C3H, C57Bl6, and nude mice.
  • FIG. 7B Tumor metastasis model of the number of metastatic tumor nodules in C3H, C57Bl6, and nude mice.
  • FIG. 7C Tumor metastasis model of the number of metastatic tumor nodules in C3H, C57Bl6, and nude mice.
  • FIG. 7D Tumor metastasis model of the number of metastatic tumor nodules in C3H, C57Bl6, and nude mice.
  • FIG. 8C Cytokine Profile in Plasma Male C3H/HeN mice 7.75Gy TBI Day 8 receiving BCN057.
  • FIG. 9 BCN 512 prevents hematopoietic suppression from total body irradiation in mice.
  • FIG. 10 Bone marrow removed from mice treated with nothing (control) or 512, second from left.
  • FIG. 11A Cancer Cell Proliferation in the presence of BCN057 10 mM expressed as a percent of control which is considered 100%. Cancer cell proliferation rate (various lines) vs control of 10 ul BCN057 vs control which is DMSO alone.
  • FIG. 11B Panel name, cell name and % of control.
  • FIG. 11C Panel name, cell name and % of control.
  • FIG. 12 BCN 512 treatment induced luciferase activity, indicating activation of canonical Wnt signaling.
  • FIG. 13A Untreated Control. BCN-512 mitigates radiation-induced damage in lung organoids. Please note that in the untreated group, the organoid structure was completely lost within 72-96 h of radiation exposure.
  • FIG. 13B 6Gy.
  • BCN-512 mitigates radiation-induced damage in lung organoids.
  • FIG. 13C 6Gy+512.
  • BCN-512 mitigates radiation-induced damage in lung organoids.
  • FIG. 14A Control.
  • Lgr5 and Fzd5 receptors were co-localized in cells at the BADJ region.
  • Lung epithelial sections from Lgr5-GFP-Cre-ERT mice were stained with chicken anti GFP antibodies (primary antibody; 1:200 dilution) and donkey anti-chicken 488 (secondary antibody; 1:200 dilution) to detect Lgr5 expression.
  • To detect Fzd5 expression sections were stained with rabbit anti-Fzd (primary antibody; 1:50 dilution) and donkey anti-rabbit 546 (secondary antibody; 1:200 dilution).
  • Fzd5-positive cells are red and Lgr5-positive cells are green. Cells co-expressing both receptors are yellow in color (red+green) and are primarily located at the BADJ region, as indicated with an arrow.
  • FIG. 14B WTI.
  • Lgr5 and Fzd5 receptors were co-localized in cells at the BADJ region.
  • Lung epithelial sections from Lgr5-GFP-Cre-ERT mice were stained with chicken anti GFP antibodies (primary antibody; 1:200 dilution) and donkey anti-chicken 488 (secondary antibody; 1:200 dilution) to detect Lgr5 expression.
  • To detect Fzd5 expression sections were stained with rabbit anti-Fzd (primary antibody; 1:50 dilution) and donkey anti-rabbit 546 (secondary antibody; 1:200 dilution).
  • Fzd5-positive cells are red and Lgr5-positive cells are green. Cells co-expressing both receptors are yellow in color (red+green) and are primarily located at the BADJ region, as indicated with an arrow.
  • FIG. 15 Number of fibroblasts recovered from co-cultures with 25-fold more non-irradiated or 2 G ⁇ -irradiated macrophages treated with diluent, BCN 512, LPS, or LPS+BCN 512 after 3 days culture.
  • the blue line is the no macrophage control.
  • FIG. 16 Flow cytometry profiles of CFSE-labeled fibroblasts co-cultures with macrophages at a ratio of 25:1 for 3 days in the presence of diluent, BCN 512, LPS, or LPS+512.
  • the fluorescence intensity decreased as the fibroblasts proliferated.
  • Non-activated control macrophages actually stimulate fibroblast proliferation; the blue line represents no macrophage control.
  • activation with LPS caused the equivalent of a 1-day growth arrest and decreased viability.
  • FIG. 17 The ratio of viable fibroblasts in irradiated (6 G ⁇ ) and non-irradiated macrophage co-cultures on day 3. Irradiation increased the ability of macrophages to support fibroblasts, and 512 decreased this effect of irradiation.
  • FIG. 18A Histologic examination of rodents undergoing local thoracic radiation and lung damage. Lung histology of C57BL/6 mice receiving local thoracic radiation (radiation of the lung area) presenting a focal area of increased cellularity and edema on the upper left quadrant. Adjacent to this is increased cellularity (the lacey patterning). The lower right quadrant, emphysema is present with large clear areas indicating where alveoli have collapsed to present large open areas.
  • FIG. 18B Histologic examination of rodents undergoing local thoracic radiation and lung damage. Histopathology of C57BL/6 mouse lung under identical radiation treatment as A, but also treated with 5 mg/kg BCN512 once per day every 24 hours for 5 doses. Lung tissue is normal with no evident emphysema or edema or hyper cellularity or immune infiltrate.
  • FIG. 19A Histologic examination of rodents undergoing local thoracic radiation and lung damage. Whole lobe section of animal lung having received 14.5Gy local thoracic radiation (Day 120 after irradiation treatment).
  • FIG. 19B Histological examination of rodents undergoing local thoracic radiation and lung damage.
  • Whole lobe section from the same animal lung as FIG. 19A having received 14.5Gy local thoracic radiation (Day 120 after irradiation treatment).
  • significant collapse of alveoli can be seen along with hyper cellularity (dark areas) and pronounced emphysema (large open areas) presenting fibrosis.
  • FIG. 19C Histologic examination of rodents undergoing local thoracic radiation and lung damage. Lobe from an animal treated identically as in FIGS. 19A and 19B , but receiving BCN512 at 5 mg/kg daily for 5 days after 14.5Gy local thoracic radiation. Absent are the large lesions and pronounced fibrosis.
  • FIG. 19D Histologic examination of rodents undergoing local thoracix radiation and lung damage. Separate lobe from the same animal of FIG. 19C , treated identically as in FIGS. 19A and 19B , but receiving BCN512 at 5 mg/kg daily for 5 days after 14.5Gy local thoracic radiation. Absent are the large lesions and pronounced fibrosis.
  • FIG. 20 Radiation sites for wound healing experiments.
  • FIG. 21 Average Draize Scoring. Plot of difference between Erythema development (blue) (left 6 columns) and Edema (right 6 columns). Radiation treatment alone is blue and BCN057 treatment is red (right column pair).
  • FIG. 22 Species 1-4 for BCN057 formulation experiments.
  • FIG. 23 BCN 512 induces the WINT target gene expression.
  • FIG. 24A Photo of dermal wound healing from radiation. Control site where only vehicle and no drug was used subsequent to radiation. Photographs of these subject wounds are also analyzed for Draize scoring in FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • FIG. 24B Photo of dermal wound healing from radiation. Control site where only vehicle and no drug was used subsequent to radiation. Photographs of these subject wounds are also analyzed for Draize scoring in FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • FIG. 24C Photo of dermal wound healing from radiation. Drug treatment site irradiated identical to the control site but with vehicle containing BCN512 at 10 mg/ml. Photographs of these subject wounds are also analyzed for Draize scoring in FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • FIG. 24D Photo of dermal wound healing from radiation. Drug treatment site irradiated identical to the control site but with vehicle containing BCN512 at 10 mg/ml. Photographs of these subject wounds are also analyzed for Draize scoring in FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • FIG. 24E Photo of dermal would healing from radiation.
  • Drug treatment site irradiated identical to the control site but with vehicle containing BCN057 at 10 mg/ml. Photographs of these subject wounds are also analyzed for Draize scoring in FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • FIG. 24F Photo of dermal would healing from radiation.
  • Drug treatment site irradiated identical to the control site but with vehicle containing BCN057 at 10 mg/ml. Photographs of these subject wounds are also analyzed for Draize scoring in FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • the compounds and compositions disclosed herein, including BCN512, BCN057 and analogs thereof can be used for treating or ameliorating various conditions described herein, such as bone marrow recovery and hematopoiesis, inhibition of cancer cell growth, late effects of radiation including fibrosis, and wound healing.
