US20180094047A1 - Anti-pre-s1 hbv antibodies - Google Patents

Anti-pre-s1 hbv antibodies Download PDF

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US20180094047A1
US20180094047A1 US15/566,555 US201615566555A US2018094047A1 US 20180094047 A1 US20180094047 A1 US 20180094047A1 US 201615566555 A US201615566555 A US 201615566555A US 2018094047 A1 US2018094047 A1 US 2018094047A1
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hbv
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Jianhua Sui
Dan Li
Wenhui Li
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Huahui Health Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
    • C07K16/081—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from DNA viruses
    • C07K16/082—Hepadnaviridae, e.g. hepatitis B virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/34—Identification of a linear epitope shorter than 20 amino acid residues or of a conformational epitope defined by amino acid residues
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/732—Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • HBV infection and related diseases result in about one million deaths annually.
  • the surface antigen of HBV is composed of Large (L), Middle (M) and Small (S) proteins.
  • L and M proteins have additional domains at their N terminal as compared to the S protein which only has the S domain.
  • L contains Pre-S1, Pre-S2, and S domains;
  • M contains Pre-S2 and S domains;
  • S protein contains only the S domain.
  • the pre-S1domian in L protein is the target molecule of HBV receptor(s) expressed on human hepatic cell surface, and antibodies to the pre-S1 domain of HBV have been reported, e.g. Watashi et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 2892-2905, refs 22-27.
  • HBV receptor in WO2013159243A1, a humanized antibody from mouse hybridoma, KR127 in U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,723, and pre-S1 peptides in U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,754.
  • the invention provides methods and compositions for immune-activation by inhibiting HBV and/or HDV.
  • the invention provides an antibody antigen binding domain which specifically binds HBV Pre-S1, and comprises complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, CDR2 and CDR3, in a combination selected from (a)-(r) as follows, wherein the antibody (Ab), heavy chain (HC) or light chain (LC) and CDR nomenclature system (Kabat, IMGT or composite) from which the CDR combinations derive are shown in the first column, and residues in bold text are Kabat system, and residues underlined are IMGT system:
  • HCDRs of unique HBV Pre-S1 specific antibodies MAbs CDR1 CDR2 CDR3 m36-HC GFTFD DYA MH G ISWNSGSI GYADSVKG AK TSYGGAFDI K: SEQ ID NO: 59, K: SEQ ID NO: 60 K: SEQ ID NO: 61, res. 6-10 res. 3-11 I: SEQ ID NO: 59, I: SEQ ID NO: 60, I: SEQ ID NO: 61 res. 1-8 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 65 C: SEQ ID NO: 66 C: SEQ ID NO: 67 71-LC RSS QSLLHSNGY NY LGSNRAS MQGLQPPIT K: SEQ ID NO: 68, K: SEQ ID NO: 69 K: SEQ ID NO: 70 res. 1-12 I: SEQ ID NO: 68, I: SEQ ID NO: 69 I: SEQ ID NO: 70 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 89 C SEQ ID NO: 90 C: SEQ ID NO: 91 2H5-LC SGS SSNIGSYY VYWY GNN QRPS QSYDSSLSGVI K: SEQ ID NO: 92 K: SEQ ID NO: 93 K: SEQ ID NO: 94 I: SEQ ID NO: 92, I: SEQ ID NO: 93, I: SEQ ID NO: 94 res. 4-11 res.
