US20150184196A1 - Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s) - Google Patents

Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s) Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20150184196A1
US20150184196A1 US14/644,000 US201514644000A US2015184196A1 US 20150184196 A1 US20150184196 A1 US 20150184196A1 US 201514644000 A US201514644000 A US 201514644000A US 2015184196 A1 US2015184196 A1 US 2015184196A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
cells
cell
drug
protein
recombinant cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/644,000
Inventor
Na Li
Jie Wang
Christopher J. Patten
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Discovery Life Sciences LLC
Original Assignee
Corning Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to US14/644,000 priority Critical patent/US20150184196A1/en
Assigned to CORNING INCORPORATED reassignment CORNING INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PATTEN, CHRISTOPHER J., LI, NA, WANG, JIE
Application filed by Corning Inc filed Critical Corning Inc
Publication of US20150184196A1 publication Critical patent/US20150184196A1/en
Priority to US14/972,012 priority patent/US9822160B2/en
Priority to US15/163,218 priority patent/US9771409B2/en
Priority to US15/269,045 priority patent/US20170067909A1/en
Priority to US15/688,942 priority patent/US10017558B2/en
Priority to US15/688,983 priority patent/US10047136B2/en
Priority to US15/988,802 priority patent/US10336805B2/en
Priority to US15/988,819 priority patent/US10336806B2/en
Priority to US16/407,860 priority patent/US10629064B2/en
Priority to US16/407,943 priority patent/US10626158B2/en
Priority to US16/851,634 priority patent/US20200239539A1/en
Priority to US16/851,649 priority patent/US20200239540A1/en
Assigned to DISCOVERY LIFE SCIENCES, LLC reassignment DISCOVERY LIFE SCIENCES, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CORNING INCORPORATED
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
    • A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
    • A01N1/0205—Chemical aspects
    • A01N1/021—Preservation or perfusion media, liquids, solids or gases used in the preservation of cells, tissue, organs or bodily fluids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
    • A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
    • A01N1/0278—Physical preservation processes
    • A01N1/0284—Temperature processes, i.e. using a designated change in temperature over time
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/067—Hepatocytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/069—Vascular Endothelial cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B15/00—Systems controlled by a computer
    • G05B15/02—Systems controlled by a computer electric
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
    • G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/001—Alarm cancelling procedures or alarm forwarding decisions, e.g. based on absence of alarm confirmation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/08—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using communication transmission lines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/18—Prevention or correction of operating errors
    • G08B29/185—Signal analysis techniques for reducing or preventing false alarms or for enhancing the reliability of the system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y101/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1)
    • C12Y101/01—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1) with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (1.1.1)
    • C12Y101/01001—Alcohol dehydrogenase (1.1.1.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y102/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)
    • C12Y102/03—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2) with oxygen as acceptor (1.2.3)
    • C12Y102/03001—Aldehyde oxidase (1.2.3.1), i.e. retinal oxidase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y204/00—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12Y204/01—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • C12Y204/01017—Glucuronosyltransferase (2.4.1.17)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/26—Pc applications
    • G05B2219/2642—Domotique, domestic, home control, automation, smart house

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to cryopreserved recombinant cells transiently overexpressing one or more genes encoding drug transporter protein and/or drug metabolizing enzyme such that activity of the encoded protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cells following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • Drug development is a costly and time consuming endeavor whereby drug candidates must satisfy certain criteria established by government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency prior to receiving regulatory approval for marketing thereof.
  • assays are conducted to screen drug candidates to determine whether any are substrates or inhibitors of one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes as that can have a significant effect on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of such drugs, their toxicity and drug-drug interactions.
  • cell lines stably expressing a gene encoding a drug transporter proteins or a drug metabolizing enzyme may be used for such screening, significant time and resources are required to generate and maintain frozen stocks thereof. Plus, the level of recombinant protein expressed is typically variable (laboratory to laboratory) and may deteriorate and/or become more variable over time with passage of such cells.
  • freshly plated cells either stably or transiently expressing a gene encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme may be employed for such screening.
  • freshly plated cells have a limited shelf life of a few days and are difficult to ship in a manner that maintains their viability.
  • the foreign transfected gene is actually integrated into the host genome of the cells and carried along with it during cycles of cells division.
  • the chromosomal integration in the host cells will lead to permanent modification of host genome, potentially leading to abnormal expression of other genes causing unexpected changes of host behavior and unreliable experimental results.
  • there is a need for cells suitable for screening drug candidates that reduces the investment of time and resources associated with drug development and provide reliable results.
  • the present invention provides cryopreserved recombinant cells suitable for screening drug candidates to determine whether any are substrates or inhibitors of one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes that provide reliable results and ready convenience. Desirably, the level of activity in a population of the recombinant cells following cryopreservation is comparable to that of freshly transfected cells. Additionally, the cryopreserved recombinant cells are readily packaged in a vial and shipped with dry ice or dry shipper and conveniently stored at ⁇ 135° C. in liquid nitrogen upon receipt with several years shelf life. Hence, such cells provide the end user a consumable “thaw and use” product which provides convenience in conducting experiments and reduces the investment of time and resources in creating and/or maintaining cell stocks for screening drug candidates.
  • the present invention provides cryopreserved recombinant cells including one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cells following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the present invention provides processes of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme or a combination thereof including transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of the percentage of viable cells from cell stock, cells after electroporation (EP) and cells after thaw from cryopreservation for FreeStyleTM 293-F (FS293) cells and 293-F cells grown in suspension.
  • FIG. 2 are images of transfected cells 4 hrs (A), 24 hrs (B) and 48 hrs (C) after plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • FIG. 3 are images of 293-F cells transfected with pOATP1B1 expression plasmid plated at (A) 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells per well and (B) 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated plates and cultured in plating media at 24 hrs post-plating (following thaw from cryopreservation).
  • FIG. 4 are images of 293-F cells transfected with MATE1, MATE2K OATP1B3, long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids; referred to herein as “OAT1 long”), short isoform OAT1 (missing 13 amino acid at C-terminus 522-534, with 550 amino acids; referred to herein as “OAT1 short”), OAT3, and pCMV vector plated at 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated plates at 24 hrs post-plating (following thaw from cryopreservation).
  • FIG. 5 are fluorescence images of adhered HEK293 cells transfected with 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml or 200 ⁇ g/ml green fluorescent protein (GFP) 24 hrs (A) and 48 hrs (B) following EP.
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of the percentage of viable cells following EP of adhered HEK293 cells using varying amounts of DNA.
  • FIG. 7A is a graph of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake activity following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml, 200 ⁇ g/ml or 400 ⁇ g/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 48 hrs post EP.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 7B is a graph of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake activity following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml, 200 ⁇ g/ml or 400 ⁇ g/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 96 hrs post EP.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 8 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml, 200 ⁇ g/ml or 400 ⁇ g/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 48 hrs post EP.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 9 is a graph of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake activity in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with either OATP2/OATP1B1 using a small scale EP device (OC400), OATP2/OATP1B1 using a large scale EP device (CL2), or an empty vector control.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 10 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 gene using either “Control” (i.e., traditional lipid transfection reagent (lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen)) or STX, MaxCyte scalable EP device.
  • Control i.e., traditional lipid transfection reagent (lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen)
  • STX MaxCyte scalable EP device.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 that are freshly plated or plated following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 12 are images of HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1*1a (Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.4), OATP1B1*1b (Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.3), OATP1B3, pCMV vector, long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids), OAT3, OCT1 or OCT2 using MaxCyte scalable EP device and scale-up process followed by cryopreservation, thawing, plating on Poly-D-Lysine plates and incubation for 24 hrs post-plating.