  • Yel002 or BCN057 is also known as 3-(3((furan-2-ylmethyl)ammo)-6-methylimidazo[1,2- ⁇ ]pyridine-2-yl)-6-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one.
  • the compound is an analog of Formula IA selected from Formulae IB-IH:
  • a compound of Formula IA, or an analog thereof disclosed herein can be prepared according to established methodology in the art of organic synthesis. General methods of synthesizing the compound can be found in, e.g., Stuart Warren and Paul Wyatt, Workbook for Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, second Edition, Wiley, 2010. Exemplary methods of making the compound is provided in U.S. Ser. No. 13/813,923 and U.S. Ser. No. 14/889,719, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the compound also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a prodrug thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, or a polymorphic crystal thereof.
  • the compound may be administered as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Compound 512 is also known as 1-[(4-nitrobenezene)sulfonyl]-4-phenyl piperazine. Analogs of 512 include compounds of Formula IIB:
  • X is N
  • G is N
  • Z is absent or selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; R 4 is absent or selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R 5 and R 6 are each independently absent or lower alkyl.
  • the analog is selected from Formulae IIC-E:
  • a compound of Formula IIA, or an analog thereof disclosed herein can be prepared according to established methodology in the art of organic synthesis. General methods of synthesizing the compound can be found in, e.g., Stuart Warren and Paul Wyatt, Workbook for Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, second Edition, Wiley, 2010. Exemplary methods of making the compound is provided in U.S. Ser. No. 13/813,923 and U.S. Ser. No. 14/889,719, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the compound also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a prodrug thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, or a polymorphic crystal thereof.
  • the compound may be administered as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be used for treating or ameliorating various conditions such as bone marrow recovery and hematopoiesis, inhibition of cancer cell growth, late effects of radiation including fibrosis, and wound healing.
  • Some cancer treatments can affect the bone marrow so that it does not make normal numbers of blood cells.
  • bone marrow transplant may also reduce the production of normal numbers of blood cells.
  • blood cells are not replaced as they normally would be and blood cell counts drop. Blood cell counts usually start to drop 7-10 days or longer after treatment. The time frame depends on the type of treatment given.
  • the lowest level that blood cell counts reach is called the nadir.
  • Each type of blood cell has a different nadir and nadir occurs at different times. Because RBCs live the longest, it takes them longer to reach their nadir. WBCs and platelets reach their lowest levels about 7-14 days after treatment. Symptoms of low blood cell counts are often worse at nadir. Blood cell counts may begin to recover and rise on their own, usually 2-4 weeks after radiation, chemotherapy or transplant treatment, however they may be suppressed for a significant period beyond the predicating treatment. The present methods speed bone marrow recovery.
  • Radiation therapy can damage tissues in the bone marrow that make blood cells. This is especially true if areas that contain large amounts of bone marrow, such as the pelvic bones, are treated with radiation.
  • the present compositions may be administered prophylactically before the initiation of radiation therapy, concurrently with radiation therapy, in between intervals of radiation therapy, or after radiation therapy.
  • Bone marrow transplant may lead to suppressed bone marrow recovery.
  • Chemotherapy can also damage tissues in the bone marrow that make blood cells.
  • bone marrow toxicity may occur with chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorocil, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, fludarabine, etoposide, bleomycin, irinotecan, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, paclitaxel or docetaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin and iomustine.
  • chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorocil, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, fludarabine, etop
  • the present therapies may be administered to patients who are concurrently prescribed with chemotherapy or after the onset of bone marrow suppression resulting from the chemotherapy.
  • the present compositions may be administered in patients with an extended period of treatment with the expectation that the present therapies will prevent, delay, or attenuate the toxicity towards bone marrow, and speed bone marrow recovery.
  • the present methods could be applied after it is apparent that bone marrow suppression has occurred.
  • Advanced HIV invention may also lead to bone marrow suppression.
  • the present compositions may be administered to patients having HIV, before or after the bone marrow suppression becomes evident.
  • Symptoms of bone marrow suppression can vary depending on their cause and other factors. It can also vary with the type of blood cell that is affected.
  • Anemia (a lower number of red blood cells) causes fatigue, pale skin, lips or nail beds, increased heart rate, tiring easily with exertion, dizziness, shortness of breath, headache, irritability—more often seen in young children.
  • Neutropenia or leukopenia (lower number of white blood cells) causes: a greater risk of infection, fever and chills if an infection is present.
  • Thrombocytopenia (a lower number of platelets) causes easy bruising, bleeding from the nose, gums or mouth, tiny red spots on the skin, or petechiae, blood in the urine, dark or black bowel movements.
  • Pancytopenia refers to low levels of all 3 types of blood cells.
  • the symptoms could include any or all of the above symptoms.
  • the administration of the present compounds increases the production of or prevents the destruction of progenitor cells, myeloid cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, endo and epithelial cells, and immune cells.
  • the present compounds may also be used to spur stem cell self-renewal.
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cells possess the ability of both multi-potency and self-renewal.
  • Multi-potency is the ability to differentiate into all functional blood cells.
  • Self-renewal is the ability to give rise to HSC itself without differentiation. Since mature blood cells are predominantly short lived, HSC continuously provide more differentiated progenitors while properly maintaining the HSC pool size properly throughout life by precisely balancing self-renewal and differentiation.
  • the present compounds may be used for the stimulation of engrafted stem cells.
  • the therapeutic compounds disclosed herein increase production of suppressed cell populations by bone marrow by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
  • the therapeutic compounds disclosed herein increase production of suppressed cell populations by bone marrow by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein increases production of suppressed cell populations by bone marrow by e.g., at least at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed increases production of suppressed cell populations by bone marrow by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces the duration of the symptoms of bone marrow suppression by at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, or 2 years as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • Thrombocytopenia is a clinically decreased number of platelets, and may be independent of bone marrow suppression. It may be caused by a decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, sequestration of platelets, or pseudotrombocytopenia. Multiple genetic, immune, or environmental conditions may lead to thrombocytopenia.
  • Decreased platelet production may be caused for example, by bone marrow failure (e.g., aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome), Bone marrow suppression (e.g., from medication, chemotherapy, or irradiation as discussed above), Chronic alcohol abuse, Congenital macrothrombocytopenias (e.g., Alport syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Fanconi anemia, platelet-type or pseudo-von Willebrand disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), Infection (e.g., cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, mumps, parvovirus B19, rickettsia, rubella, varicella-zoster virus), Myelodysplastic syndrome, Neoplastic marrow infiltration, or Nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12 and folate).
  • bone marrow failure e.g., aplastic anemia, paroxysmal
  • Increased platelet consumption/destruction may be caused by: Alloimmune destruction (e.g., posttransfusion, neonatal, posttransplantation), Autoimmune syndromes (e.g., antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis), Disseminated intravascular coagulation/severe sepsis, Drug-induced thrombocytopenia (caused, for example, by quinidine, quinine, sulfa-containing antibiotics, interferon, anticonvulsants and gold salts), Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura*, Infection (e.g., cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, mumps, parvovirus B19, rickettsia, rubella, varicella-zoster virus, bacteremia), Mechanical destruction (e.g., aortic valve, mechanical valve, extracorpo
  • ITP idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
  • Sequestration of platelets leading to thrombocytopenia may be caused by, for example, Chronic alcohol abuse, Dilutional thrombocytopenia (e.g., hemorrhage, excessive crystalloid infusion), Gestational thrombocytopenia, Hypersplenism (e.g., distributional thrombocytopenia), Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, fibrosis, portal hypertension), Pseudothrombocytopenia, Pulmonary emboli, or Pulmonary hypertension.
  • Chronic alcohol abuse e.g., Dilutional thrombocytopenia (e.g., hemorrhage, excessive crystalloid infusion), Gestational thrombocytopenia, Hypersplenism (e.g., distributional thrombocytopenia), Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, fibrosis, portal hypertension), Pseudothrombocytopenia, Pulmonary emboli, or Pulmonary hypertension.
  • some causes may lead to one or more reasons for a shortage of platelets. For instance, certain infections lead to both a decreased production of platelets as well as an increased destruction of platelets. Pregnancy in general may also cause a decrease in platelet count.