  • HCDRs of antibodies derived from 2H5 VH-chain shuffled libraries MAbs HCDR1 HCDR2 HCDR3 #4 VH GDSVS SKSVT WN R TYYRSKWFN DYAVS AR AKMGGMDV K: SEQ ID NO: 101, K: SEQ ID NO: 102 K: SEQ ID NO: 103, res 6-12 res 3-10 I: SEQ ID NO: 101, I: SEQ ID NO:102, I: SEQ ID NO: 103 res. 1-10 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 101 C SEQ ID NO: 102 C: SEQ ID NO: 103 #31 VH GDSVS SNSAA WN R TYYRSKWYN DYAVS TR QSWHGMEV K: SEQ ID NO: 104, K: SEQ ID NO: 105 K: SEQ ID NO: 106, res 6-12 res 3-10 I: SEQ ID NO: 104, I: SEQ ID NO: 105, I: SEQ ID NO: 106 res. 1-10 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 104 C SEQ ID NO: 105 C: SEQ ID NO: 106 #32 VH GDSVS SNSAA WN R TYYRSKWYN DYAVS AR SIATGTDY
  • K SEQ ID NO: 107
  • K SEQ ID NO: 108
  • K SEQ ID NO: 109, res 6-12 res 3-10
  • SEQ ID NO: 107 C SEQ ID NO: 108 C: SEQ ID NO: 109 #69 VH GDSVS SSRAT WN R TYYRSKWFN DYAVS AR AKMGGMDV
  • K SEQ ID NO: 110, K: SEQ ID NO: 111 K: SEQ ID NO: 112, res 6-12 res 3-10
  • SEQ ID NO: 110 C SEQ ID NO: 111 C: SEQ ID NO: 112 A14 VH GDSVS SNSAA WN R TYYRSKWYN DYAVS AR GTRWGMDV
  • K SEQ ID NO: 113
  • K SEQ ID NO: 114
  • SEQ ID NO: 113 C SEQ ID NO: 114 C: SEQ ID NO: 115 A21 VH GDSVS SNSAA WN R TYYRSKWYN DYAVS AR AKVYGVDV K: SEQ ID NO: 116, K: SEQ ID NO: 117 K: SEQ ID NO: 118, res 6-12 res 3-10 I: SEQ ID NO: 116, I: SEQ ID NO: 117, I: SEQ ID NO: 118 res. 1-10 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 116 C SEQ ID NO: 117 C: SEQ ID NO: 118 B103 VH GDSVS SKSAT WN R TYYRSRWFN DYAVS AR GNMGAMDV
  • K SEQ ID NO: 119
  • K SEQ ID NO: 120
  • K SEQ ID NO: 121, res 6-12 res 3-10
  • SEQ ID NO: 122 C SEQ ID NO: 123 C: SEQ ID NO: 124 B139 VH GDSVS SNSAA WN R TYYRSKWYN DYAVS AR QASNGFDI
  • K SEQ ID NO: 125
  • K SEQ ID NO: 126
  • I SEQ ID NO: 127 res. 1-10 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 125 C SEQ ID NO: 126 C: SEQ ID NO: 127 B172 VH GDSVS SNSAA WN R TYYRSKWYN DYAVS AR QGTTGFDY
  • K SEQ ID NO: 128, K: SEQ ID NO: 129 K: SEQ ID NO: 130, res 6-12 res 3-10 I: SEQ ID NO: 128, I: SEQ ID NO: 129, I: SEQ ID NO: 130 res. 1-10 res. 2-10 C: SEQ ID NO: 128 C: SEQ ID NO: 129 C: SEQ ID NO: 130
  • HCDRs of antibodies derived from A14 VL-chain shuffled libraries MAbs LCDR1 HCDR2 HCDR3 #8 VL SGS SSNIGNYY VSWY DNA KRPS QSYDNSLSGLV K: SEQ ID NO: 131 K: SEQ ID NO: 132 K: SEQ ID NO: 133 I: SEQ ID NO: 131, I: SEQ ID NO: 132, I: SEQ ID NO: 133 res. 4-11 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 134 C SEQ ID NO: 135 C: SEQ ID NO: 136 #20-m1 VL SGT SSNIGSFY VYWY TND QRPS QSYDSSLRAVV K: SEQ ID NO: 137 K: SEQ ID NO: 138 K: SEQ ID NO: 139 I: SEQ ID NO: 137, I: SEQ ID NO: 138, I: SEQ ID NO: 139 res. 4-11 res.