  • OATP1B1*1a Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.4
  • OATP1B1*1b Gene Accession No. NM — 006446.3
  • OATP1B3 long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids)
  • OAT3, OCT1 or OCT2 using Max
  • FIG. 13A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) (prototypical substrate for OAT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with PAH at a concentration of 3 ⁇ M.
  • PAH p-Aminohippuric acid
  • FIG. 13B is a graph depicting results of a kinetic assay whereby uptake of PAH at a concentration in the range of 3 to 200 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 13C is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 were incubated with PAH at a concentration of 15 ⁇ M and probenecid (OAT1 inhibitor) at a concentration in the range of 0-300 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 14A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of Estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) (prototypical substrate for OAT3) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • E3S Estrone-3-sulfate
  • FIG. 14B is a graph depicting results of a kinetic assay whereby uptake of E3S at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 32 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 14C is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 were incubated with E3S at a concentration of 4 ⁇ M and probenecid (OAT3 inhibitor) at a concentration in the range of 0-300 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 15A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of TEA (prototypical substrate for OCT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with TEA at a concentration of 31 ⁇ M.
  • TEA prototypical substrate for OCT1
  • FIG. 15B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of metformin (prototypical substrate for OCT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M.
  • metformin prototypical substrate for OCT1
  • FIG. 15C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of TEA at a concentration of 1, 10 and 100 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of metformin at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 were incubated with TEA and OCT1 inhibitor (quinidine, verapamil or decynium-22) at various concentrations in the range of 0.1-500 ⁇ M for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15F is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 were incubated with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M and OCT1 inhibitor cimetidine at various concentrations in the range of 4 ⁇ M to 3 mM for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of TEA (prototypical substrate for OCT2) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with TEA at a concentration of 31 ⁇ M.
  • TEA prototypical substrate for OCT2
  • FIG. 16B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of metformin (prototypical substrate for OCT2) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M.
  • metformin prototypical substrate for OCT2
  • FIG. 16C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of TEA at a concentration of 1, 10 and 100 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of metformin at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 were incubated with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 ⁇ M and OCT2 inhibitor cimetidine at a concentration in the range of 4 ⁇ M to 3 mM for 10 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (E17 ⁇ G) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • E17 ⁇ G estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide
  • FIG. 17B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • E3S estrone-3-sulfate
  • FIG. 17C is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of rosuvastatin uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with rosuvastatin at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 17D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration in the range of 0.25 to 40 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17E is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of rosuvastatin at a concentration in the range of 0.78 to 50 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17F is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 18A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E17 ⁇ G uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 18B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E3S uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 18C is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of rosuvastatin uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with rosuvastatin at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 18D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration in the range of 0.25 to 40 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 18E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 ⁇ M for 5 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with CCK-8 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • CCK-8 cholecystokinin
  • FIG. 19B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E17 ⁇ G uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17 ⁇ G at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 19C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of CCK-8 at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 20 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of rosuvastatin at a concentration in the range of 0.78 to 50 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of CCK-8 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 ⁇ M for 2 min.
  • IC50 calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • cell includes both primary cells as well as established cell lines (e.g., human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary CHO, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells MDCK, Pig Kidney Epithelial Cells LLC-PK1, human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells).
  • established cell lines e.g., human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary CHO, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells MDCK, Pig Kidney Epithelial Cells LLC-PK1, human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells.
  • drug transporter protein refers to a membrane bound transport protein that includes, but is not limited to ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carrier (SLC) transporters.
  • drug metabolizing enzyme includes, but is not limited to, cytochromes such as cytochrome (CYP) P450; UDP-glucouronyl transferase and other non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • cytochromes such as cytochrome (CYP) P450
  • UDP-glucouronyl transferase and other non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • the term “detectable” means that the activity of a selected probe substrate in cells transfected with a drug transporter protein and/or drug metabolizing enzyme shall be higher than the activity of the same probe substrate in cells transfected with empty vector; desirably, the difference in activity will be at least 5-fold.
  • transporter nomenclature identifies the human protein/gene, i.e., MRP2/ABCC2, etc.; smaller case letters indicate the transporter derives from a preclinical (nonhuman mammalian) species, i.e., Mrp2/Abcc2, etc. Unless otherwise specified, a gene is derived from any species (e.g., human or other mammal).
  • OATP1B1 As used herein, the terms “OATP1B1” “OATP2” and “SLCO1B1” are interchangeable and refer to a human protein/gene that corresponds to the nonhuman protein/gene Oatp2. Unless noted otherwise, reference to OATP1B1 is to OATP1B1*1b.
  • OAT1 and “SLC22A6” are interchangeable and refer to an organic anion transporter 1. Unless noted otherwise, reference to OAT1 is to the full length cDNA encoding with 563 amino acids (also referred to herein as “OAT1 long”).
  • Exemplary ABC transporters include, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 1.
  • Exemplary SLC transporters include, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 2.
  • Cells suitable for use in the present invention include mammalian cells, for example, as derived from human or non-human (e.g., mouse, rat, dog, monkey, hamster and pig, etc.). In certain embodiments, the cells are hepatocytes, or endothelial cells.
  • Virus-based gene delivery methods may be used but require special handling of the cells due to safety concerns.
  • lipid-based transfection methods may be used, lipid-based transfection reagents are relatively costly and such methods are not amenable to large-scale manufacturing processes. Additionally, lipid-based transfection methods result in relatively low gene delivery efficiency and relatively delayed protein expression (generally 72 to 96 hours post transfection) (data not shown).
  • Electroporation (EP) is preferable as it is amenable to large-scale manufacturing processes and avoids the safety issues of viral-based gene delivery methods. Further, EP results in relatively efficient gene delivery.
  • gene(s) encoding a drug transporter protein and/or a drug metabolizing enzyme will be overexpressed such that activity of the protein(s) encoded therefrom are detectable following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • Drug candidates can be tested to determine if any are substrates or inhibitors of the protein(s) encoded from the overexpressed gene(s) by incubation of the recombinant cells therewith. In particular, if a drug candidate is a substrate of a drug transporter protein and/or a drug metabolizing enzyme, the drug candidate will be affected.
  • the drug candidate is a substrate of a drug transporter protein
  • the drug candidate will be translocated in or out of the recombinant cell via the drug transporter protein.
  • the drug candidate is an inhibitor of the drug transporter protein
  • the drug candidate will inhibit translocation of a substrate of the drug transporter protein in or out of the recombinant cell.
  • assays can be conducted using whole cells or subcellular fractions thereof (microsome/cytosol).
  • recombinant cells of the present invention may be further transfected with RNAi or siRNA of the transiently overexpressed gene(s) to knockdown/knockout the expression thereof as is desirable for certain assays.
  • Primary cells e.g., hepatocytes
  • RNAi or siRNA directed against any ABC transporters, SLC transporters or any other drug metabolizing enzymes to knockdown/knockout the expression of specific genes.
  • the disclosure provides a cryopreserved recombinant cell including one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cell following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said one or more genes encodes a drug metabolizing enzyme.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (2), wherein the drug metabolizing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucouronyl transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • the drug metabolizing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucouronyl transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of an ATP binding cassette transporter and a solute carrier transporter protein.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes is selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, BSEP/Bsep, OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntc
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes encodes a protein that is an ATP binding cassette transporter selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, and BSEP/Bsep.