  • the present compositions can treat thrombocytopenia by increasing the production of platelets.
  • the present compositions may be administered to treat or mitigate thrombocytopenia caused by conditions which decrease the number of platelets produced.
  • the present compositions are administered to treat or mitigate thrombocytopenia caused by conditions which obtain abnormally low platelet counts by destroying platelets.
  • the present compounds increase the platelet count by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein increases platelet count by e.g., at least at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein increases platelet count by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • Compounds of the current invention may also be used for the treatment or prevention of inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
  • Symptoms of inflammation include: decreased levels of one or more signaling agents such as IL-6 (direct signaling for regenerative activity), IL-10, Epinephrine, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-1RA, Leukotriene B4-receptor antagonism, LPS binding protein, Soluble recombinant CD-14, Soluble TNF- ⁇ receptors, Transforming growth factor- ⁇ , and/or Type II IL-1R; Increased levels of one or more signaling agents such as IL1-beta, IL-2, IL-6 (resulting from trans-signaling), IL-8, IL-15, IFN-gamma, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-2, Neopterin, Neutrophil elastase, Phospholipase A2, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,
  • inflammatory conditions which may be treated by the current invention include inflammation due to the infiltration of leukocytes or other immune effector cells into affected tissue.
  • Other relevant examples of inflammatory conditions which may be treated by the present invention include inflammation caused by infectious agents, including, but not limited to, viruses, bacteria fungi and parasites.
  • Inflammatory lung conditions include, but are not limited to, asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, bronchitis, pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis (which may additionally or alternatively involve the gastro-intestinal tract or other tissue(s)).
  • Inflammatory joint conditions include rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions.
  • Eye diseases with an inflammatory component include, but are not limited to, uveitis (including crizis), conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and retinal diseases, including, but not limited to, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, retinitis pigmentosa, and dry and wet age-related macular degeneration.
  • Inflammatory bowel conditions include chronic inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract, Crohn's disease (including general inflammation of the digestive tract, inflammation of the bowel wall, inflammation of the ileum, inflammation of the colon, and the sequelae of Chrohn's disease, such as fibrostenosis, fistula and obstructions), ulcerative colitis (including ulcerative proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, left-sided colitis, pancolitis, and acute severe ulcerative colitis), and distal proctitis.
  • the inflammatory bowel disease also includes collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis.
  • the inflammatory bowel conditions are Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and distal proctitis. General symptoms of these conditions include: diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, fatigue, anal pain, blood in the stool, reduced appetite, and unintended weight loss.
  • Inflammatory skin diseases include, but are not limited to, conditions associated with cell proliferation, such as psoriasis, eczema and dermatitis, (e.g., eczematous dermatitides, topic and seborrheic dermatitis, allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, eczema craquelee, photoallergic dermatitis, phototoxic dermatitis, phytophotodermatitis, radiation dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis).
  • conditions associated with cell proliferation such as psoriasis, eczema and dermatitis, (e.g., eczematous dermatitides, topic and seborrheic dermatitis, allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, eczema craquelee, photoallergic dermatitis, phototoxic dermatitis, phytophotodermatitis, radiation dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis).
  • inflammatory skin diseases include, but are not limited to, scleroderma, ulcers and erosions resulting from trauma, burns, bullous disorders, or ischemia of the skin or mucous membranes, several forms of ichthyoses, epidermolysis bullosae, hypertrophic scars, keloids, cutaneous changes of intrinsic aging, photoaging, frictional blistering caused by mechanical shearing of the skin and cutaneous atrophy resulting from the topical use of corticosteroids.
  • Additional inflammatory skin conditions include inflammation of mucous membranes, such as cheilitis, chapped lips, nasal irritation, mucositis and vulvovaginitis.
  • Inflammatory disorders of the endocrine system include, but are not limited to, autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease), Type I diabetes, and acute and chronic inflammation of the adrenal cortex.
  • Inflammatory conditions of the cardiovascular system include, but are not limited to, coronary infarct damage, peripheral vascular disease, myocarditis, vasculitis, revascularization of stenosis, artherosclerosis, and vascular disease associated with Type II diabetes.
  • Inflammatory condition of the kidney include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, lupus nephritis, nephritis secondary to Wegener's disease, acute renal failure secondary to acute nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, post-obstructive syndrome, tubular ischemia, irritable bowel disorder, or inflammation induced colon malignancies.
  • Inflammatory conditions of the liver include, but are not limited to, hepatitis (arising from viral infection, autoimmune responses, drug treatments, toxins, environmental agents, or as a secondary consequence of a primary disorder), biliary atresia, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
  • Inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or dementia associated with HIV infection.
  • inflammatory conditions include periodontal disease, tissue necrosis in chronic inflammation, endotoxin shock, smooth muscle proliferation disorders, graft versus host disease, tissue damage following ischemia reperfusion injury, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and tissue rejection following transplant surgery.
  • the condition is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include a dry, non-productive cough on exertion; progressive exertional dyspnea; dry, inspiratory bibasilar crackles on auscultation; clubbing of the digits; and abnormal pulmonary function tests with evidence of restriction and impaired gas exchange.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating or preventing inflammation associated with post-surgical wound healing in a patient comprising administering to said patient a compound of the invention.
  • compounds of the current invention may be used to treat or prevent any disease which has an inflammatory component, such as those diseases cited above.
  • the inflammatory conditions cited above are meant to be exemplary rather than exhaustive.
  • inflammatory conditions e.g., systemic or local immune imbalance or dysfunction due to an injury, an insult, infection, inherited disorder, or an environmental intoxicant or perturbant to the subject's physiology
  • additional inflammatory conditions e.g., systemic or local immune imbalance or dysfunction due to an injury, an insult, infection, inherited disorder, or an environmental intoxicant or perturbant to the subject's physiology
  • the methods of the current invention may be used to treat or prevent any disease which has an inflammatory component, including, but not limited to, those diseases cited above.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein decreases one or more symptoms of inflammation by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein decreases one or more symptoms of inflammation by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein decreases one or more symptoms of inflammation by e.g., at least at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein decreases one or more symptoms of inflammation by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces the duration of one or more symptoms of inflammation for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, or 10 years as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the present compositions prevent the generation of fibrosis while simultaneously supporting wound healing.
  • Recruitment of inflammatory cells and the subsequent laying down of extracellular matrix during wound repair is a normal and healthy response to tissue damage as cells in the vicinity of the wound become activated and migrate to fill the breach.
  • the general end point of repair is excessive and poorly ordered matrix deposition and fibrosis, which affects normal-tissue architecture and ultimately can disable proper functioning of tissues. This occurs on a macro scale as well as micro-scale.
  • fibrosis that is independent of the inflammatory response, for example, radiation induced fibrosis.
  • TGF transforming growth factor
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • TGF tumor necrosis factor
  • leukocytes can also be bad for repair and may actually promote fibrosis.
  • Every organ of the body can mount a repair response that generally results in a fibrotic lesion.
  • Lung fibrosis as a result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and liver fibrosis because of hepatitis infection are just two examples.
  • compositions may be administered to treat, ameliorate, delay the onset of, or decrease the extent of fibrosis in conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, cirrhosis, liver fibrosis (caused, for example by chronic viral hepatitis B or C), endomyocardial fibrosis, old myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis (soft tissue of the mediastinum), myelofibrosis (bone marrow), retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal fibrosis, keloid conditions, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, arthofibrosis, peyronie's disease, dupuytren's contracture, oral
  • Symptoms of fibrosis include but are not limited to shortness of breath, a dry cough, a persistent cough with thick spit and mucous, wheezing, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, aching muscles and joints, breathlessness, repeated lung infections, inflamed nasal passages, greasy stinky stools, poor weight gain and growth, intestinal blockage, severe constipation, fibroids in the liver, inability to open mouth or limited range, persistent diarrhea, rectal bleeding, urgent need to move bowels, abdominal cramp and pain, sensation of incomplete evacuation of bowel, constipation, fever and fatigue, mouth sores, perineal disease, stiffness of joint, inability to straighten or flex joint, itchy skin, growing scar tissue on skin, lumpy or ridged scar tissue, hardening or skin or epithelial tissues, acid reflux, numbness, decreased or lack of urine output, or hemorrhaging from death of intestinal tissue.