  • SEQ ID NO: 137 C SEQ ID NO: 138 C: SEQ ID NO: 139 #20-m2 VL SGT SSNIGSFY VYWY TND QRPS QSYDSSLRAVV K: SEQ ID NO: 140 K: SEQ ID NO: 141 K: SEQ ID NO: 142 I: SEQ ID NO: 140, I: SEQ ID NO: 141, I: SEQ ID NO: 142 res. 4-11 res. 1-3 C: SEQ ID NO: 140 C: SEQ ID NO: 141 C: SEQ ID NO: 142 #20-m3 VL SGT SSNIGSYY VYWY TND QRPS QSYDSSLRAVV .
  • K SEQ ID NO: 143 K: SEQ ID NO: 144 K: SEQ ID NO: 145 I: SEQ ID NO: 143, I: SEQ ID NO: 144, I: SEQ ID NO: 145 res. 4-11 res. 1-3 C: SEQ ID NO: 143 C: SEQ ID NO: 144 C: SEQ ID NO: 145
  • the invention provides an antibody antigen binding domain comprising a heavy chain variable region (Vh) comprising a CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 combination and a light chain variable region (VI) comprising a CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 combination, or comprising a heavy chain variable region (Vh) and/or a light chain variable region (VD, selected. from: m36, 71, 76, T47, m1Q, 2H5, m150; and 4, 31, 32, 69, A14, A21, B103, B129, B139, B172; and 8, 20, 20-m1, 20-m2, 20-m3.
  • Vh heavy chain variable region
  • VI light chain variable region
  • VD light chain variable region
  • the antibody antigen binding domain specifically binds aa11-28 or aa19-25 of pre-S1.
  • the invention also provides antibodies, particularly monoclonal antibodies, and F(ab) or F(ab)2 comprising a subject binding domain.
  • the invention also provides novel polynucleotides such as cDNAs and expression vectors, encoding a subject antigen binding domain, and cells comprising such polynucleotides, and non-human animals comprising such cells.
  • the polynucleotides may be operably linked to a heterologous transcription regulating sequence for expression, and may be incorporated into such vectors, cells, etc.
  • the invention provides methods of using the subject domains to treat HBV or HDV infection, or to induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), comprising administering the domain to a person determined to have HBV or HDV infection, to have been exposed to HBV or HDV, to be at high risk for HBV or HDV exposure or infection, to be in need of Pre-S1 domain antagonism, or to be otherwise in need thereof.
  • the invention further provides the use of subject compositions for the manufacture of a medicament for HBV or HDV infection, optionally in conjunction with a virus replication inhibitor.
  • FIG. 1 HBV neutralization by 10 antibodies from 2H5 VH-chain shuffled library selections.
  • antibody is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies) and antibody fragments so long as they recognize HBV/HDV Pre-S1 or otherwise inhibit HBV/HDV.
  • An antibody molecule is usually monospecific, but may also be described as idiospecific, heterospecific, or polyspecific.
  • Antibody molecules bind by means of specific binding sites to specific antigenic determinants or epitopes on antigens.
  • Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′).sub.2, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • Monoclonal antibodies may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art. See, for example Kohler et al (1975); U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110; Ausubel et al (1987-1999); Harlow et al (1988); and Colligan et al (1993).
  • the mAbs of the invention may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and any subclass thereof.
  • a hybridoma producing a mAb may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo.
  • High titers of mAbs can be obtained in in vivo production where cells from the individual hybridomas are injected intraperitoneally into mice, such as pristine-primed Balb/c mice to produce ascites fluid containing high concentrations of the desired mAbs.
  • MAbs of isotype IgM or IgG may be purified from such ascites fluids, or from culture supernatants, using column chromatography methods well known to those of skill in the art.