  • an ATP binding cassette transporter selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, and BSEP/Bsep.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes encodes a protein that is a solute carrier transporter selected from the group consisting of OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OCT3/Oct3, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntcp.
  • a solute carrier transporter selected from the group consisting of OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OCT3/O
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes is selected from OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2K.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein the one or more genes is derived individually from human or an animal species selected from mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, and monkey.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell is derived from a mammal.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (10), wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of HEK293, CHO, MDCK, LLC-PK1, Caco-2 and V79 cells.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (10), wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of human, monkey, dog, rat, mouse, porcine and hamster.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell comprises a hepatocyte.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell comprises an endothelial cell.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 24 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 48 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 72 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the disclosure provides a process of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme including transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
  • the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (18), wherein the transient transfection step includes electroporation.
  • Cells were cultured under standard sterile practices for cell culture, and transiently transfected using EP. Following EP, cells were assayed for protein activity both before as well as after being frozen, thawed and plated. As detailed below, cells cultured in suspension and adherent cell cultures were both successfully transiently transfected and exhibited substantial activity of the recombinant protein following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • FreeStyle 293 Cells and 293-F cells were each passaged into appropriate sized shaker flasks at a density of 0.7-1.0 ⁇ 10 6 cell/ml using supplemented CD293 medium (i.e., CD293 medium (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11913-019, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 4 mM L-Glutamine (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 25030-081, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.)) or supplemented ExcellTM 293 serum free media (available from Sigma, Cat. No. 14571C, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) supplemented with 6 mM L-Glutamine. Cell viability and cell number were determined using a Cellometer (available from Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, Mass.).
  • EP of cells was executed.
  • cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min, after which the media was aspirated and cells resuspended in 30 ml EP Buffer (available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. B201, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.).
  • the cell suspension was transferred to 50 ml Falcon tubes, pelleted down as described above, and resuspended in an appropriate amount of EP Buffer to reach 100 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml which was used as the cell stock.
  • DNAs to be used for EP were prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
  • a portion of cells (i.e., 20 ⁇ 10 6 cells) was used for plating and the rest was cryopreserved, or all of the cells were cryopreserved. It is contemplated that recombinant cells may be cryopreserved within 48 hrs of transfection and exhibit activity of protein(s) encoded from transfected gene(s) at a detectable level following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • DMEM pre-warmed plating media
  • DMEM with high glucose (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11965092, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), supplemented with 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11140050, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), 10% FBS (available from SAFC Biosciences, Cat. No. 12016C, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.)) (cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml).
  • DMEM with high glucose
  • 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11140050, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.
  • FBS available from SAFC Biosciences, Cat. No. 12016C, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.
  • Cells were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates poly-D-Lysine coated, Corning BiocoatTM (available from Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.) at a density of 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well and 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. with 8% CO 2 so as to determine the impact of seeding density on uptake activity. Media was replaced 4 hours later and then every 24 hours until the day of assaying. On Days 4, cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity as described below.
  • ice-cold freezing media 9 parts supplemented CD293 medium and 1 part DMSO which was syringe filtered to sterilize
  • Cryo vials were filled with 1 ml of this cell suspension, and placed on ice-cold Mr Frosty freezing container (available from Thermal Scientific), which was stored in ⁇ 80° C. freezer overnight after which the vials were transferred into liquid nitrogen.
  • Cryopreserved cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity as described below.
  • cryopreserved cells were removed from liquid nitrogen to dry ice, and then thawed in a water bath at 37° C. for about 2 min.
  • Cells were transferred into 10 ml of plating media as described above which is pre-warmed to a temperature of about 37° C. and the viability and cell density determined.
  • Cells were pelleted down and resuspended in supplemented DMEM media at a cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells/ml.
  • Cells were plated in the same manner described above for plating cells following EP (which had not been cryopreserved) and assayed for OATP1B1 activity at 24, 48 and 72 hrs following plating thereof.
  • HEK293 cells were cultured in 5 Layer Corning® CellStack® (available from Corning Inc. Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.) using plating media containing DMEM (high glucose) available from Gibco Cat. No. 11965118, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 units/ml) available from Gibco Cat. No. 15140-122, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; L-Glutamine (200 mM) available from Gibco Cat. No. 25030-081, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; Sodium Pyruvate, available from Gibco Cat. No.
  • HEK293 cells were trypsinized, cell viability and cell number determined after which cells were passaged to fresh multilayer chamber flasks at 30-40% confluency. Cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 .
  • EP of cells was executed. In short, cells were harvested, cell viability and cell number determined after which cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and the media aspirated. Cells were resuspended in EP buffer and pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min, then resuspended in an appropriate amount of EP Buffer to reach 50 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml which was used as the cell stock. DNAs to be used for EP were prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
  • OC-400 or CL-2 processing assembly available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. OC-400R and CL2-R, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
  • the cells were carefully pipetted out and transferred into 6-well tissue culture plates and incubated for 20 min at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 , after which cells were removed and placed in a 50 ml conical tube containing pre-warmed plating media. Cell viability and cell density were determined. A portion of cells (i.e., 20 ⁇ 10 6 cells) was used for plating and the rest was cryopreserved.
  • cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and then resuspended in pre-warmed plating media (cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml).
  • Cells were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates (poly-D-Lysine coated, Corning BiocoatTM (available from Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.)) at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 . Media was replaced 4 hours later and then every 24 hours until the day of assaying. On Days 4 and 6, cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity.
  • ice-cold freezing media 9 parts plating medium and 1 part DMSO which was syringe filtered to sterilize
  • Cryo vials were filled with 1 ml of this cell suspension, and placed on ice-cold Mr Frosty freezing container (available from Thermal Scientific) stored in ⁇ 80° C. freezer overnight after which the vials were stored in liquid nitrogen.
  • Cryopreserved cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity. Notably, cells were plated in the same manner described above for plating cells following EP (which had not been cryopreserved) and assayed for OATP1B1 activity (as described below) at 48 hrs following plating thereof.
  • substrate solution was prepared for OATP1B1*1a and OATP1B1*1b using 2 ⁇ M estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide (99% of cold E17 ⁇ G and 1% of [ 3 H]-E17 ⁇ G); for OATP1B3 using 2 ⁇ M CCK-8 (99% of cold CCK-8 and 1% of [ 3 H]-CCK-8); for OAT1 short using 1 ⁇ M Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (90% of cold PAH and 10% of [ 3 H]-PAH); for OAT1 long using 1 ⁇ M or 3 ⁇ M Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (90% of cold PAH and 10% of [ 3 H]-PAH); for OAT3 using 1 ⁇ M or 2 ⁇ M Estrone-3-sulfate (99% of cold E3S and 1% of [ 3 H]-E3S); for OCT1 and OCT2 using 30 ⁇ M Tetraethylammonium Bromide (100% [ 14 C]-)-
  • the reaction was quickly stopped after the incubation period by aspirating substrate solution from cells then washing cells thrice with cold Uptake Buffer. Cells were then incubated with lysing solution (0.1% SDS with 0.1% v/v 1M NaOH in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) buffer) for 15-20 minutes while being shaken. The substrate solution was triturated and 0.4 ml of the resultant cell lysis placed in 5 ml scintillation tube with 5 ml of scintillation liquid for analysis with scintillation counter.
  • lysing solution (0.1% SDS with 0.1% v/v 1M NaOH in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) buffer
  • cell viability dropped 1-5% after EP relative to that of the cell stock. Additionally, after cryopreservation, cell viability dropped an additional 10-15% relative to that after EP. Nonetheless, even after EP and thaw from cryopreservation, cell viability is greater than 75%.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates OATP1B1 transiently transfected cells cultured at 4 hrs, 24 hrs and 72 hrs post plating. Additionally, cell confluency at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs post-plating of these cells is recorded in Table 6 below.