  • a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces one or more symptoms of fibrosis by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
  • a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces the area affected by fibrosis by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein has a decreased area affected by fibrosis by e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein has a decreased area affected by fibrosis by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein delays the onset of symptoms of fibrosis by at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, or 10 years as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces the size of a wound by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
  • a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces the size of a wound by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
  • the therapeutic compound or compositions disclosed herein are administered to treat, ameliorate, delay the onset of, or decrease the extent of an acute wound (such as a burn, sun exposure or radiation), e.g., dermal wounds and internal wounds, and chronic wounds such as a diabetic foot ulcer, venous leg ulcer, ulcerous tissue caused by repeated trauma to the body, or impaired wound healing due to age.
  • an acute wound such as a burn, sun exposure or radiation
  • chronic wounds such as a diabetic foot ulcer, venous leg ulcer, ulcerous tissue caused by repeated trauma to the body, or impaired wound healing due to age.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may treat a burn, a diabetic foot ulcer, a venous leg ulcer, ulcerous tissue caused by repeated trauma to the body, or a chronic wound due to age.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein has a decreased wound depth or area by e.g., at least at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound disclosed herein has a decreased depth or area by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the therapeutic compound or compositions disclosed herein speeds the healing of the wound by at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, or 10 years as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • the present methods may also be for the treatment of cancer by the inhibition of cancer cell growth, propagation, or metastases.
  • the actual symptoms associated with cancer are well known and can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art by taking into account one or more factors, including, without limitation, the location of the cancer, the cause of the cancer, the severity of the cancer, and/or the tissue or organ affected by the cancer. Those of skill in the art will know the appropriate symptoms or indicators associated with a specific type of cancer and will know how to determine if an individual is a candidate for treatment as disclosed herein.
  • Exemplary forms of cancer which may be treated by the subject methods include, but are not limited to, leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer (including either small cell or non-small cell cancer), colon cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial or other uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer (e.g., melanoma), testicular cancer, cancer of the penis, cancer of the vagina, cancer of the urethra, gall bladder cancer, esophageal cancer, or pancreatic cancer.
  • leukemia non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
  • prostate cancer bladder cancer
  • lung cancer including either small cell or non-small cell cancer
  • colon cancer kidney cancer
  • liver cancer breast cancer
  • cervical cancer cervical cancer
  • endometrial or other uterine cancer ovarian cancer
  • skin cancer e.g., melanoma
  • testicular cancer cancer of the penis
  • cancer of the vagina cancer of the
  • Additional exemplary forms of cancer which may be treated by the subject methods include, but are not limited to, cancer of skeletal or smooth muscle, stomach cancer, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the salivary gland, anal cancer, rectal cancer, thyroid cancer, parathyroid cancer, pituitary cancer, and nasopharyngeal cancer.
  • the present methods include treatment of leukemias such as acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the present methods include treatment of breast cancer, lung carcinoma, prostate cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal, and/or colon cancer.
  • the present methods may treat the sequelae pediatric brain cancer, such as the effects of whole-brain irradiation, and the prevention of cognitive deficits due to brain tissue damage resulting from radiation.
  • the present compositions may be administered prior to, during, or after brain irradiation to maintain cognitive function by protecting normal brain tissue.
  • a therapeutic compound or compositions disclosed herein reduces the size of a tumor by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
  • a therapeutic compound or compositions disclosed herein reduces the size of a tumor from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
  • a cancer therapeutic disclosed herein is capable of reducing the number of cancer cells in an individual suffering from a cancer by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • a cancer therapeutic is capable of reducing the number of cancer cells in an individual suffering from a cancer by, e.g., about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% as compared to a patient not receiving the same treatment.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a cancer therapeutic disclosed herein reduces the cancer cell population and/or tumor cell size in an individual by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 100%.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a cancer therapeutic disclosed herein reduces or maintains a cancer cell population and/or tumor cell size in an individual by, e.g., at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30%, at most 35%, at most 40%, at most 45%, at most 50%, at most 55%, at most 60%, at most 65%, at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 90%, at most 95% or at most 100%.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a cancer therapeutic disclosed herein reduces or maintains a cancer cell population and/or tumor cell size in an individual by, e.g., about 10% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 20%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 100%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, or about 30% to about 50%.
  • the present methods may prevent a disease or condition or one or more symptoms of a disease or condition.
  • a therapeutic that “prevents” a disorder or condition refers to a compound that, in a statistical sample, reduces the occurrence of the disorder or condition in the treated sample relative to an untreated control sample, or delays the onset or reduces the severity of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition relative to the untreated control sample.
  • treating includes prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
  • prophylactic or therapeutic treatment is art-recognized and includes administration to the host of one or more of the subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is prophylactic (i.e., it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).
  • compositions and methods of the present invention may be utilized to treat an individual in need thereof.
  • the individual is a mammal such as a human, or a non-human mammal.
  • the composition or the compound When administered to an animal, such as a human, is preferably administered or used as a pharmaceutical composition comprising, for example, a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, or injectable organic esters.
  • aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, or injectable organic esters.
  • the aqueous solution is pyrogen-free, or substantially pyrogen-free.
  • the excipients can be chosen, for example, to effect delayed release of an agent or to selectively target one or more cells, tissues or organs.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be in dosage unit form such as tablet, capsule (including sprinkle capsule and gelatin capsule), granule, lyophile for reconstitution, powder, solution, syrup, suppository, injection or the like
  • the composition can also be present in a transdermal delivery system, e.g., a skin patch.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a therapeutic compound in an amount sufficient to allow customary administration to an individual.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise, e.g., at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, or at least 100 mg of a therapeutic compound.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise, e.g., at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 600 mg, at least 700 mg, at least 800 mg, at least 900 mg, at least 1,000 mg, at least 1,100 mg, at least 1,200 mg, at least 1,300 mg, at least 1,400 mg, or at least 1,500 mg of a therapeutic compound.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise in the range of, e.g., about 5 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 150 mg to about 350 mg, about 250 mg to about 500 mg, about 350 mg to about 600 mg, about 500 mg to about 750 mg, about 600 mg to about 900 mg, about 750 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 850 mg to about 1,200 mg, or about 1,000 mg to about 1,500 mg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise in the range of, e.g., about 10 mg to about 250 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 750 mg, about 10 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 50 mg to about 250 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, about 50 mg to about 750 mg, about 50 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, about 100 mg to about 750 mg, about 100 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 100 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 200 mg to about 500 mg, about 200 mg to about 750 mg, about 200 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 200 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 5 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 5 mg to about 1,000 mg, or about 5 mg to about 250 mg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a solvent, emulsion or other diluent in an amount sufficient to dissolve a therapeutic compound disclosed herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a solvent, emulsion or a diluent in an amount of, e.g., less than about 90% (v/v), less than about 80% (v/v), less than about 70% (v/v), less than about 65% (v/v), less than about 60% (v/v), less than about 55% (v/v), less than about 50% (v/v), less than about 45% (v/v), less than about 40% (v/v), less than about 35% (v/v), less than about 30% (v/v), less than about 25% (v/v), less than about 20% (v/v), less than about 15% (v/v), less than about 10% (v/v), less than about 5% (v/v), or less than about 1% (v/v).
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a solvent, emulsion or other diluent in an amount in a range of, e.g., about 1% (v/v) to 90% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 70% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 60% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 50% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 40% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 30% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 20% (v/v), about 1% (v/v) to 10% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 50% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 40% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 30% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 20% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 10% (v/v), about 4% (v/v) to 50% (v/v), about 4% (v
  • the final concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be of any suitable concentration.
