US20150184196A1 - Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s) - Google Patents

Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s) Download PDF

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US20150184196A1
US20150184196A1 US14/644,000 US201514644000A US2015184196A1 US 20150184196 A1 US20150184196 A1 US 20150184196A1 US 201514644000 A US201514644000 A US 201514644000A US 2015184196 A1 US2015184196 A1 US 2015184196A1
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cells
cell
drug
protein
recombinant cell
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Na Li
Jie Wang
Christopher J. Patten
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Discovery Life Sciences LLC
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Corning Inc
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Assigned to CORNING INCORPORATED reassignment CORNING INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PATTEN, CHRISTOPHER J., LI, NA, WANG, JIE
Application filed by Corning Inc filed Critical Corning Inc
Publication of US20150184196A1 publication Critical patent/US20150184196A1/en
Priority to US14/972,012 priority patent/US9822160B2/en
Priority to US15/163,218 priority patent/US9771409B2/en
Priority to US15/269,045 priority patent/US20170067909A1/en
Priority to US15/688,942 priority patent/US10017558B2/en
Priority to US15/688,983 priority patent/US10047136B2/en
Priority to US15/988,802 priority patent/US10336805B2/en
Priority to US15/988,819 priority patent/US10336806B2/en
Priority to US16/407,860 priority patent/US10629064B2/en
Priority to US16/407,943 priority patent/US10626158B2/en
Priority to US16/851,649 priority patent/US20200239540A1/en
Priority to US16/851,634 priority patent/US20200239539A1/en
Assigned to DISCOVERY LIFE SCIENCES, LLC reassignment DISCOVERY LIFE SCIENCES, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CORNING INCORPORATED
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/08—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using communication transmission lines
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • C12Y102/03001—Aldehyde oxidase (1.2.3.1), i.e. retinal oxidase
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to cryopreserved recombinant cells transiently overexpressing one or more genes encoding drug transporter protein and/or drug metabolizing enzyme such that activity of the encoded protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cells following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • Drug development is a costly and time consuming endeavor whereby drug candidates must satisfy certain criteria established by government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency prior to receiving regulatory approval for marketing thereof.
  • assays are conducted to screen drug candidates to determine whether any are substrates or inhibitors of one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes as that can have a significant effect on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of such drugs, their toxicity and drug-drug interactions.
  • cell lines stably expressing a gene encoding a drug transporter proteins or a drug metabolizing enzyme may be used for such screening, significant time and resources are required to generate and maintain frozen stocks thereof. Plus, the level of recombinant protein expressed is typically variable (laboratory to laboratory) and may deteriorate and/or become more variable over time with passage of such cells.
  • freshly plated cells either stably or transiently expressing a gene encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme may be employed for such screening.
  • freshly plated cells have a limited shelf life of a few days and are difficult to ship in a manner that maintains their viability.
  • the foreign transfected gene is actually integrated into the host genome of the cells and carried along with it during cycles of cells division.
  • the chromosomal integration in the host cells will lead to permanent modification of host genome, potentially leading to abnormal expression of other genes causing unexpected changes of host behavior and unreliable experimental results.
  • there is a need for cells suitable for screening drug candidates that reduces the investment of time and resources associated with drug development and provide reliable results.
  • the present invention provides cryopreserved recombinant cells suitable for screening drug candidates to determine whether any are substrates or inhibitors of one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes that provide reliable results and ready convenience. Desirably, the level of activity in a population of the recombinant cells following cryopreservation is comparable to that of freshly transfected cells. Additionally, the cryopreserved recombinant cells are readily packaged in a vial and shipped with dry ice or dry shipper and conveniently stored at ⁇ 135° C. in liquid nitrogen upon receipt with several years shelf life. Hence, such cells provide the end user a consumable “thaw and use” product which provides convenience in conducting experiments and reduces the investment of time and resources in creating and/or maintaining cell stocks for screening drug candidates.
  • the present invention provides cryopreserved recombinant cells including one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cells following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the present invention provides processes of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme or a combination thereof including transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of the percentage of viable cells from cell stock, cells after electroporation (EP) and cells after thaw from cryopreservation for FreeStyleTM 293-F (FS293) cells and 293-F cells grown in suspension.
  • FIG. 2 are images of transfected cells 4 hrs (A), 24 hrs (B) and 48 hrs (C) after plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • FIG. 3 are images of 293-F cells transfected with pOATP1B1 expression plasmid plated at (A) 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells per well and (B) 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated plates and cultured in plating media at 24 hrs post-plating (following thaw from cryopreservation).