  • the cells form a monolayer on poly-D-lysine coated Corning BiocoatTM plates achieving 80-90% confluency at 24 hrs post-plating, 90%-100% confluency at 48 hrs post-plating.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates cells, transiently transfected with MATE1, MATE2K, OATP1B3, OAT1 long, OAT1 short, OAT3, and pCMV vector respectively, cultured at 24 hrs post plating after thawed from cryopreservation.
  • GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
  • Uptake activity of suspension cultured 293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 (pOATP1B1) and control vector (pCMV) were assayed at various time points following EP.
  • transfected cells were plated at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning BiocoatTM plates following EP or after thaw from cryopreservation.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity and uptake ratio were determined using probe substrate, estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide, in both fresh plated cells (“fresh”) and cryopreserved cells (“cryo”) at various timepoints post plating as detailed in Table 7 below.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity and uptake ratio in transfected cells following thaw from cryopreservation is consistent with those in freshly plated transfected cells.
  • the highest uptake activity and uptake ratio is observed at 24 hrs post plating.
  • plating cells at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 is preferable to that of 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 as it achieves higher cell confluency and higher uptake activity.
  • UPTAKE ACTIVITY (pmol/mg/min)/confluence UPTAKE CELLS pOATP1B1 pCMV6 RATIO FS293 cells, 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 10.5 3.0 3.5 FS293 cells, 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 36.4 1.9 19.2 293-F cells, 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 20.2 1.5 13.5 293-F cells, 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well 27.4 1.5 18.3
  • OATP1B1 mediated uptake of Estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide in the fresh plated transient transfected adhesion HEK293 cells is time-dependent. Notably, uptake activity and uptake ratio increased with increasing amounts of DNA used in EP. However, OATP1B1 mediated uptake of Estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide reduced at the 96 hr timepoint relative to the 48 hr timepoint. Further, as illustrated in FIG.
  • the signal to noise ratio (i.e., uptake ratio) of estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide increased with the increase of amount of DNA and assay incubation time, in adhesion HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 relative to empty vector at 48 hrs post EP.
  • estradiol-17 ⁇ -glucuronide uptake in OATP1B1 transiently expressed HEK293 cells using small scale EP device and large scale EP device is consistent for both uptake activity and signal to noise ratio (i.e., uptake ratio).
  • uptake ratio 100 ⁇ g/ml DNA was used in the experiments.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity is compared between the cells transfected using traditional lipid transfection reagent (control: lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen) and EP using STX, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
  • control lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen
  • STX MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
  • cells transfected using EP resulted in a pronouncedly greater signal to noise ratio relative to those cells transfected with lipid transfection reagent.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity in both freshly plated EP transfected cells and cells following thaw from cryopreservation was detectable.
  • Uptake activity of suspension cultured 293 cells transfected with OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1 long, OAT1 short, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2K or control vector (pCMV) were assayed at 24 hrs post plating after thaw from cryopreservation.
  • the transfected cells were plated at a density of 0.4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning BiocoatTM plates following EP and after thaw from cryopreservation.
  • SLC transporter uptake activity and uptake ratio were determined using probe substrates as indicated at 24 hrs post plating as detailed in Table 10 below.
  • the recombinant cells exhibited strong uptake activity towards their specific prototypical substrate each of which had an uptake ratio above 10. Notably, an uptake ratio above 5 indicates a successful process.
  • the post-thaw viability for recombinant cryopreserved cells was determined to be above 90%.
  • OATP1B1*1a 94.2%
  • OATP1B1*1b 96.1%
  • OATP1B3 95.5%
  • OAT1 long 93.5%
  • OAT3 93.8%
  • OCT1 95.1%
  • OCT2 96.1%
  • each of the 8 cryopreserved recombinant cells formed a confluent monolayer following thawing, plating on Poly-D-Lysine plates and incubation for 24-hrs post-plating.
  • FIGS. 13-19 and Tables 13-14 the kinetic and inhibition profiles examined in cryopreserved recombinant cells expressing a transporter protein was consistent with reported values. Specifically, as illustrated in FIGS. 13A-13C , the kinetics of PAH uptake by recombinant cells expressing OAT1 and inhibition profile of probenecid thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 14A-14C , the kinetics of E3S uptake by recombinant cells expressing OAT3 and inhibition profile of probenecid thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention discloses cryopreserved recombinant cells for screening drug candidates that transiently overexpress one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes. Advantageously, such cells provide a cost-efficient consumable product that streamlines the process of screening whether drug candidates are substrates or inhibitors of drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a continuation application of International Application No. PCT/US2013/059152, filed Sep. 11, 2013, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/699,466, filed Sep. 11, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to cryopreserved recombinant cells transiently overexpressing one or more genes encoding drug transporter protein and/or drug metabolizing enzyme such that activity of the encoded protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cells following thaw from cryopreservation.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Drug development is a costly and time consuming endeavor whereby drug candidates must satisfy certain criteria established by government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency prior to receiving regulatory approval for marketing thereof. Importantly, assays are conducted to screen drug candidates to determine whether any are substrates or inhibitors of one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes as that can have a significant effect on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of such drugs, their toxicity and drug-drug interactions.
  • Although cell lines stably expressing a gene encoding a drug transporter proteins or a drug metabolizing enzyme may be used for such screening, significant time and resources are required to generate and maintain frozen stocks thereof. Plus, the level of recombinant protein expressed is typically variable (laboratory to laboratory) and may deteriorate and/or become more variable over time with passage of such cells. Alternatively, freshly plated cells either stably or transiently expressing a gene encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme may be employed for such screening. However, freshly plated cells have a limited shelf life of a few days and are difficult to ship in a manner that maintains their viability. In addition, to generate stable cell lines, the foreign transfected gene is actually integrated into the host genome of the cells and carried along with it during cycles of cells division. The chromosomal integration in the host cells will lead to permanent modification of host genome, potentially leading to abnormal expression of other genes causing unexpected changes of host behavior and unreliable experimental results. Thus, there is a need for cells suitable for screening drug candidates that reduces the investment of time and resources associated with drug development and provide reliable results.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides cryopreserved recombinant cells suitable for screening drug candidates to determine whether any are substrates or inhibitors of one or more drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes that provide reliable results and ready convenience. Desirably, the level of activity in a population of the recombinant cells following cryopreservation is comparable to that of freshly transfected cells. Additionally, the cryopreserved recombinant cells are readily packaged in a vial and shipped with dry ice or dry shipper and conveniently stored at −135° C. in liquid nitrogen upon receipt with several years shelf life. Hence, such cells provide the end user a consumable “thaw and use” product which provides convenience in conducting experiments and reduces the investment of time and resources in creating and/or maintaining cell stocks for screening drug candidates.
  • In one aspect, the present invention provides cryopreserved recombinant cells including one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cells following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • In another aspect, the present invention provides processes of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme or a combination thereof including transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
  • These and other features of the invention will be better understood through a study of the following detailed description.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of the percentage of viable cells from cell stock, cells after electroporation (EP) and cells after thaw from cryopreservation for FreeStyle™ 293-F (FS293) cells and 293-F cells grown in suspension.