  • the final concentration of a therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutical composition may be a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the final concentration of a therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutical composition may be, e.g., at least 0.00001 mg/mL, at least 0.0001 mg/mL, at least 0.001 mg/mL, at least 0.01 mg/mL, at least 0.1 mg/mL, at least 1 mg/mL, at least 10 mg/mL, at least 25 mg/mL, at least 50 mg/mL, at least 100 mg/mL, at least 200 mg/mL, at least 500 mg/mL, at least 700 mg/mL, at least 1,000 mg/mL, or at least 1,200 mg/mL.
  • the concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in the solution may be, e.g., at most 1,000 mg/mL, at most 1,100 mg/mL, at most 1,200 mg/mL, at most 1,300 mg/mL, at most 1,400 mg/mL, at most 1,500 mg/mL, at most 2,000 mg/mL, at most 2,000 mg/mL, or at most 3,000 mg/mL.
  • the final concentration of a therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutical composition may be in a range of, e.g., about 0.00001 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.0001 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.01 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.1 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 1 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 500 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 750 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 1,000 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 500 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 750 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 1,000 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein generally is in the range of about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be, e.g., at least 0.001 mg/kg/day, at least 0.01 mg/kg/day, at least 0.1 mg/kg/day, at least 1.0 mg/kg/day, at least 5.0 mg/kg/day, at least 10 mg/kg/day, at least 15 mg/kg/day, at least 20 mg/kg/day, at least 25 mg/kg/day, at least 30 mg/kg/day, at least 35 mg/kg/day, at least 40 mg/kg/day, at least 45 mg/kg/day, or at least 50 mg/kg/day.
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 10 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 250 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day to about 300 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 1 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 5 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 5 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
  • a concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein typically may be between about 50 mg/mL to about 1,000 mg/mL.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic disclosed herein may be from, e.g., about 50 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 500 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 600 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 700 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 800 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 900 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL to about 1,000 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL
  • mitigating means reducing one or more negative symptoms of a condition, relative to a cell, organ, tissue, or organism displaying the symptom or condition for the same amount of time, but untreated.
  • contacting the cell, organ, tissue, or organism the present compounds may comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound to a subject.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient to mitigate the negative symptom or condition.
  • the subject may be a human, rat, mouse, cat, dog, horse, sheep, cow, monkey, avian, or amphibian.
  • the cell is in vivo or in vitro.
  • Typical subjects to which compounds of the invention may be administered will be mammals, particularly primates, especially humans.
  • livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, cows, swine and the like; poultry such as chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and the like; and domesticated animals particularly pets such as dogs and cats.
  • rodents e.g.
  • mice, rats, hamsters), rabbits, primates, and swine such as inbred pigs and the like.
  • body fluids and cell samples of the above subjects will be suitable for use such as mammalian, particularly primate such as human, blood, urine or tissue samples, or blood urine or tissue samples of the animals mentioned for veterinary applications.
  • the cell, organ, tissue, or organism may be contacted with a compound described herein before, during, or after evidencing symptoms of the condition or disease, or before the predicate event leading to an expected condition or disease.
  • the compound may be administered prophylactically, e.g., where radiation-induced thrombocytopenia is expected, before the predicate event of exposure to ionizing radiation, for example, prior to cancer radiation therapy or X-ray, or prior to development of fibrosis in advanced HIV.
  • the compound may be administered during the predicate event, or upon repeated exposure to the predicate event.
  • the compound may be administered after the predicate event, such as after exposure to ionizing radiation, or after the initiation of exposure to radiation.
  • the compound When administering to an organism, the compound may be administered by any suitable means. In some embodiments, the compounds or formulations are administered orally. In some embodiments, the compounds or formulations are administered by injection, e.g. subcutaneous, parenteral, or intravenous, injections.
  • the compound may be administered in combination with other potential mitigators or with other toxic agents such as the chemotherapeutic drugs discussed above.
  • the composition may be administered with growth factors, NSAIDs, chemotherapeutics, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others), Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, Thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and/or Insulin therapy, for the treatment of the above conditions.
  • the growth factor can be G-CSF (aka filgrastim, NEUPOGEN®) or erythropoietin (aka EPOGEN®).
  • compositions may comprise an effective amount of a modulator and/or other pharmaceutically active agent in a physiologically-acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for a particular route of administration. Suitable carriers and their formulation are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin.
  • the compound may be contained in any appropriate amount in any suitable carrier substance, and is generally present in an amount of 1-95% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
  • the composition may be provided in a dosage form that is suitable for parenteral (e.g., subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally) or oral administration route.
  • parenteral e.g., subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000 and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York).
  • the compositions may be in a form suitable for administration by sterile injection.
  • the compositions(s) are dissolved or suspended in a parenterally acceptable liquid vehicle.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, water adjusted to a suitable pH by addition of an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or a suitable buffer, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution and dextrose solution.
  • the aqueous formulation may also contain one or more preservatives (e.g., methyl, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate).
  • the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, though other ingredients, for example, ingredients that aid solubility or for preservation, may be included. Injectable solutions may also be prepared in which case appropriate stabilizing agents may be employed.
  • the formulation includes at least one or more of methanesulfonic acid, povidone, benzyl alcohol, n-Methyl pyrrolidone, ethaonol, Poloxamer 188, lactic acid, Captisol (SBE-beta-CD), or Vitamin E, such as TPGS (d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate).
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration usually comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the compound, which may be isotonic with the blood of the recipient (e.g., physiological saline solution).
  • Such formulations may include suspending agents and thickening agents and liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose form.
  • Parenteral administration may comprise any suitable form of systemic delivery or localized delivery.
  • Administration may for example be intravenous, intra-arterial, intrathecal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-abdominal (e.g., intraperitoneal), etc., and may be effected by infusion pumps (external or implantable) or any other suitable means appropriate to the desired administration modality.
  • compositions may be in a form suitable for oral administration.
  • any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed.
  • suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like.
  • suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets, or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient as a powder or granules.
  • a suspension in an aqueous liquor or a non-aqueous liquid may be employed, such as a syrup, an elixir, an emulsion, or a draught.
  • Formulations for oral use include tablets containing active ingredient(s) in a mixture with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Such formulations are known to the skilled artisan.
  • Excipients may be, for example, inert diluents or fillers (e.g., sucrose, sorbitol, sugar, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, or sodium phosphate); granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g., cellulose derivatives including microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, croscarmellose sodium, alginates, or alginic acid); binding agents (e.g., sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or polyethylene glycol); and lubricating agents, glidants, and antiad
  • a syrup may be made by adding the compound to a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, for example sucrose, to which may also be added any accessory ingredient(s).
  • a sugar for example sucrose
  • Such accessory ingredient(s) may include flavorings, suitable preservative, agents to retard crystallization of the sugar, and agents to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, such as a polyhydroxy alcohol, for example glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the composition may be in a form of nasal or other mucosal spray formulations (e.g. inhalable forms).
  • nasal or other mucosal spray formulations e.g. inhalable forms.
  • These formulations can include purified aqueous solutions of the active compounds with preservative agents and isotonic agents.
  • Such formulations can be adjusted to a pH and isotonic state compatible with the nasal or other mucous membranes.
  • they can be in the form of finely divided solid powders suspended in a gas carrier.
  • Such formulations may be delivered by any suitable means or method, e.g., by nebulizer, atomizer, metered dose inhaler, or the like.
  • the composition may be in a form suitable for rectal administration.
  • These formulations may be presented as a suppository with a suitable carrier such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated fats, or hydrogenated fatty carboxylic acids.
  • the composition may be in a form suitable for transdermal administration.
  • These formulations may be prepared, for example, by incorporating the active compound in a thixotropic or gelatinous carrier such as a cellulosic medium, e.g., methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose, with the resulting formulation then being packed in a transdermal device adapted to be secured in dermal contact with the skin of a wearer.
  • a thixotropic or gelatinous carrier such as a cellulosic medium, e.g., methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose
  • compositions of the invention may further include one or more accessory ingredient(s) selected from encapsulants, diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, disintegrants, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including antioxidants), and the like.
  • accessory ingredient(s) selected from encapsulants, diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, disintegrants, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including antioxidants), and the like.
  • compositions may be formulated for immediate release, sustained release, delayed-onset release or any other release profile known to one skilled in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to release the active compound substantially immediately upon administration or at any predetermined time or time period after administration.