  • isolated polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide segment or fragment which has been separated from sequences which flank it in a naturally occurring state, e.g., a DNA fragment which has been removed from the sequences which are normally adjacent to the fragment, e.g., the sequences adjacent to the fragment in a genome in which it naturally occurs.
  • the term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote, or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., as a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction enzyme digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA, which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.
  • a “construct” means any recombinant polynucleotide molecule such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus, autonomously replicating polynucleotide molecule, phage, or linear or circular single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA polynucleotide molecule, derived from any source, capable of genomic integration or autonomous replication, comprising a polynucleotide molecule where one or more polynucleotide molecule has been linked in a functionally operative manner, i.e. operably linked.
  • a recombinant construct will typically comprise the polynucleotides of the invention operably linked to transcriptional initiation regulatory sequences that will direct the transcription of the polynucleotide in the intended host cell.
  • transcriptional initiation regulatory sequences that will direct the transcription of the polynucleotide in the intended host cell.
  • Both heterologous and non-heterologous (i.e., endogenous) promoters can be employed to direct expression of the nucleic acids of the invention.
  • a “vector” refers any recombinant polynucleotide construct that may be used for the purpose of transformation, i.e. the introduction of heterologous DNA into a host cell.
  • a “plasmid” refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated.
  • a viral vector Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.
  • Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
  • expression vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors”.
  • an “expression vector” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of replication and expressing a gene of interest when transformed, transfected or transduced into a host cell.
  • the expression vectors comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and to, if desired, provide amplification within the host.
  • the expression vector further comprises a promoter to drive the expression of the polypeptide within the cells.
  • Suitable expression vectors may be plasmids derived, for example, from pBR322 or various pUC plasmids, which are commercially available. Other expression vectors may be derived from bacteriophage, phagemid, or cosmid expression vectors.
  • human monoclonal antibodies that can block HDV and HBV viral infections. These antibodies were identified from a large phage display antibody library, which was established using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 93 healthy donors. By selection and screening of the antibody library using pre-S1 domain of HBV envelope protein as a target, a panel of human monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activities against HBV and HDV infections were identified. Among them, 2H5, showed best neutralizing activities against HBV and HDV infections. The co-crystal structure of 2H5 in complex with its target (8 amino acids of the Pre-S1 domain) was solved. By optimizing 2H5 by chain shuffling approach we developed even more potent neutralizing antibodies.
  • Antigen Target Pre-S1 Peptides.
  • NC36b a peptide comprising of residues 4-38 of the pre-S1 domain of HBV L protein with a biotin modification at its C-terminus.
  • m47b a myristoylated lipopeptide comprising of amino acids 2-48 of pre-S1 domain with a biotin modification at the C-terminus and a myristoylation modification at the N-terminus.
  • a human non-immune scFv (Single-chain variable fragment) antibody library was constructed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 93 healthy donors.
  • the library has a size of a total of 1.1 ⁇ 10 10 members.
  • Phage particles expressing scFv on their surface were prepared from the library and used for selection of scFvs against the synthesized NC36b and m 47b.
  • the peptides were captured on streptavidin-conjugated magnetic M-280 Dynabeads® (Life Technologies) and then incubated with 5 ⁇ 10 12 phage particles prepared from the library, respectively. For each peptide, two rounds of selection were performed. For each round of selection, in order to obtain high affinity antibodies, the amount of peptides captured onto the magnetic beads was optimized and extensive washing steps were applied.
  • VH variable regions of heavy
  • VL variable regions of heavy chain
  • the antibody clones with unique sequence were either produced as purified phage-scFv particles or converted to scFv-Fc minibodies or full-length human IgG1s, and then tested for their binding activities by ELISA, and HBV and HDV neutralization activities in cell cultures. By these assays, antibodies were ranked based on their binding activity and neutralization activity. The top antibody with the highest neutralization activity was chosen for further development.