  • FIG. 2 are images of transfected cells 4 hrs (A), 24 hrs (B) and 48 hrs (C) after plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • FIG. 3 are images of 293-F cells transfected with pOATP1B1 expression plasmid plated at (A) 0.4×106 viable cells per well and (B) 0.2×106 viable cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated plates and cultured in plating media at 24 hrs post-plating (following thaw from cryopreservation).
  • FIG. 4 are images of 293-F cells transfected with MATE1, MATE2K OATP1B3, long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids; referred to herein as “OAT1 long”), short isoform OAT1 (missing 13 amino acid at C-terminus 522-534, with 550 amino acids; referred to herein as “OAT1 short”), OAT3, and pCMV vector plated at 0.4×106 cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated plates at 24 hrs post-plating (following thaw from cryopreservation).
  • FIG. 5 are fluorescence images of adhered HEK293 cells transfected with 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml or 200 μg/ml green fluorescent protein (GFP) 24 hrs (A) and 48 hrs (B) following EP.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of the percentage of viable cells following EP of adhered HEK293 cells using varying amounts of DNA.
  • FIG. 7A is a graph of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake activity following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml or 400 μg/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 48 hrs post EP.
  • FIG. 7B is a graph of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake activity following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml or 400 μg/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 96 hrs post EP.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with varying amounts of DNA (i.e., 0, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml or 400 μg/ml OATP2/OATP1B1) at 48 hrs post EP.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake activity in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with either OATP2/OATP1B1 using a small scale EP device (OC400), OATP2/OATP1B1 using a large scale EP device (CL2), or an empty vector control.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 gene using either “Control” (i.e., traditional lipid transfection reagent (lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen)) or STX, MaxCyte scalable EP device.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of signal to noise ratio of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake following various incubation times in adhered HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 that are freshly plated or plated following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • FIG. 12 are images of HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1*1a (Gene Accession No. NM—006446.4), OATP1B1*1b (Gene Accession No. NM—006446.3), OATP1B3, pCMV vector, long isoform OAT1 (full length cDNA with 563 amino acids), OAT3, OCT1 or OCT2 using MaxCyte scalable EP device and scale-up process followed by cryopreservation, thawing, plating on Poly-D-Lysine plates and incubation for 24 hrs post-plating.
  • FIG. 13A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) (prototypical substrate for OAT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with PAH at a concentration of 3 μM.
  • FIG. 13B is a graph depicting results of a kinetic assay whereby uptake of PAH at a concentration in the range of 3 to 200 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 13C is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT1 were incubated with PAH at a concentration of 15 μM and probenecid (OAT1 inhibitor) at a concentration in the range of 0-300 μM for 5 min. IC50, calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 14A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of Estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) (prototypical substrate for OAT3) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 14B is a graph depicting results of a kinetic assay whereby uptake of E3S at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 32 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 14C is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OAT3 were incubated with E3S at a concentration of 4 μM and probenecid (OAT3 inhibitor) at a concentration in the range of 0-300 μM for 5 min. IC50, calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 15A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of TEA (prototypical substrate for OCT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with TEA at a concentration of 31 μM.
  • FIG. 15B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of metformin (prototypical substrate for OCT1) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 μM.
  • FIG. 15C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of TEA at a concentration of 1, 10 and 100 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of metformin at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 were incubated with TEA and OCT1 inhibitor (quinidine, verapamil or decynium-22) at various concentrations in the range of 0.1-500 μM for 10 min.
  • FIG. 15F is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 were incubated with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 μM and OCT1 inhibitor cimetidine at various concentrations in the range of 4 μM to 3 mM for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of TEA (prototypical substrate for OCT2) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with TEA at a concentration of 31 μM.
  • FIG. 16B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of metformin (prototypical substrate for OCT2) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 μM.
  • FIG. 16C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of TEA at a concentration of 1, 10 and 100 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of metformin at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 or pCMV vector following incubation for 10 min.
  • FIG. 16E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2 were incubated with metformin at a concentration of 3.8 μM and OCT2 inhibitor cimetidine at a concentration in the range of 4 μM to 3 mM for 10 min. IC50, calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17βG at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 17B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 17C is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of rosuvastatin uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with rosuvastatin at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 17D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of E17βG at a concentration in the range of 0.25 to 40 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17E is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of rosuvastatin at a concentration in the range of 0.78 to 50 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 17F is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of E17βG at a concentration of 1 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1a following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 μM for 5 min. IC50, calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 18A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E17βG uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17βG at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 18B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E3S uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E3S at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 18C is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of rosuvastatin uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with rosuvastatin at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 18D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of E17βG at a concentration in the range of 0.25 to 40 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 18E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of E17βG at a concentration of 1 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1*1b following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 μM for 5 min. IC50, calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19A is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with CCK-8 at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 19B is a graph depicting results of a time-dependent assay of E17βG uptake in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 or pCMV vector following various incubation times (i.e., 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min.) with E17βG at a concentration of 1 μM.
  • FIG. 19C is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of CCK-8 at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 20 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation for 1 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19D is a graph depicting results of a concentration-dependent assay whereby uptake of rosuvastatin at a concentration in the range of 0.78 to 50 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation for 5 min. Km and Vmax, calculated using Sigma-plot, are shown as insert in the graph.
  • FIG. 19E is a graph depicting results of an inhibition assay whereby uptake of CCK-8 at a concentration of 1 μM was measured in HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B3 following incubation with inhibitor cyclosporin A at a concentration in the range of 0.04 to 30 μM for 2 min. IC50, calculated using Sigma-plot, is shown as insert in the graph.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • As used herein the following terms shall have the definitions set forth below.
  • As used herein, the term “cell” includes both primary cells as well as established cell lines (e.g., human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary CHO, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells MDCK, Pig Kidney Epithelial Cells LLC-PK1, human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells).
  • As used herein, the term “drug transporter protein” refers to a membrane bound transport protein that includes, but is not limited to ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carrier (SLC) transporters.
  • As used herein, the term “drug metabolizing enzyme” includes, but is not limited to, cytochromes such as cytochrome (CYP) P450; UDP-glucouronyl transferase and other non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • As used herein, the term “detectable” means that the activity of a selected probe substrate in cells transfected with a drug transporter protein and/or drug metabolizing enzyme shall be higher than the activity of the same probe substrate in cells transfected with empty vector; desirably, the difference in activity will be at least 5-fold.
  • As used herein, the use of upper case letters in transporter nomenclature identifies the human protein/gene, i.e., MRP2/ABCC2, etc.; smaller case letters indicate the transporter derives from a preclinical (nonhuman mammalian) species, i.e., Mrp2/Abcc2, etc. Unless otherwise specified, a gene is derived from any species (e.g., human or other mammal).
  • As used herein, the terms “OATP1B1” “OATP2” and “SLCO1B1” are interchangeable and refer to a human protein/gene that corresponds to the nonhuman protein/gene Oatp2. Unless noted otherwise, reference to OATP1B1 is to OATP1B1*1b.
  • As used herein, the terms “OAT1” and “SLC22A6” are interchangeable and refer to an organic anion transporter 1. Unless noted otherwise, reference to OAT1 is to the full length cDNA encoding with 563 amino acids (also referred to herein as “OAT1 long”).
  • Exemplary ABC transporters include, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 1.