  • FIG. 4 are images of 293-F cells transfected with MATE1, MATE2K OATP1B3, long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids; referred to herein as “OAT1 long”), short isoform OAT1 (missing 13 amino acid at C-terminus 522-534, with 550 amino acids; referred to herein as “OAT1 short”), OAT3, and pCMV vector plated at 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated plates at 24 hrs post-plating (following thaw from cryopreservation).
  • FIG. 5 are fluorescence images of adhered HEK293 cells transfected with 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml or 200 ⁇ g/ml green fluorescent protein (GFP) 24 hrs (A) and 48 hrs (B) following EP.
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of the percentage of viable cells following EP of adhered HEK293 cells using varying amounts of DNA.
  • FIG. 7A is a graph of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake activity following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml, 200 ⁇ g/ml or 400 ⁇ g/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 48 hrs post EP.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 7B is a graph of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake activity following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml, 200 ⁇ g/ml or 400 ⁇ g/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 96 hrs post EP.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 8 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml, 200 ⁇ g/ml or 400 ⁇ g/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 48 hrs post EP.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 9 is a graph of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake activity in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with either OATP2/OATP1B1 using a small scale EP device (OC400), OATP2/OATP1B1 using a large scale EP device (CL2), or an empty vector control.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 10 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 gene using either “Control” (i.e., traditional lipid transfection reagent (lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen)) or STX, MaxCyte scalable EP device.
  • Control i.e., traditional lipid transfection reagent (lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen)
  • STX MaxCyte scalable EP device.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 that are freshly plated or plated following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 12 are images of HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1*1a (Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.4), OATP1B1*1b (Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.3), OATP1B3, pCMV vector, long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids), OAT3, OCT1 or OCT2 using MaxCyte scalable EP device and scale-up process followed by cryopreservation, thawing, plating on Poly-D-Lysine plates and incubation for 24 hrs post-plating.
  • OATP1B1*1a Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.4
  • OATP1B1*1b Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.3
  • OATP1B3 long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids)
  • OAT3, OCT1 or OCT2 using Max
  • FIG. 13A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) (prototypical substrate for OAT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with PAH at a concentration of 3 ⁇ M.
  • PAH p-Aminohippuric acid
  • FIG. 13B is a graph depicting results of a kinetic assay whereby uptake of PAH at a concentration in the range of 3 to 200 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 13C is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 were incubated with PAH at a concentration of 15 ⁇ M and probenecid (OAT1 inhibitor) at a concentration in the range of 0-300 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 14A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of Estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) (prototypical substrate for OAT3) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • E3S Estrone-3-sulfate
  • FIG. 14B is a graph depicting results of a kinetic assay whereby uptake of E3S at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 32 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 14C is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 were incubated with E3S at a concentration of 4 ⁇ M and probenecid (OAT3 inhibitor) at a concentration in the range of 0-300 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 15A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of TEA (prototypical substrate for OCT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with TEA at a concentration of 31 ⁇ M.
  • TEA prototypical substrate for OCT1
  • FIG. 15B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of metformin (prototypical substrate for OCT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M.
  • metformin prototypical substrate for OCT1
  • FIG. 15C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of TEA at a concentration of 1, 10 and 100 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of metformin at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 were incubated with TEA and OCT1 inhibitor (quinidine, verapamil or decynium-22) at various concentrations in the range of 0.1-500 ⁇ M for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15F is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 were incubated with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M and OCT1 inhibitor cimetidine at various concentrations in the range of 4 ⁇ M to 3 mM for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of TEA (prototypical substrate for OCT2) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with TEA at a concentration of 31 ⁇ M.
  • TEA prototypical substrate for OCT2
  • FIG. 16B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of metformin (prototypical substrate for OCT2) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M.
  • metformin prototypical substrate for OCT2
  • FIG. 16C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of TEA at a concentration of 1, 10 and 100 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of metformin at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 were incubated with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M and OCT2 inhibitor cimetidine at a concentration in the range of 4 ⁇ M to 3 mM for 10 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 17B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • E3S estrone-3-sulfate
  • FIG. 17C is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of rosuvastatin uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with rosuvastatin at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 17D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration in the range of 0.25 to 40 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17E is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of rosuvastatin at a concentration in the range of 0.78 to 50 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17F is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 18A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E17 ⁇ G uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 18B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E3S uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 18C is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of rosuvastatin uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with rosuvastatin at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 18D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration in the range of 0.25 to 40 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 18E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with CCK-8 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • CCK-8 cholecystokinin
  • FIG. 19B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E17 ⁇ G uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 19C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of CCK-8 at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 20 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of rosuvastatin at a concentration in the range of 0.78 to 50 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of CCK-8 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 ⁇ M for 2 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • cell includes both primary cells as well as established cell lines (e.g., human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary CHO, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells MDCK, Pig Kidney Epithelial Cells LLC-PK1, human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells).