  • the phage-scFvs in the supernatant of 10-30 mL bacterial culture were precipitated by PEG/NaCL and then quantified by a spectrometer. Activities of different phage-scFvs for antigen binding or neutralizing viral infection were evaluated based on the dose-response of serial diluted phage-Abs that was normalized to the same concentration.
  • ScFv encoding gene from the phage-scFv expressing vector was subcloned into an expression vector containing human IgG1 Fc fragment at C-terminus of the scFv.
  • 293F Life Technologies
  • 293T cells ATCC
  • VH and VL coding sequence of a scFv were separately subcloned into antibody heavy chain (HC) expression vector and light chain (LC) expression vector.
  • HC antibody heavy chain
  • LC light chain
  • IgG1 antibody 293F or 293T cells were transiently co-transfected with the two expression plasmids (HC+LC plasmids) at a 1:1 ratio. 72 hours after transfection, the cell culture supernatant were harvested for purification of IgG1 by Protein A affinity chromatography.
  • phage-scFvs were detected by adding HRP-conjugated mouse anti-M13 antibody (GE Healthcare) and incubated for 30 mins at 30° C. In between each incubation step, the ELISA plate was washed for 6 times with PBST solution (0.05% Tween20 containing PBS) at 200 ⁇ L per well.
  • HRP-conjugated antibody incubation the ELISA signal was developed by incubating with TMB substrate (Sigma) for 5-10 mins at 30° C. and then stop the reaction with 2M H 2 SO 4 at 25 ⁇ L per well. The absorbance at 450 nm was read by a microplate reader (Bio-Rad).
  • the method was basically the same as described above for phage-scFvs except the bound antibodies were detected by HRP-conjugated mouse anti-human IgG Fc antibody (Sigma).
  • HBV and HDV were produced as previously described [3].
  • HDV Briefly, a plasmid containing a head to tail trimer of 1.0 ⁇ HDV cDNA of a genotype I virus (Genebank accession number: AF425644.1) under the control of a CMV promoter was constructed with de novo synthesized HDV cDNA for the production of HDV RNPs.
  • a pUC18 plasmid containing nucleotide 2431-1990 of HBV (Genotype D, Genebank accession number: U95551.1), was used for expressing HBV envelope proteins under the control of endogenous HBV promoter.
  • HDV virions were produced by transfection of the plasmids in Huh-7 as previously described by Sureau et al [4]. The transfected cell culture supernatant was harvested and directly used for HDV neutralization assay.
  • HBV genotype B, C and D viruses were produced by transfection of Huh-7 cells with a plasmid containing 1.05 copies of HBV genome under the control of a CMV promoter. Genotype B or C HBV viruses were also from plasma of HBV patients.
  • HepG2-hNTCP cells a HepG2 cell line stably expressing HBV and HDV receptor hNTCP (human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide)
  • HepG2-hNTCP cells were cultured in PMM medium [3] for 12-24 hours in a 48-well plate before viral infection.
  • HDV infection at 7 days post infection (dpi), HDV infected cells were fixed with 100% methanol at room temperature for 10 min, intracellular delta antigen was stained with 5 ⁇ g/mL of FITC conjugated 4G5 (a mouse anti-HDV Delta antigen monoclonal antibody) and nuclear were stained with DAPI. Images were collected by a Fluorescence Microscope (Nikon). The neutralization activity against HDV was determined based on the stained Delta antigen amount and strength.
  • HBV infection at dpi 3, 5 and 7, the culture supernatant were collected and tested for HBV secreted viral antigen HBsAg and/or HBeAg with commercial ELISA kits (Wantai, Beijing, China). The levels of HBeAg and/or HBsAg were used to evaluate HBV neutralization activity of the antibodies.
  • m36, 2H5 and m1Q were the top three antibodies showing best HBV (genotype D) neutralization activity.
  • m36 was excluded from further testing as it showed reduced expression when converted into full-length IgG1.
  • 2H5 and m1Q were further compared for HDV neutralization activity, 2H5 showed better activity in neutralizing HDV infection.