  • TABLE 1
    GENE NAME PROTEIN NAME
    MDR1/P-gp/ABCB1 Multidrug Resistance Protein1
    MRP1/ABCC1 Multidrug resistance protein 1
    MRP2/ABCC2 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
    MRP3/ABCC3 Multidrug resistance protein 3
    MRP4/ABCC4 Multidrug resistance protein 4
    MRP5/ABCC5 Multidrug resistance protein 5
    MRP6/ABCC6 Multidrug resistance protein 6
    MRP7/ABCC7 Multidrug resistance protein 7
    MRP8/ABCC8 Multidrug resistance protein 8
    BCRP/ABCG2 Breast Cancer Resistance Protein
    BSEP/ABCB11 Bile Salt Export Pump
  • Exemplary SLC transporters include, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 2.
  • TABLE 2
    GENE NAME PROTEIN NAME
    OSTα Organic solute transporter α
    OSTβ Organic solute transporter β
    OATP1B1*/SLCO 1B1/OATP2 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
    1B1
    OATP1B3/SLCO 1B3 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
    1B3
    OAT1/SLC22A6 Organic anion transporter 1
    OAT2/SLC22A7 Organic anion transporter 2
    OAT3/SLC22A8 Organic anion transporter 3
    OAT4/SLC22A11 Organic anion transporter 4
    OCT1/SLC22A1 Organic cation transporter 1
    OCT2/SLC22A2 Organic cation transporter 2
    OCT3/SLC22A3 Organic cation transporter 3
    OATP1A2/SLCO1A2 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
    1A2
    OATP2B1/SLCO2B1 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
    2B1
    PEPT1/SLC15A1 Peptide Transporter 1
    PEPT2/SLC15A2 Peptide Transporter 2
    OCTN1/SLC22A4 Organic cation/ergothioneine transporter
    OCTN2/SLC22A5 Organic cation/carnitine transporter
    MATE1/SLC47A1 Multidrug and toxin extrusion 1
    MATE2K/SLC47A2 Multidrug and toxin extrusion 2K
    URAT1/SLC22A12 Urate Transporter 1
    ASBT/SLC10A2 Apical sodium/bile acid co-transporter
    NTCP/SLC10A1 Sodium/taurocholate co-transporting
    peptide
    *In this instance, OATP1B1 includes OATP1B1*1a and OATP1B1*1b.
  • Exemplary SLC transporters tested, but are not limited to those listed below in Table 3.
  • TABLE 3
    GENE
    ACCESSION
    GENE NAME FULL NAME NUMBER
    OATP1B1*1a/ Organic anion-transporting NM_006446.4
    SLCO1B1*1a polypeptide 1B1 Wild Type
    (388A)
    OATP1B1*1b/ Organic anion-transporting NM_006446.3
    SLCO1B1*1b polypeptide 1B1 SNP 388A > G
    OATP1B3/SLCO1B3 Organic anion-transporting NM_019844
    polypeptide 1B3
    OAT1/SLC22A6 Organic anion transporter 1 NM_004790
    OAT3/SLC22A8 Organic anion transporter 3 NM_004254
    OCT1/SLC22A1 Organic cation transporter 1 NM_003057
    OCT2/SLC22A2 Organic cation transporter 2 NM_003058
  • Cells suitable for use in the present invention include mammalian cells, for example, as derived from human or non-human (e.g., mouse, rat, dog, monkey, hamster and pig, etc.). In certain embodiments, the cells are hepatocytes, or endothelial cells.
  • Gene delivery systems for introducing gene(s) into a population of cells are known to a skilled artisan. Virus-based gene delivery methods may be used but require special handling of the cells due to safety concerns. Although lipid-based transfection methods may be used, lipid-based transfection reagents are relatively costly and such methods are not amenable to large-scale manufacturing processes. Additionally, lipid-based transfection methods result in relatively low gene delivery efficiency and relatively delayed protein expression (generally 72 to 96 hours post transfection) (data not shown). Electroporation (EP) is preferable as it is amenable to large-scale manufacturing processes and avoids the safety issues of viral-based gene delivery methods. Further, EP results in relatively efficient gene delivery.
  • After gene delivery into a population of cells, gene(s) encoding a drug transporter protein and/or a drug metabolizing enzyme will be overexpressed such that activity of the protein(s) encoded therefrom are detectable following thaw from cryopreservation. Drug candidates can be tested to determine if any are substrates or inhibitors of the protein(s) encoded from the overexpressed gene(s) by incubation of the recombinant cells therewith. In particular, if a drug candidate is a substrate of a drug transporter protein and/or a drug metabolizing enzyme, the drug candidate will be affected. For instance, if the drug candidate is a substrate of a drug transporter protein, the drug candidate will be translocated in or out of the recombinant cell via the drug transporter protein. However, if the drug candidate is an inhibitor of the drug transporter protein, the drug candidate will inhibit translocation of a substrate of the drug transporter protein in or out of the recombinant cell.
  • Alternatively, assays can be conducted using whole cells or subcellular fractions thereof (microsome/cytosol).
  • Additionally, recombinant cells of the present invention may be further transfected with RNAi or siRNA of the transiently overexpressed gene(s) to knockdown/knockout the expression thereof as is desirable for certain assays. Primary cells (e.g., hepatocytes) can be transfected with RNAi or siRNA directed against any ABC transporters, SLC transporters or any other drug metabolizing enzymes to knockdown/knockout the expression of specific genes.
  • In one aspect (1), the disclosure provides a cryopreserved recombinant cell including one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cell following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • In an aspect (2), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said one or more genes encodes a drug metabolizing enzyme.
  • In an aspect (3), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (2), wherein the drug metabolizing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucouronyl transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
  • In an aspect (4), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of an ATP binding cassette transporter and a solute carrier transporter protein.
  • In an aspect (5), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes is selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, BSEP/Bsep, OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntcp.
  • In an aspect (6), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes encodes a protein that is an ATP binding cassette transporter selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, and BSEP/Bsep.
  • In an aspect (7), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes encodes a protein that is a solute carrier transporter selected from the group consisting of OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OCT3/Oct3, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntcp.
  • In an aspect (8), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (4), wherein said one or more genes is selected from OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2K.
  • In an aspect (9), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein the one or more genes is derived individually from human or an animal species selected from mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, and monkey.
  • In an aspect (10), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell is derived from a mammal.
  • In an aspect (11), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (10), wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of HEK293, CHO, MDCK, LLC-PK1, Caco-2 and V79 cells.
  • In an aspect (12), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (10), wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of human, monkey, dog, rat, mouse, porcine and hamster.
  • In an aspect (13), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell comprises a hepatocyte.
  • In an aspect (14), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein said cell comprises an endothelial cell.
  • In an aspect (15), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 24 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • In an aspect (16), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 48 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • In an aspect (17), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (1), wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 72 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • In another aspect (18), the disclosure provides a process of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme including transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
  • In an aspect (19), the disclosure provides the invention of aspect (18), wherein the transient transfection step includes electroporation.
    • Examples
  • Cells were cultured under standard sterile practices for cell culture, and transiently transfected using EP. Following EP, cells were assayed for protein activity both before as well as after being frozen, thawed and plated. As detailed below, cells cultured in suspension and adherent cell cultures were both successfully transiently transfected and exhibited substantial activity of the recombinant protein following thaw from cryopreservation.
    • Cells Cultured in Suspension
  • In brief, on Day 1, FreeStyle 293 Cells and 293-F cells were each passaged into appropriate sized shaker flasks at a density of 0.7-1.0×106 cell/ml using supplemented CD293 medium (i.e., CD293 medium (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11913-019, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 4 mM L-Glutamine (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 25030-081, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.)) or supplemented Excell™ 293 serum free media (available from Sigma, Cat. No. 14571C, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) supplemented with 6 mM L-Glutamine. Cell viability and cell number were determined using a Cellometer (available from Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, Mass.).