  • established cell lines e.g., human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary CHO, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells MDCK, Pig Kidney Epithelial Cells LLC-PK1, human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells.
  • drug transporter protein refers to a membrane bound transport protein that includes, but is not limited to ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carrier (SLC) transporters.
  • drug metabolizing enzyme includes, but is not limited to, cytochromes such as cytochrome (CYP) P450; UDP-glucouronyl transferase and other non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • cytochromes such as cytochrome (CYP) P450
  • UDP-glucouronyl transferase and other non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • the term “detectable” means that the activity of a selected probe substrate in cells transfected with a drug transporter protein and/or drug metabolizing enzyme shall be higher than the activity of the same probe substrate in cells transfected with empty vector; desirably, the difference in activity will be at least 5-fold.
  • transporter nomenclature identifies the human protein/gene, i.e., MRP2/ABCC2, etc.; smaller case letters indicate the transporter derives from a preclinical (nonhuman mammalian) species, i.e., Mrp2/Abcc2, etc. Unless otherwise specified, a gene is derived from any species (e.g., human or other mammal).
  • OATP1B1 As used herein, the terms “OATP1B1” “OATP2” and “SLCO1B1” are interchangeable and refer to a human protein/gene that corresponds to the nonhuman protein/gene Oatp2. Unless noted otherwise, reference to OATP1B1 is to OATP1B1*1b.
  • OAT1 and “SLC22A6” are interchangeable and refer to an organic anion transporter 1. Unless noted otherwise, reference to OAT1 is to the full length cDNA encoding with 563 amino acids (also referred to herein as “OAT1 long”).
  • Exemplary ABC transporters include, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 1.
  • Exemplary SLC transporters include, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 2.
  • Cells suitable for use in the present invention include mammalian cells, for example, as derived from human or non-human (e.g., mouse, rat, dog, monkey, hamster and pig, etc.). In certain embodiments, the cells are hepatocytes, or endothelial cells.
  • Virus-based gene delivery methods may be used but require special handling of the cells due to safety concerns.
  • lipid-based transfection methods may be used, lipid-based transfection reagents are relatively costly and such methods are not amenable to large-scale manufacturing processes. Additionally, lipid-based transfection methods result in relatively low gene delivery efficiency and relatively delayed protein expression (generally 72 to 96 hours post transfection) (data not shown).
  • Electroporation (EP) is preferable as it is amenable to large-scale manufacturing processes and avoids the safety issues of viral-based gene delivery methods. Further, EP results in relatively efficient gene delivery.
  • gene(s) encoding a drug transporter protein and/or a drug metabolizing enzyme will be overexpressed such that activity of the protein(s) encoded therefrom are detectable following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • Drug candidates can be tested to determine if any are substrates or inhibitors of the protein(s) encoded from the overexpressed gene(s) by incubation of the recombinant cells therewith. In particular, if a drug candidate is a substrate of a drug transporter protein and/or a drug metabolizing enzyme, the drug candidate will be affected.
  • the drug candidate is a substrate of a drug transporter protein
  • the drug candidate will be translocated in or out of the recombinant cell via the drug transporter protein.
  • the drug candidate is an inhibitor of the drug transporter protein
  • the drug candidate will inhibit translocation of a substrate of the drug transporter protein in or out of the recombinant cell.
  • assays can be conducted using whole cells or subcellular fractions thereof (microsome/cytosol).
  • recombinant cells of the present invention may be further transfected with RNAi or siRNA of the transiently overexpressed gene(s) to knockdown/knockout the expression thereof as is desirable for certain assays.
  • Primary cells e.g., hepatocytes
  • RNAi or siRNA directed against any ABC transporters, SLC transporters or any other drug metabolizing enzymes to knockdown/knockout the expression of specific genes.