  • controlled release formulations include (i) formulations that create a substantially constant concentration of the drug within the body over an extended period of time; (ii) formulations that after a predetermined lag time create a substantially constant concentration of the drug within the body over an extended period of time; (iii) formulations that sustain action during a predetermined time period by maintaining a relatively constant, effective level in the body with concomitant minimization of undesirable side effects associated with fluctuations in the plasma level of the active substance (sawtooth kinetic pattern); (iv) formulations that localize action by, e.g., spatial placement of a controlled release composition adjacent to or in the central nervous system or cerebrospinal fluid; (v) formulations that allow for convenient dosing, such that doses are administered, for example, once every one or two weeks; and (vi) formulations that target the site of a pathology
  • BCN057 was solubalized in aqueous solution at physiologically compatible pHs using 100 mM methanesulfonic acid (MSA)/10% povidone (PVP); 100 mM MSA/2% benzyl alcohol/2% N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP); and, 100 mM MSA/10% ethanol/1% Poloxamer 188.
  • MSA methanesulfonic acid
  • PVP povidone
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • Poloxamer 188 100 mM MSA/10% ethanol/1% Poloxamer 188.
  • 100 mM lactic acid was added and also improved solubility for these mixtures.
  • a formulation comprising BCN057 and 30 wt % Captisol (SBE-beta-CD) and 100 mM MSA yielded excellent solubility at up to pH 4.1 or higher.
  • formulation for intravenous, subcutaneous and oral delivery of therapeutic levels of BCN057 comprising 30 wt % Captisol (SBE-beta-CD) and 100 mM MSA at pH 4.1 or higher (adjusted with 1.0 N NaOH).
  • formulations containing DMA (dimethylacetimide) or DMSO or Polyvinylepyrolidone are used.
  • Suspensions are useful for the drug since it wants to self-associate and crash out otherwise.
  • controlled release is obtained by appropriate selection of various formulation parameters and ingredients, including, e.g., various types of controlled release compositions and coatings.
  • the compound is formulated with appropriate excipients into a pharmaceutical composition that, upon administration, releases the compound in a controlled manner. Examples include single or multiple unit tablet or capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microcapsules, microspheres, molecular complexes, nanoparticles, patches, and liposomes.
  • the composition may comprise a “vectorized” form, such as by encapsulation of the compound in a liposome or other encapsulate medium, or by fixation of the compound, e.g., by covalent bonding, chelation, or associative coordination, on a suitable biomolecule, such as those selected from proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides.
  • a suitable biomolecule such as those selected from proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides.
  • the composition can be incorporated into microspheres, microcapsules, nanoparticles, liposomes, or the like for controlled release.
  • the composition may include suspending, solubilizing, stabilizing, pH-adjusting agents, tonicity adjusting agents, and/or dispersing, agents.
  • the compound may be incorporated in biocompatible carriers, implants, or infusion devices.
  • Biodegradable/bioerodible polymers such as polygalactin, poly-(isobutyl cyanoacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) and, poly(lactic acid).
  • Biocompatible carriers that may be used when formulating a controlled release parenteral formulation are carbohydrates (e.g., dextrans), proteins (e.g., albumin), lipoproteins, or antibodies.
  • Materials for use in implants can be non-biodegradable (e.g., polydimethyl siloxane) or biodegradable (e.g., poly(caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) or poly(ortho esters) or combinations thereof).
  • biodegradable e.g., poly(caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) or poly(ortho esters) or combinations thereof.
  • the compound or other active compounds may be present as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or other derivatives, such as ether derivatives, ester derivatives, acid derivatives, and aqueous solubility altering derivatives of the active compound.
  • Derivatives include all individual enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, and other isomers of the compounds.
  • Derivatives also include all polymorphs and solvates, such as hydrates and those formed with organic solvents, of the compounds. Such isomers, polymorphs, and solvates may be prepared by methods known in the art, such as by regiospecific and/or enantioselective synthesis and resolution.
  • salts of the compounds include, but are not limited to, acid addition salts, such as those made with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic pyruvic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, carbonic, cinnamic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benezenesulfonic, p-toluene sulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicyclic, p-aminosalicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, and 2-acetoxybenzoic acid; salts made with saccharin; alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts; salts made with saccharin; alkali metal salts, such as
  • Additional suitable salts include, but are not limited to, acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methyl sulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, ole
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can also exist as various solvates, such as with water, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, and the like. Mixtures of such solvates can also be prepared.
  • the source of such solvate can be from the solvent of crystallization, inherent in the solvent of preparation or crystallization, or adventitious to such solvent.
  • wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
  • antioxidants examples include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), le
  • compositions of all embodiments can comprise various pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or other derivatives described above.
  • the amount of the compound employed in the present invention to be used varies according to the condition, the patient/subject, and the extent of the condition.
  • unit dosage form or “unit” as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of the compound calculated in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable, diluent, carrier or vehicle.
  • the specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of the present invention depend on the particular compound employed and the effect to be achieved, and the pharmacodynamics associated with each compound in the subject.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound or combination of compounds employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound(s) being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound(s) employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the pharmaceutical composition or compound at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • therapeutically effective amount is meant the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect. It is generally understood that the effective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, sex, age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors which influence the effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severity of the patient's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability of the compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent being administered with the compound of the invention.
  • a larger total dose can be delivered by multiple administrations of the agent.
  • Methods to determine efficacy and dosage are known to those skilled in the art (Isselbacher et al. (1996) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 13 ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference).
  • a suitable daily dose of an active compound used in the compositions and methods of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
  • Dosing can be single dosage or cumulative (serial dosing), and can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • treatment may comprise a one-time administration of an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
  • treatment may comprise multiple administrations of an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition carried out over a range of time periods, such as, e.g., once daily, twice daily, thrice daily, once every few days, or once weekly.
  • the timing of administration can vary from individual to individual, depending upon such factors as the severity of an individual's symptoms.
  • an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be administered to an individual once daily for an indefinite period of time, or until the individual no longer requires therapy.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the condition of the individual can be monitored throughout the course of treatment and that the effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein that is administered can be adjusted accordingly.
  • the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as one, two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
  • the active compound may be administered two or three times daily. In preferred embodiments, the active compound will be administered once daily.
  • the period of administration of a therapeutic compound is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, or more.
  • a treatment regimen may comprise a period during which administration is stopped for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, or more.
  • the patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, including primates, in particular humans, and other mammals such as equines, cattle, swine and sheep; and poultry and pets in general.
  • the compounds described herein may be provided with the one or more additional therapeutic agents in a kit, e.g., as separate pharmaceutical formulations capable of being used together in a conjoint therapy as discussed herein, either together in a single container or in separate containers.
  • the kit may further include instructions for the conjoint administration of the pharmaceutical formulations, e.g., for treating or preventing any of the conditions discussed above.
  • Such combination products may employ compounds of this invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, within the dosage range described hereinbefore and the other pharmaceutically-active agent within its approved dosage range.
  • a cancer cell survival profile on multiple leukemia cell lines was conducted on BCN057 as described in Monks, A.; Scudiero, D. A.; Skehan, P.; Shoemaker, R. H.; Paull, K. D.; Vistica, D. T.; Hose, C.; Langley, J.; Cronice, P.; Vaigro-Wolf, M.; Gray-Goodrich, M.; Campbell, H.; Mayo, M. R. JNCI, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1991, 83, 757-766.
  • the assay shows percent growth over 48 h at 10 uM BCN057 vs control (no drug).
  • the drug was inhibitory towards Leukemia and also towards prostate and kidney cancer (data not shown).
  • cell lines include: SR; large cell immunoblastic lymphoma, RPMI-8226; plasmacytoma and myeloma, MOLT-4; acute T lymphoblastic leukemia, K562; erythromyeloblastoid leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia cell line, HL-60 (TB); acute myeloid leukemia, CCRF-CEM; T cell lymphoblast-like cell line. Results are shown in FIG. 1 for RPMI-8226, K-562, and CCRF-CEM
  • tumor cell lines were susceptible to the BCN057 such as breast cancer, lung carcinoma, prostate, central nervous system (CNS), melanoma, ovarian, prostate, and renal and colon cancer ( FIG. 2 ).