  • On Day 2, EP of cells was executed. In short, following a determination of cell viability and cell density, cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min, after which the media was aspirated and cells resuspended in 30 ml EP Buffer (available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. B201, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.). The cell suspension was transferred to 50 ml Falcon tubes, pelleted down as described above, and resuspended in an appropriate amount of EP Buffer to reach 100×106 cells/ml which was used as the cell stock. DNAs to be used for EP were prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. For each sample, 0.4 ml of cell stock and DNA was placed in a sterile 1.5 ml eppendorf tube resulting in a final concentration of 200 μg/ml (Table 4) or 300 μg/ml DNA (Table 10 and Table 11) and cell density of 40×106 cells per sample.
  • TABLE 4
    CELL
    STOCK
    SAMPLE CELL VOL. [DNA]
    # TYPE PLASMID(S) (ml) (ug/ml)
    A 1, 2 FS293 pOATP1B1 0.4 200
    B 3, 4 pCMV6 0.4 200
    C 5 EP Buffer (16 μl) 0.4 —
    D 6, 7 293-F pOATP1B1 0.4 200
    E 8, 9 pCMV6 0.4 200
    F 10  EP Buffer (16 μl) 0.4 —
  • Samples were transferred into an OC-400 Processing Assembly (available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. OC-400R, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) which followed the manufacture instructions for EP of HEK cells. Following EP, the cells were carefully pipetted out and transferred into the bottom of a 125 ml shaker flask and incubated for 20 min at 37° C. with 8% CO2, after which pre-warmed 40 ml CD293 media was added into the shaker flask to reach cell density at 1×106 cells/ml. The cells were incubated for 30 min at 37° C. and 8% CO2. After 30 min recovery, cell viability and cell density were determined. A portion of cells (i.e., 20×106 cells) was used for plating and the rest was cryopreserved, or all of the cells were cryopreserved. It is contemplated that recombinant cells may be cryopreserved within 48 hrs of transfection and exhibit activity of protein(s) encoded from transfected gene(s) at a detectable level following thaw from cryopreservation.
  • For plating cells following EP, 20×106 cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and then resuspended in 20 ml pre-warmed plating media (DMEM with high glucose (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11965092, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), supplemented with 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids (available from Gibco, Cat. No. 11140050, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), 10% FBS (available from SAFC Biosciences, Cat. No. 12016C, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.)) (cell density of 1×106 cells/ml). Cells were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates poly-D-Lysine coated, Corning Biocoat™ (available from Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.) at a density of 0.2×106 cells/well and 0.4×106 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. with 8% CO2 so as to determine the impact of seeding density on uptake activity. Media was replaced 4 hours later and then every 24 hours until the day of assaying. On Days 4, cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity as described below.
  • For cryopreservation, cells were pelleted then resuspended in freshly prepared ice-cold freezing media (9 parts supplemented CD293 medium and 1 part DMSO which was syringe filtered to sterilize) at a density of 10×106 cell/ml. Cryo vials were filled with 1 ml of this cell suspension, and placed on ice-cold Mr Frosty freezing container (available from Thermal Scientific), which was stored in −80° C. freezer overnight after which the vials were transferred into liquid nitrogen.
  • Cryopreserved cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity as described below. In brief, on Day 1, cryopreserved cells were removed from liquid nitrogen to dry ice, and then thawed in a water bath at 37° C. for about 2 min. Cells were transferred into 10 ml of plating media as described above which is pre-warmed to a temperature of about 37° C. and the viability and cell density determined. Cells were pelleted down and resuspended in supplemented DMEM media at a cell density of 1×106 viable cells/ml. Cells were plated in the same manner described above for plating cells following EP (which had not been cryopreserved) and assayed for OATP1B1 activity at 24, 48 and 72 hrs following plating thereof.
    • Adherent Cell Cultures
  • In brief, HEK293 cells were cultured in 5 Layer Corning® CellStack® (available from Corning Inc. Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.) using plating media containing DMEM (high glucose) available from Gibco Cat. No. 11965118, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 units/ml) available from Gibco Cat. No. 15140-122, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; L-Glutamine (200 mM) available from Gibco Cat. No. 25030-081, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; Sodium Pyruvate, available from Gibco Cat. No. 11360, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.; FBS available from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, Mo. in a ratio of 100:1:1:1:10. On Day 1, about 24 hrs before EP, HEK293 cells were trypsinized, cell viability and cell number determined after which cells were passaged to fresh multilayer chamber flasks at 30-40% confluency. Cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2.
  • On Day 2, EP of cells was executed. In short, cells were harvested, cell viability and cell number determined after which cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and the media aspirated. Cells were resuspended in EP buffer and pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min, then resuspended in an appropriate amount of EP Buffer to reach 50×106 cells/ml which was used as the cell stock. DNAs to be used for EP were prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. For each sample used for OC-400 processing assembly, 0.4 ml of cell stock and DNA was placed in a sterile 1.5 ml eppendorf tube resulting in a final concentration of 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml or 400 μg/ml DNA as indicated in FIGS. 5-9 and cell density of 40×106 cells per sample. For each sample used for CL-2 processing assembly, 10 ml of cell stock and DNA was placed in 50 ml sterile conical tube resulting in a final concentration of 100 μg/ml DNA.
  • Samples were transferred into an OC-400 or CL-2 processing assembly (available from MaxCyte, Cat. No. OC-400R and CL2-R, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) which followed the manufacture instructions for EP of HEK cells. Following EP, the cells were carefully pipetted out and transferred into 6-well tissue culture plates and incubated for 20 min at 37° C. with 5% CO2, after which cells were removed and placed in a 50 ml conical tube containing pre-warmed plating media. Cell viability and cell density were determined. A portion of cells (i.e., 20×106 cells) was used for plating and the rest was cryopreserved.
  • For plating cells following EP, cells were pelleted down by spinning at 100 g for 5 min and then resuspended in pre-warmed plating media (cell density of 1×106 cells/ml). Cells were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates (poly-D-Lysine coated, Corning Biocoat™ (available from Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, Mass.)) at a density of 0.4×106 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Media was replaced 4 hours later and then every 24 hours until the day of assaying. On Days 4 and 6, cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity.
  • For cryopreservation, cells were pelleted then resuspended in freshly prepared ice-cold freezing media (9 parts plating medium and 1 part DMSO which was syringe filtered to sterilize) at a density of 10×106 cell/ml. Cryo vials were filled with 1 ml of this cell suspension, and placed on ice-cold Mr Frosty freezing container (available from Thermal Scientific) stored in −80° C. freezer overnight after which the vials were stored in liquid nitrogen.
  • Cryopreserved cells were assayed for OATP1B1 activity. Notably, cells were plated in the same manner described above for plating cells following EP (which had not been cryopreserved) and assayed for OATP1B1 activity (as described below) at 48 hrs following plating thereof.