  • 2H5 was chosen for further development.
  • 2H5 showed greater HBV and HDV neutralization activity than a previously published pre-S1 peptide antibody KR127 [6-8].
  • 2H5-IgG1 is 11-fold more potent than KR127 as indicated by the IC 50 (the antibody concentration resulting 50% inhibition of HBV infection); 2H5 also showed greater inhibitory effect on HDV infection assay.
  • LN16, LD15 and LA15 The common amino acids shared by the three peptides, LN16, LD15 and LA15, are aa19-25 of pre-S1.
  • the 2H5 Epitope is Highly conserveed Among the Majority of HBV Genotypes.
  • the complex was purified as a complex by Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) using Ni-NTA agarose beads (QIAGEN) followed by Size Exclusion Chromatography-HPLC (SEC-HPLC) with Superdex S200 10/300 column (GE Healthcare).
  • IMAC Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography
  • SEC-HPLC Size Exclusion Chromatography-HPLC
  • Superdex S200 10/300 column GE Healthcare.
  • the purified 2H5-scFv/59C complex was then concentrated and crystallized at 20° C. using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method by mixing 1 ⁇ L of protein (29 mg/mL in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 and 100 mM NaCl) and 1 ⁇ L of reservoir solution containing 2.8 M sodium acetate, pH 7.0. Needle-shaped crystals appeared after 10 days.
  • the X-ray diffraction data were collected at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility beamline BL17U and processed by HKL2000 [9].
  • the structure was determined at 2.7 A ° resolution by molecular replacement in Phaser [10, 11] using VH and VL derived from the structure of Herceptin-Fab complex (PDB 3H0T) [12] as starting model.
  • Initial model from molecular replacement was further refined in Phenix [13] and manually rebuilt with Coot [14].
  • the final model includes 220 residues of 2H5 scFv, residues 20-27 of the 59C peptide.
  • RAMPAGE analysis shows that 96.71% of residues are in the favored region and 3.29% of residues are in the allowed region [15].
  • the eight amino acids of the peptide included in the structure are D 20 P 21 A 22 F 23 G 24 N 25 A 26 S 27 . Among them, D 20 , P 21 , A 22 , F 23 , A 26 and S 27 make interactions with 2H5. Three amino acids, D 20 , P 21 and F 23 make critical interactions for 2H5 binding.
  • VH chain shuffling to improve 2H5's binding affinity and neutralization activity, in which one of the two chains (VH and VL) is fixed and combined with a repertoire of the other chain to yield a secondary library that can be selected for superior activity.
  • VH chain shuffling in which VL of 2H5 was fixed and paired with a library of VH chains.
  • Two VH-Lib/2H5VL phage display libraries were constructed. One library size is ⁇ 2 ⁇ 10 8 , the other one is about 9 ⁇ 10 8 .
  • streptavidin-conjugated magnetic M-280 Dynabeads® Life Technologies
  • FIG. 1 shows HBV neutralization by 10 antibodies from 2H5 VH-chain shuffled library selections.
  • HepG2-hNTCP cells were infected by incubation with HBV (genotype D) in the presence of antibodies at different concentrations for 16 hours. Antibody and viruses were washed away afterwards and continued to culture for 7 days, cell culture medium was changed every 2 days. The secreted HBeAg was detected by ELISA at 7 days post infection. Based on the reduction of HBeAg level, the HBV neutralization activity was calculated and expressed as the percentage changes for infected cells in the presence of antibodies relative to the control (cells infected in the presence of a control antibody).
  • HBV (genotype D) neutralization activity As compared to the parental 2H5 antibody.
  • the IC50 for these antibodies are around ⁇ 10-40 pM.
  • a representative antibody out of these 4 antibodies, A14 was further compared to Hepatitis B Immune Globulin in neutralizing HBV (genotype D) infection.
  • HBIG is prepared from the plasma of donors who have high antibody levels of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and used as a post exposure prophylaxis for people at risk to develop hepatitis B in clinic.