  • BCN057 causes significant inhibition of the cancer cell growth, showing a direct effect on the cancer itself, and not only the conditions caused by treatments for cancer. This effect is unexpected for this compound.
  • the drugs can inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
  • the cancers affected include renal cancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian, leukemia, skin cancer such as melanoma, central nervous system cancers including pediatric brain cancers and adult brain cancers.
  • the drugs show important inhibition of epithelial cancers such as colon, breast and oral cancers while protecting normal tissue such as in oral mucositis, proctitis and mucositis of the intestine.
  • mice Normal mice were treated with BCN057 for eight days by oral administration or subcutaneous injection. Dose groups included 75 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, and 800 mg/kg/day
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of the amount of blood platelets from plasma (mouse) demonstrating through multiple doses and multiple routes of entry that the drug stimulates platelet production rapidly.
  • mice were irradiated on Day 0. Animals were dosed with drug for 7 consecutive days (Day 1 to 7) at 200 mg/kg SC, with terminal blood collection on Day 8. Plasma from 3 mice was pooled for each condition Y axis represents relative absorbance units.
  • the plasma was tested with the Mouse Cytokine panel ELISA Array panel—by SIGNOSISTM
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 There is a general trend of restoring cytokines to levels similar to control with exceptions.
  • PDGF is important for restoration of mesenchyme and endothelial cells along with FGF.
  • IL-6 and IL-10 are anti-inflammatory cytokines while GCSF and GMCSF affect macrophage infiltration and activation.
  • FIG. 5 shows the cytokine analysis of plasma from mice treated with nothing (marked as 0G above), 7 Grey radiation (7G) and 7G+BCN057). A restorative phenotype is observed in the presence of the drug similar to that of the control group receiving no radiation vs the group receiving radiation alone. This is important for inflammatory disorders as well as fibrotic disorders
  • BCN057 alters key cytokines in blood to prevent an inflammatory condition. Analysis of the cytokines in animals treated with the drug after injury by radiation for example; there is a general theme of restoring cytokines to levels similar to control with some exceptions.
  • IGF known implications in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases PDGF is associated with wound healing and tissue repair. Known to restore enterocytes and intestinal cell replacement. PDGF is also known to restore mesenchyme and endothelial cells as well. PDGF levels being high in the presence of the drug may also explain platelet production. FGF: restoration of mesenchyme and endothelial cells.
  • IL-6 and IL-10 are anti-inflammatory cytokines involved in amelioration of sepsis following GI radiation injury or GI inflammatory disorders.
  • GCSF and GMCSF promote or induce macrophage infiltration and activation in intestine.
  • EGF is an intestinal epithelial growth factor.
  • BCN057 restores the cytokine profile to similar to that of the control on day 1.
  • BCN 512 is a novel drug that emerged from high-throughput screening of small molecule libraries, and is now under investigation as a radiation injury mitigator.
  • DEARE Delayed Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure
  • mice (8 per group) exposed to single whole thoracic lung irradiation (18 Gy at 0.6 Gy/min using an AEC Gammacell® 40 Cs-137 source) subcutaneous administrations of 512 in Cremophor on days 1-5 post-irradiation at 5 mg/Kg improved overall survival from pneumonitis and lung fibrosis at 90 days and 160 respectively.
  • Radiation fibrosis is a progressive, dose-related, late complication of radiation exposure, with animals and humans surviving for some time with non-lethal damage.
  • FIG. 18 shows that after 14 Gy, which is not lethal for most mice, the acute delivery of BCN512 mitigates against the development of this late disease. 512 works by altering the inflammatory infiltrate into the lung. By day 160 after LTI the mature macrophage cell content is greatly decreased as a result of acute drug treatment.
  • nanoparticle drug substances are known to more preferentially distribute to sites of inflammation (3) which may be favorable in this case
  • 512 is a lead candidate for the development of a drug for delayed effects of radiation exposure in lung. Further work will include extensive testing in lung models along with characterization of the toxicology, pharmacology and metabolism of the drug product before pivotal non GLP animal studies.
  • Subcutaneous drug injections were started on day +3 when the tumors were established in the lung in order to bias the experiment in favor of tumor growth promotion.
  • the dose regimen was arbitrarily assigned to a dose of 20 mg/kg for 5 days.
  • LTI was started on day 4, with 4 Gy doses administered daily for 3 days. This is higher than conventional 2 Gy to compensate for the more rapid growth of murine tumors, but is still well within the range used clinically in hypofractionated therapy.
  • FIG. 3C shows additional data from the A 549 human KSCLC cell line.
  • mice Thirty-two nude mice were injected intravenously with 5 ⁇ 104 human A549 adenocarcinoma cells on day 1. The drug was administered starting at day 3; 20 mg/kg BCN512 was injected subcutaneously once daily for 5 days. Fractionated radiation was started on day 4, with 4 Gy LTI administered daily for 3 days. Tumors developed very slowly, so the mice were sacrificed on day 72 and the number of nodules in the lungs were counted There was considerable variation in the irradiated group, with a tendency for lung irradiation to increase the number of tumor colonies. This is not a unique observation that may be ascribed to radiation-induced myeloid cell mobilization. In any event, BCN512 did not increase the number of tumor colonies, and if anything decreased the count, especially in the irradiated group.
  • the NCI screening procedures were as described (1) as were the origins and processing of the cell lines (1, 2, 3, 4). Briefly, cell suspensions that were diluted according io Ihe particular cell type and the expected target cell density (5000-40,000 cells per well based on cell growth characteristics) were added by pipet (100 ⁇ L) into 96-well microliter plates. Inoculates were allowed a preincubation period of 24 h at 37° C. for stabilization. Dilutions at twice the intended test concentration were added at time zero in 100- ⁇ L aliquots to the microliter plate wells. Usually, test compounds were evaluated at five 10-fold dilutions.
  • the highest well concentration is 1 ⁇ 10-4 M, but for the standard agents the highest well concentration used depended on the agent Incubations lasted for 48 h in 5% CO2 atmosphere and 100% humidity.
  • the cells were assayed by using the sulforhodamine B assay (5,6).
  • a plate reader was used to read the optical densities, and a microcomputer processed the optical densities into the special concentration parameters defined later. Screening Procedures Leukemia, CCRK-CKM, HL-60(TB), K-562, MOLT-4, RPMI-8226, SR.
  • Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 549/ATCC, EKVX, HOP-62, HOP-92, NCI-H226, NCI-H23, NCI-H322M, NCI-H460, NCI-H522.
  • Colon Cancer COLO 205, HCC-2998, HCT-116, HCT-15, HT29, KM12, SW-620.
  • CNS Cancer SF-268, SF-295, SF-539, SNB-19, SNB-75, U251.
  • Melanoma LOX IMVI, MALME-3M, M14, MDA-MB-435, SK-MEL-2, SK-MEL-28, SK-MEL-5, UACC-257, UACC-62.
  • Ovarian Cancer IGROV1, OVCAR-3, OVCAR-4, OVCAR-5, OVCAR-8, NCI/ADR-RES, SK-OV-3. Renal Cancer; 786-0, A498, ACHN, CAKI-1, RXF 393, SN12C, TK-10, UO-31. Prostate Cancer; PC-3, DU-145. Breast Cancer; MCF7, MDA-MB-231/ATCC, HS 578T, BT-549, T-47D, MDA-MB-468.
  • Both BCN057 and BCN512 activate Wnt signaling in stem cells promoting self-renewal and proliferation.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells are also driven by wnt signaling and are thus stimulated by the drug.
  • FIGS. 8 A-B show that BCN057 helps prevent hematopoietic suppression from total body irradiation in male and female mice. 7.75 Gy radiation is used to ablate bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in these strains of mice. BCN057 is sufficient to prevent lethality from bone marrow suppression. Lethality from bone marrow suppression occurs in the 14-25 day region due to the life cycle of approximately 2 weeks for RBC and inability to replace them without HSCs
  • FIG. 8 C shows that bone marrow-derived stem cells express hematopoietic cytokines IL3, 116, IL11, GCSF, GMCSF, LIF, MCSF, SCF, which are important for supporting long-term hematopoiesis.