  • the disclosure provides a cryopreserved recombinant cell including one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cell following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said one or more genes encodes a drug metabolizing enzyme.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (2), wherein the drug metabolizing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucouronyl transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • the drug metabolizing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucouronyl transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of an ATP binding cassette transporter and a solute carrier transporter protein.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes is selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, BSEP/Bsep, OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntc
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes encodes a protein that is an ATP binding cassette transporter selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, and BSEP/Bsep.
  • an ATP binding cassette transporter selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, and BSEP/Bsep.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes encodes a protein that is a solute carrier transporter selected from the group consisting of OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OCT3/Oct3, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntcp.
  • a solute carrier transporter selected from the group consisting of OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OCT3/O
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes is selected from OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2K.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein the one or more genes is derived individually from human or an animal species selected from mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, and monkey.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell is derived from a mammal.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (10), wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of HEK293, CHO, MDCK, LLC-PK1, Caco-2 and V79 cells.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (10), wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of human, monkey, dog, rat, mouse, porcine and hamster.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell comprises a hepatocyte.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell comprises an endothelial cell.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 24 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 48 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 72 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides a process of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme including transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (18), wherein the transient transfection step includes electroporation.
  • Cells were cultured under standard sterile practices for cell culture, and transiently transfected using EP. Following EP, cells were assayed for protein activity both before as well as after being frozen, thawed and plated. As detailed below, cells cultured in suspension and adherent cell cultures were both successfully transiently transfected and exhibited substantial activity of the recombinant protein following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • FreeStyle 293 Cells and 293-F cells were each passaged into appropriate sized shaker flasks at a density of 0.7-1.0 ⁇ 10 6 cell/ml using supplemented CD293 medium (i.e., CD293 medium (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11913-019, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 4 mM L-Glutamine (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 25030-081, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.)) or supplemented ExcellTM 293 serum free media (available from Sigma, Cat. No. 14571C, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) supplemented with 6 mM L-Glutamine. Cell viability and cell number were determined using a Cellometer (available from Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, Mass.).
  • EP of cells was executed.
  • cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min, after which the media was aspirated and cells resuspended in 30 ml EP Buffer (available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. B201, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.).
  • the cell suspension was transferred to 50 ml Falcon tubes, pelleted down as described above, and resuspended in an appropriate amount of EP Buffer to reach 100 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml which was used as the cell stock.
  • DNAs to be used for EP were prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
  • a portion of cells (i.e., 20 ⁇ 10 6 cells) was used for plating and the rest was cryopreserved, or all of the cells were cryopreserved. It is contemplated that recombinant cells may be cryopreserved within 48 hrs of transfection and exhibit activity of protein(s) encoded from transfected gene(s) at a detectable level following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • DMEM pre-warmed plating media
  • DMEM with high glucose (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11965092, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), supplemented with 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11140050, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), 10% FBS (available from SAFC Biosciences, Cat. No. 12016C, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.)) (cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml).
  • DMEM with high glucose
  • 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11140050, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.
  • FBS available from SAFC Biosciences, Cat. No. 12016C, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.
  • Cells were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates poly-D-Lysine coated, Corning BiocoatTM (available from Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.) at a density of 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well and 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. with 8% CO 2 so as to determine the impact of seeding density on uptake activity. Media was replaced 4 hours later and then every 24 hours until the day of assaying. On Days 4, cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity as described below.
  • ice-cold freezing media 9 parts supplemented CD293 medium and 1 part DMSO which was syringe filtered to sterilize
  • Cryo vials were filled with 1 ml of this cell suspension, and placed on ice-cold Mr Frosty freezing container (available from Thermal Scientific), which was stored in ⁇ 80° C. freezer overnight after which the vials were transferred into liquid nitrogen.
  • Cryopreserved cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity as described below.
  • cryopreserved cells were removed from liquid nitrogen to dry ice, and then thawed in a water bath at 37° C. for about 2 min.
  • Cells were transferred into 10 ml of plating media as described above which is pre-warmed to a temperature of about 37° C. and the viability and cell density determined.
  • Cells were pelleted down and resuspended in supplemented DMEM media at a cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells/ml.
  • Cells were plated in the same manner described above for plating cells following EP (which had not been cryopreserved) and assayed for OATP1B1 activity at 24, 48 and 72 hrs following plating thereof.
  • HEK293 cells were cultured in 5 Layer Corning® CellStack® (available from Corning Inc. Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.) using plating media containing DMEM (high glucose) available from Gibco Cat. No. 11965118, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 units/ml) available from Gibco Cat. No. 15140-122, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; L-Glutamine (200 mM) available from Gibco Cat. No. 25030-081, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; Sodium Pyruvate, available from Gibco Cat. No.