  • A14 showed more than 1000-fold greater neutralization activity than HBIG.
  • A14 showed broadly neutralization activity against other two HBV genotypes, B and C.
  • the IC50 for genotype B, C and D are 80 pM, 30 pM and 10 pM, respectively.
  • A14 was also examined for neutralizing six HBV genotype C viruses from plasma of HBV infected patients. Again A14 was at least several hundreds to 1000-fold more potent than HBIG in neutralizing these viruses.
  • A14 is the one with the highest Fab melting temperatures (Tm) of 80.2° C., reflecting the best thermostability of its variable domains. A14 is stabilized by approximately 2° C. comparing to the original 2H5, whereas other three nAbs all have slightly reduced thermostability. The thermostability was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • HBV primary human hepatocytes
  • A14 competed with pre-S1 for binding to NTCP expressed on cells.
  • A14 effectively competed with pre-S1 (FITC labeled pre-S1 peptide: m59) for binding to NTCP expressed on HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
  • A14 has no cross reactivity with 12 different cell lines representing 6 different tissues. This was analyzed by Western blotting and immunostaining assays.
  • A14 has antibody mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against cells carrying its epitope on cell surface and HBV producing cells as well as infected cells.
  • ADCC antibody mediated cytotoxicity
  • the epitope of A14 was stably expressed on CHO cell surface, HBV producing DE19 cells, and infected HepG2-hNTCP cells were used as target cells.
  • a human NK cell line (NK92-MI expressing CD16 (V158 allele) and FcRgamma chain was used as effector cells.
  • the effector cells and target cells (E/T) were co-cultured at a ratio of 6:1 for 6 hours in the presence of A14 or its Fc mutant.
  • the cell killing was determined by using LDH release assay kit form Promega.
  • the ADCC assay showed that A14 exhibited strong specific killing of CHO cells expressing the epitope, HBV producing cells, and HBV-infected HepG2-hNTCP cells but not the control cells lacking of the epitope expression, non-HBV producing cells and non-HBV infected cells. Meanwhile, the A14's Fc mutant (D265A/N297A) that lacks the ADCC activity but retains the same binding activity had no ADCC activity.
  • ADCC activity is common to antibodies having the same or similar epitope as A14, including 2H5, and its VH chain shuffled derived ones: 4, 31, 32, 69, A14, A21, B103, B129, B139, B172, and the VL chain shuffled clones #8, 20, 20-m1, 20-m2, 20-m3, and antibodies having distinct epitopes, such as m36, 71, 76, T47, m150, m1Q can also present ADCC activity; for example, m1 Q, also showed ADCC activity, its epitope is approximate to the C-terminal of A14's epitope on preS1.
  • FVB mice (age of 9 days after birth) with aa84-87 of mNTCP modified homozygotes were administered A14 mAb at 10 mg/kg of body weight.
  • mice were challenged with HDV viruses.
  • liver tissues were harvested in liquid nitrogen immediately after collection.
  • Mouse liver samples were then homogenized and lysed by Trizol® reagent to extract the total RNA.
  • the RNA samples were reverse transcribed into cDNA with Prime Script RT-PCR Kit (Takara). To quantify HDV total RNA (genome equivalent) and edited NTCP RNA copies, the cDNA obtained from 20 ng RNA was used as template for real time PCR assay.
  • a mouse HBV infection model has been established using FRG (Fah ⁇ / ⁇ Rag2 ⁇ / ⁇ /IL2rg ⁇ / ⁇ ) triple knock-out mice transplanted with human hepatocytes [19, 20].
  • FRG mice allows transplanted human hepatocytes replicating in mouse liver to form a chimeric liver with up to 98% human hepatocytes, as such the liver humanized FRG mice (FRGC) are highly susceptible to HBV infection.