  • Plasma levels of, Il6, GCSF, GMCSF, SCF are elevated after drug treatment and in conjunction with the radiation treatment indicating hematopoietic stem cells are effected
  • FIG. 9 shows that BCN 512 prevents hematopoietic suppression from total body irradiation in mice. 7.73 Gy radiation is used to ablate bone marrow HSCs in the C3H strain of mice. BCN512 is sufficient to prevent lethality from bone marrow suppression from total body irradiation.
  • FIG. 10 shows that radiation ablates the bone marrow which exhibits as pale bone marrow devoid of RBC's (LTI). Finally, radiation (LTI) and BCN512 and LTI (last to right) show similar red color (hemoglobin) to control.
  • HEK293 cells possessing a TCF/LEF luciferase reporter construct were treated with BCN-512 or vehicle control.
  • LiCl (10 mM) treatment was used as positive control for luciferase activity.
  • Luciferase activity was determined after 24 h using a Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System (Promega) as per manufacturer's protocol.
  • HEK293 cells containing a FOPFlash construct were used as a negative control.
  • BCN-512 treatment significantly increased luciferase activity in HEK293 cells compared with vehicle treated cells.
  • the positive control LiCl also significantly increased luciferase activity ( FIG. 12 )
  • mice were euthanized by CO 2 or ketamine-xylazine administration and the abdominal aorta was exposed and exsanguinated. The thoracic cavity was opened, and the lungs were exposed. Blood was flushed from the lung vasculature by perfusion with 10 mL of sterile cold PBS through the right ventricle. The trachea was cannulated with a 24-G cannula, and 1.2 mL of 10 U dispase (BD) was then injected into the lungs.
  • BD 10 U dispase
  • the trachea and lungs were removed from the chest en-block and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature (RT).
  • the lung lobes were dissected from the trachea, heart, and rest of mediastinal structures and then finely minced and incubated for 10 more min with 2 mL of dispase.
  • the suspension was passed through an 18-G needle 4-5 times to help open the lung compartments. If sticky DNA was detected, 10-30 ⁇ L of 4 mg/mL DNase I (Sigma) was added to the cell suspension and incubated at 37° C. for 5 min.
  • the cells were filtered through a 100- ⁇ cell strainer (BD Biosciences) to obtain single-cell suspensions (SCS). Red blood cells were lysed using RBC lysing buffer.
  • Lung epithelial cells were resuspended in lung 3D culture media and mixed 2:1 with Cultrex Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Extract, Type 2 (BD Biosciences). Then, 150 ⁇ L were placed into 24-well plates and incubated at 37° C. incubator for 20-30 min to solidify the matrix. A total of 600 ⁇ L lung 3D culture media was added carefully to the side of the wells and kept in a 37° C. incubator. The media were changed 2-3 times per week
  • the Lgr5 receptor is associated with the Frizzled/Lrp Wnt receptor complex.
  • R-Spondin1 is an intestinal mitogenic factor that binds to the Lgr5 receptor and activates Wnt- ⁇ catenin signaling Lgr5 and Wnt receptor expression in the mouse lungs was assessed by performing immunofluorescence staining of the mouse lung epithelium. Confocal microscopic images of mice lung epithelium clearly demonstrated the presence of Lgr5- and Fzd5-positive cells ( FIG. 14 ). It was noted that the Lgr5 and Fzd5 receptors were co-expressed in the BADJ region, which is enriched in progenitor cells. However, most Lgr5- and Fzd5-positive cells disappeared within 5-7 days of irradiation with 18 Gy whole-thorax lung irradiation (WTLI) ( FIG. 14 ).
  • Myeloid cells were used to study the mechanism of action of the radiomitigator BCN-512 based on the following previous observations:
  • Cell proliferation was used as a sensitive in vitro endpoint because it can also be used to detect cell death.
  • Cells were labeled with the fluorescent dye CF SE, which becomes diluted as the cells proliferate over time.
  • CF SE fluorescent dye
  • irradiated (2 or 6 Gy) macrophages and fibroblasts were added at various ratios. Normal mouse fibroblasts were labelled with CFSE and added to the macrophages in 96-well plates.
  • BCN-512 (10 ⁇ M) and/or LPS (1 ⁇ g/mL) or diluent were then added, and the plates cultured for 1, 2, or 3 days.
  • the purpose of the LPS was to activate the macrophages.
  • BCN-512 was added 1 hour after LPS, which was added immediately after irradiation
  • FIG. 16 also shows the tendency for normal macrophages to enhance the rate of fibroblast proliferation in vitro.
  • 2 Gy irradiation enhanced this supportive action, although the results were not statistically significant.
  • 6 Gy macrophage irradiation FIG. 17
  • the number of viable fibroblasts clearly increased by 30-50% in all cases by 3 days; the addition of BCN-512 seemed to neutralize this function
  • FIG. 18 shows that local thoracic radiation (14.5Gy) of mice induces lung damage in the absence of BCN057.
  • A Lung histology of C57BL/6 mice receiving local thoracic radiation (radiation of the lung area) presenting a focal area of increased cellularity and edema on the upper left quadrant. Adjacent to this is increased cellularity (the lacey patterning). The lower right quadrant, emphysema is present with large clear areas indicating where alveoli have collapsed to present large open areas.
  • B Histopathology of C57BL/6 mouse lung under identical radiation treatment as A, but also treated with 5 mg/kg BCN512 once per day every 24 hours for 5 doses. Lung tissue is normal with no evident emphysema or edema or hyper cellularity or immune infiltrate.
  • FIG. 19 shows lung fibrosis:
  • A, B are differing whole lobe sections from the same animal lung having received 14.5Gy local thoracic radiation (Day 120 after irradiation treatment). In both lobes, significant collapse of alveoli can be seen along with hyper cellularity (dark areas) and pronounced emphysema (large open areas) presenting fibrosis.
  • C, D are separate lobes from the same animal treated identically as above but receiving BCN512 at 5 mg/kg daily for 5 days after 14.5Gy local thoracic radiation. Absent are the large lesions and pronounced fibrosis.
  • BCN-512 can affect the function of macrophages. It decreased the activation status and cytotoxicity of LPS-treated macrophages. For non-LPS treated macrophages, BCN-512 blocked the ability of irradiated macrophages to stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Fibroblast proliferation is macrophage dependent and 512 inhibits this macrophage function. The ability of BCN-512 to reprogram macrophages is likely highly relevant to its ability to mitigate radiation damage
  • Organoid structures are grown from stem cells to differentiate into the features of the organ they came from.
  • the drugs activate wnt signaling of which, stem cells are a critical target population of cells that respond to wnt by self-renewal and differentiation.
  • stem cells are important for the repair and regeneration of tissues that are damaged and therefore these drugs preserve stem cells to allow for normal tissue repair. In the normal case, these stem cells are destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy for example which allows inflammatory macrophages and immune infiltrates to come in and remodel the tissue with consequent fibrosis in the late stage.
  • FIG. 20 shows the sites of radiation described in Table 2.
  • FIG. 24 shows photographs of the wounds analyzed with Draize scoring.
  • the radiation induced dermatitis study show that the drugs reduce radiation dermatitis.
  • This condition is a dose limiting condition of radiation therapy where the skin is subject to radiation and responds in an inflammatory state presenting erythema and edema.
  • LGR5+ stem cells are present in dermis and are equally affected by radiation. Because of the effects of the drugs on inflammation and stem cell preservation, these drugs protect against radiation dermatitis and support tissue regeneration in the case of injury.
  • BCN057 formulation Species 1-4 are shown in FIG. 22.
  • the pH of BCN057 is required to be below 5 in order to take a proton and be water soluble.
  • We have successfully used cylodextrins with BCN057 which will work if you drive it into solution at low pH. It will not work if you do not solubilize it first.
  • the reduction in pH below 4.0 provides a soluble version of BCN057 and this gives significant advantage in drug handling and formulation.

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