  • HEK293 cells were trypsinized, cell viability and cell number determined after which cells were passaged to fresh multilayer chamber flasks at 30-40% confluency. Cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 .
  • EP of cells was executed. In short, cells were harvested, cell viability and cell number determined after which cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and the media aspirated. Cells were resuspended in EP buffer and pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min, then resuspended in an appropriate amount of EP Buffer to reach 50 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml which was used as the cell stock. DNAs to be used for EP were prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
  • OC-400 or CL-2 processing assembly available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. OC-400R and CL2-R, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
  • the cells were carefully pipetted out and transferred into 6-well tissue culture plates and incubated for 20 min at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 , after which cells were removed and placed in a 50 ml conical tube containing pre-warmed plating media. Cell viability and cell density were determined. A portion of cells (i.e., 20 ⁇ 10 6 cells) was used for plating and the rest was cryopreserved.
  • cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and then resuspended in pre-warmed plating media (cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml).
  • Cells were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates (poly-D-Lysine coated, Corning BiocoatTM (available from Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.)) at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 . Media was replaced 4 hours later and then every 24 hours until the day of assaying. On Days 4 and 6, cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity.
  • ice-cold freezing media 9 parts plating medium and 1 part DMSO which was syringe filtered to sterilize
  • Cryo vials were filled with 1 ml of this cell suspension, and placed on ice-cold Mr Frosty freezing container (available from Thermal Scientific) stored in ⁇ 80° C. freezer overnight after which the vials were stored in liquid nitrogen.
  • Cryopreserved cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity. Notably, cells were plated in the same manner described above for plating cells following EP (which had not been cryopreserved) and assayed for OATP1B1 activity (as described below) at 48 hrs following plating thereof.
  • substrate solution was prepared for OATP1B1*1a and OATP1B1*1b using 2 ⁇ M estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (99% of cold E17 ⁇ G and 1% of [ 3 H]-E17 ⁇ G); for OATP1B3 using 2 ⁇ M CCK-8 (99% of cold CCK-8 and 1% of [ 3 H]-CCK-8); for OAT1 short using 1 ⁇ M Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (90% of cold PAH and 10% of [ 3 H]-PAH); for OAT1 long using 1 ⁇ M or 3 ⁇ M Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (90% of cold PAH and 10% of [ 3 H]-PAH); for OAT3 using 1 ⁇ M or 2 ⁇ M Estrone-3-sulfate (99% of cold E3S and 1% of [ 3 H]-E3S); for OCT1 and OCT2 using 30 ⁇ M Tetraethylammonium Bromide (100% [ 14 C]-)-
  • the reaction was quickly stopped after the incubation period by aspirating substrate solution from cells then washing cells thrice with cold Uptake Buffer. Cells were then incubated with lysing solution (0.1% SDS with 0.1% v/v 1M NaOH in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) buffer) for 15-20 minutes while being shaken. The substrate solution was triturated and 0.4 ml of the resultant cell lysis placed in 5 ml scintillation tube with 5 ml of scintillation liquid for analysis with scintillation counter.
  • lysing solution (0.1% SDS with 0.1% v/v 1M NaOH in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) buffer
  • cell viability dropped 1-5% after EP relative to that of the cell stock. Additionally, after cryopreservation, cell viability dropped an additional 10-15% relative to that after EP. Nonetheless, even after EP and thaw from cryopreservation, cell viability is greater than 75%.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates OATP1B1 transiently transfected cells cultured at 4 hrs, 24 hrs and 72 hrs post plating. Additionally, cell confluency at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs post-plating of these cells is recorded in Table 6 below.
  • the cells form a monolayer on poly-D-lysine coated Corning BiocoatTM plates achieving 80-90% confluency at 24 hrs post-plating, 90%-100% confluency at 48 hrs post-plating.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates cells, transiently transfected with MATE1, MATE2K, OATP1B3, OAT1 long, OAT1 short, OAT3, and pCMV vector respectively, cultured at 24 hrs post plating after thawed from cryopreservation.
  • GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
  • Uptake activity of suspension cultured 293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 (pOATP1B1) and control vector (pCMV) were assayed at various time points following EP.
  • transfected cells were plated at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning BiocoatTM plates following EP or after thaw from cryopreservation.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity and uptake ratio were determined using probe substrate, estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide, in both fresh plated cells (“fresh”) and cryopreserved cells (“cryo”) at various timepoints post plating as detailed in Table 7 below.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity and uptake ratio in transfected cells following thaw from cryopreservation is consistent with those in freshly plated transfected cells.