  • FRGC liver humanized FRG mice
  • A14 prophylaxis group mice were injected with A14 at 15 mg/kg dosage by a single IP administration one day prior to HBV virus challenge, while mice in the control group were injected with same volume of PBS. On day 0, all mice were injected with 10e9 GE (genome equivalent) HBV each via tail vein.
  • FRGC mice were challenged with 10e9 GE/mice of HBV via tail vein on day 0, on day 5 post-infection, the mice were treated with entecavir (ETV) control or A14 or HBIG. ETV was orally given at 0.1 mg/kg daily; A14 or HBIG were administrated every three days by I.P.
  • A14 mAb is a potent HDV and HBV entry inhibitor in animal model.
  • A14 mAb can be used to replace HBIG for prevention of HDV and HBV infection.
  • A14 treatment of an established HBV infection in mice significantly inhibited HBV infection, moreover A14 showed specific ADCC activity against HBV-infected cells but not the non-HBV infected cells.
  • A14 blocks new viral entry into host cells and has ADCC activity against infected cells
  • ETV inhibits viral replication
  • combination of A14 with a viral replication inhibitor such as ETV, lamivudine, adefovir, tenofovir, telbivudine or other nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NUCs) provide new therapeutic and prophylactic options for patients and can achieve better viremia control and HBsAg reduction.
  • a viral replication inhibitor such as ETV, lamivudine, adefovir, tenofovir, telbivudine or other nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NUCs)
  • A14-VL chain shuffled phage display library in which VH of A14 was fixed and paired with a library of VL chains.
  • the final library (A14VH/VLlib) constructed had a size of ⁇ 3 ⁇ 10 8 .
  • the A14VH/VLlib library was selected for two rounds. 196 clones were screened for binding with m47b by ELISA. All clones were positive but 24 clones with highest OD450 reading were picked for sequencing.
  • Antibody sequences of 7 antibodies derived from na ⁇ ve library m36 m36 VH DNA (SEQ ID NO: 01) CAAGTTCCTTTATGTGCTGTCTCATCATTTTGGCAAGAATTCGCCACCATGAAACATCTGTGGT TCTTCCTTCTCCTGGTGGCAGCGGCCCAGCCGGCCATGGCCCAGATGCAGCTGGTGCAGTCTGG GGGAGGCTTGGTACAGCCTGGCAGGTCCCTGAGACTCTCCTGTGCAGCCTCTGGATTCACCTTT GATGATTATGCCATGCACTGGGTCCGGCAAGCTCCAGGGAAGGGCCTGGAGTGGGTCTCAGGTA TTAGTTGGAATAGTGGTAGCATAGGCTATGCGGACTCTGTGAAGGGCCGATTCACCATCTCCAG AGACAACGCCAAGAACTCCCTGTATCTGCAAATGAACAGTCTGAGAGCTGAGGACACGGCCTTG TATTACTGTGCAAAAACGTCCTACGGGGGGGCTTTTGATATCTGGGGCCAAGGGACAATGGTCA CCG
  • VL DNA (SEQ ID NO: 49) CAGTCTGTCGTGACGCAGCCGCCCTCAGTGTCTGCGGCCCCAGGACAGAAGGTCACCATCTCCT GCTCTGGAAGCAGCTCCAACATTGGGAATTATTATGTGTCCTGGTACCAGCACCTCCCAGGAAC AGCCCCCAAACTCCTCATTTATGACAATGCTAAGCGACCCTCAGGGATTCCTGACCGATTCTCT GGCTCCAAGTCTGGCACGTCAGCCACCCTGGGCATCACTGGGCTCCGGGCTGAGGATGAGGCTG ATTATTACTGCCAGTCCTATGACAATAGCCTTAGTGGTTTGGTGTTCGGCGGAGGGACCAAGCT GACCGTCCTA #8 VL amino acid: (SEQ ID NO: 50) QSVVTQPPSVSAAPGQKVTISCSGSSSNIGNYYVSWYQHLPGTAPKLLIYDNAKRPSGIP

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