  • the highest uptake activity and uptake ratio is observed at 24 hrs post plating.
  • plating cells at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 is preferable to that of 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 as it achieves higher cell confluency and higher uptake activity.
  • UPTAKE ACTIVITY (pmol/mg/min)/confluence UPTAKE CELLS pOATP1B1 pCMV6 RATIO FS293 cells, 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 10.5 3.0 3.5 FS293 cells, 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 36.4 1.9 19.2 293-F cells, 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 20.2 1.5 13.5 293-F cells, 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 27.4 1.5 18.3
  • OATP1B1 mediated uptake of Estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide in the fresh plated transient transfected adhesion HEK293 cells is time-dependent. Notably, uptake activity and uptake ratio increased with increasing amounts of DNA used in EP. However, OATP1B1 mediated uptake of Estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide reduced at the 96 hr timepoint relative to the 48 hr timepoint. Further, as illustrated in FIG.
  • the signal to noise ratio (i.e., uptake ratio) of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide increased with the increase of amount of DNA and assay incubation time, in adhesion HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 relative to empty vector at 48 hrs post EP.
  • estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide uptake in OATP1B1 transiently expressed HEK293 cells using small scale EP device and large scale EP device is consistent for both uptake activity and signal to noise ratio (i.e., uptake ratio).
  • uptake ratio 100 ⁇ g/ml DNA was used in the experiments.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity is compared between the cells transfected using traditional lipid transfection reagent (control: lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen) and EP using STX, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
  • control lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen
  • STX MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
  • cells transfected using EP resulted in a pronouncedly greater signal to noise ratio relative to those cells transfected with lipid transfection reagent.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity in both freshly plated EP transfected cells and cells following thaw from cryopreservation was detectable.
  • Uptake activity of suspension cultured 293 cells transfected with OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1 long, OAT1 short, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2K or control vector (pCMV) were assayed at 24 hrs post plating after thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the transfected cells were plated at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning BiocoatTM plates following EP and after thaw from cryopreservation.
  • SLC transporter uptake activity and uptake ratio were determined using probe substrates as indicated at 24 hrs post plating as detailed in Table 10 below.
  • the recombinant cells exhibited strong uptake activity towards their specific prototypical substrate each of which had an uptake ratio above 10. Notably, an uptake ratio above 5 indicates a successful process.
  • the post-thaw viability for recombinant cryopreserved cells was determined to be above 90%.
  • OATP1B1*1a 94.2%
  • OATP1B1*1b 96.1%
  • OATP1B3 95.5%
  • OAT1 long 93.5%
  • OAT3 93.8%
  • OCT1 95.1%
  • OCT2 96.1%
  • each of the 8 cryopreserved recombinant cells formed a confluent monolayer following thawing, plating on Poly-D-Lysine plates and incubation for 24-hrs post-plating.
  • FIGS. 13-19 and Tables 13-14 the kinetic and inhibition profiles examined in cryopreserved recombinant cells expressing a transporter protein was consistent with reported values. Specifically, as illustrated in FIGS. 13A-13C , the kinetics of PAH uptake by recombinant cells expressing OAT1 and inhibition profile of probenecid thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 14A-14C , the kinetics of E3S uptake by recombinant cells expressing OAT3 and inhibition profile of probenecid thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS.

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US14/644,000 2012-09-11 2015-03-10 Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s) Abandoned US20150184196A1 (en)

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US14/972,012 US9822160B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-12-16 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/163,218 US9771409B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/269,045 US20170067909A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-09-19 Assay-ready recombinant cells transiently overexpressing genes encoding drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes
US15/688,942 US10017558B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/688,983 US10047136B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/988,819 US10336806B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/988,802 US10336805B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
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US16/407,860 US10629064B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,649 US20200239540A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,634 US20200239539A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

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US15/163,218 Active US9771409B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/688,983 Active US10047136B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/688,942 Active US10017558B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/988,802 Active US10336805B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/988,819 Active US10336806B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,943 Active US10626158B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,860 Active US10629064B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,649 Abandoned US20200239540A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
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US15/163,218 Active US9771409B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/688,983 Active US10047136B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/688,942 Active US10017558B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/988,802 Active US10336805B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/988,819 Active US10336806B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,943 Active US10626158B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
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US16/851,649 Abandoned US20200239540A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,634 Abandoned US20200239539A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

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