    • Assaying Transporter Activity
  • In brief, substrate solution was prepared for OATP1B1*1a and OATP1B1*1b using 2 μM estradiol-17β-glucuronide (99% of cold E17βG and 1% of [3H]-E17βG); for OATP1B3 using 2 μM CCK-8 (99% of cold CCK-8 and 1% of [3H]-CCK-8); for OAT1 short using 1 μM Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (90% of cold PAH and 10% of [3H]-PAH); for OAT1 long using 1 μM or 3 μM Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (90% of cold PAH and 10% of [3H]-PAH); for OAT3 using 1 μM or 2 μM Estrone-3-sulfate (99% of cold E3S and 1% of [3H]-E3S); for OCT1 and OCT2 using 30 μM Tetraethylammonium Bromide (100% [14C]-TEA); for MATE1 and MATE2K using 10 μM Metformin (100% [14C]-Metformin) or 10 μM Tetraethylammonium Bromide (100% [14C]-TEA); in Krebs-Henseleit Buffer pH 7.4 (available from Sigma, Cat. No. K3753, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and incubated at 37° C. for at least 20 min. Culture media was aspirated from cells to be assayed and cells washed thrice with pre-warmed KHB Buffer. Cells were subsequently incubated with Uptake Buffer at 37° C. for 10 min. For MATE1 and MATE2K, cells were washed and pre-incubated with KHB buffer containing 20 mM NH4Cl for 10 min. Assays were initiated by adding 0.3 ml substrate solution into each well and incubated at 37° C. for 5 min with samples for OCT1 and OCT2 incubated for 10 min.
  • The reaction was quickly stopped after the incubation period by aspirating substrate solution from cells then washing cells thrice with cold Uptake Buffer. Cells were then incubated with lysing solution (0.1% SDS with 0.1% v/v 1M NaOH in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) buffer) for 15-20 minutes while being shaken. The substrate solution was triturated and 0.4 ml of the resultant cell lysis placed in 5 ml scintillation tube with 5 ml of scintillation liquid for analysis with scintillation counter.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 1, cell viability dropped 1-5% after EP relative to that of the cell stock. Additionally, after cryopreservation, cell viability dropped an additional 10-15% relative to that after EP. Nonetheless, even after EP and thaw from cryopreservation, cell viability is greater than 75%.
  • Cell morphology and uptake activity was examined following cryopreservation after 30 min recovery and 24 hrs recovery post transfection. Table 5 illustrated cell morphology and uptake activity with 24 hrs recovery was reduced compared to 30 min recovery.
  • TABLE 5
    Cell Uptake
    Recovery time prior Confluency Activity
    SAMPLE to cryopreservation at 24 hrs (pmole/mg/min) S:N
    OATP1B1 24 HOURS 40-50% 0.59 0.44
    OATP1B1 30 MIN 70-75% 5.78 4.32
    VECTOR 30 MIN 90-95% 1.34
  • Cell morphology and confluency of transfected cells thawed from cryopreservation were examined after various periods of time following plating at a density of 0.4×106 cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning Biocoat™ plates. In particular, FIG. 2 illustrates OATP1B1 transiently transfected cells cultured at 4 hrs, 24 hrs and 72 hrs post plating. Additionally, cell confluency at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs post-plating of these cells is recorded in Table 6 below.
  • TABLE 6
    CELLS 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
    FS293 with pOATP1B1 80-90%  90-95% 80-85%
    FS293 with pCMV6 vector 70-80%  90-95%    90%
    293-F with pOATP1B1 90-95% 95-100% 80-85%
    293-F with pCMV6 vector 90-95% 95-100% 80-85%
  • Desirably, after EP and cryopreservation, the cells form a monolayer on poly-D-lysine coated Corning Biocoat™ plates achieving 80-90% confluency at 24 hrs post-plating, 90%-100% confluency at 48 hrs post-plating.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates cells, transiently transfected with MATE1, MATE2K, OATP1B3, OAT1 long, OAT1 short, OAT3, and pCMV vector respectively, cultured at 24 hrs post plating after thawed from cryopreservation.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 5, the expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in adhesion HEK293 cells was increased with increasing concentration of DNA. Additionally, GFP expression increased at the 48 hr timepoint relative to the 24 hr timepoint. In particular, GFP transfection efficiency by EP achieved 100% at 24 hrs with 200 μg/ml DNA and 100% fluorescent cell staining at 48 hrs with 100 g/ml DNA. Hence, GFP protein expression level in transfected cells increased with increased DNA concentration and at 48 hrs relative to 24 hrs.
  • Uptake activity of suspension cultured 293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 (pOATP1B1) and control vector (pCMV) were assayed at various time points following EP. In brief, transfected cells were plated at a density of 0.4×106 cells/well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning Biocoat™ plates following EP or after thaw from cryopreservation. OATP1B1 uptake activity and uptake ratio were determined using probe substrate, estradiol-17β-glucuronide, in both fresh plated cells (“fresh”) and cryopreserved cells (“cryo”) at various timepoints post plating as detailed in Table 7 below.
  • TABLE 7
    CELLS/ CELL
    CULTURE PLATING UPTAKE ACTIVITY UP-
    MEDIA, FRESH TIME (pmol/mg/min)/confluence TAKE
    OR CRYO POINT (HR) pOATP1B1 pCMV RATIO
    293-F in CD293, 48 15.4 0.7 22.0
    fresh (85%) (90%)
    293-F in CD293, 48 15.1 0.9 16.8
    cryo (95-100%) (95-100%)
    FS293 in Excell, 24 36.4 1.9 19.2
    cryo
    48 10.0 0.7 14.3
    72  6.6 1.0 6.6
    293-F in CD293, 24 27.4 1.5 18.3
    cryo
    48 15.1 0.9 16.8
    72  9.9 1.0 9.9
    Note:
    The number appearing in parentheses is the cell confluency at assay time.
  • OATP1B1 uptake activity and uptake ratio in transfected cells following thaw from cryopreservation is consistent with those in freshly plated transfected cells. In both cells types 293-F and FS293, the highest uptake activity and uptake ratio is observed at 24 hrs post plating.
  • Morphology and cell confluency of transfected cells (FS293 or 293-F) were examined at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs post-plating in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning Biocoat™ plates at plating density of either 0.4×106 cells/well or 0.2×106 cells/well after thaw from cryopreservation. Cell confluency at 24 hrs post-plating are summarized below in Table 8. Cell confluency at 48 hrs and 72 hrs are similar to those achieved at 24 hrs (data not shown). Additionally, FIG. 3 provides images of transfected cells plated at (A) 0.4×106 cells per well and (B) 0.2×106 cells per well 24 hrs post-plating following thaw from cryopreservation at a confluence of 90-95% and 60-70%, respectively.
  • TABLE 8
    CELLS, CULTURE MEDIA, 0.4 × 106 0.2 × 106
    TRANSFECTED DNA CELLS/WELL CELLS/WELL
    FS293 with pOATP1B1 in Excell 80-90% 30-50%
    FS293 with pCMV vector in Excell 70-80%    50%
    293-F with pOATP1B1 in CD293 90-95% 60-70%
    293-F with pCMV6 vector in CD293 90-95%    80%
  • For optimal assay performance, plating cells at a density of 0.4×106 is preferable to that of 0.2×106 as it achieves higher cell confluency and higher uptake activity.
  • TABLE 9
    UPTAKE ACTIVITY
    (pmol/mg/min)/confluence UPTAKE
    CELLS pOATP1B1 pCMV6 RATIO
    FS293 cells, 0.2 × 106 cells/well 10.5 3.0 3.5
    FS293 cells, 0.4 × 106 cells/well 36.4 1.9 19.2
    293-F cells, 0.2 × 106 cells/well 20.2 1.5 13.5
    293-F cells, 0.4 × 106 cells/well 27.4 1.5 18.3
  • Following EP, cell viability was examined using trypan blue and hemocytometer or cellometer.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 6, when using adhesion HEK293 cells, cell viability post EP dropped with increasing amounts of DNA used in EP. Nonetheless, cell viability following transfection with pOATP1B1 was ranged from 89% to 77% and that following transfection with empty vector was 90%.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 7, when using adhesion HEK293 cells, OATP1B1 mediated uptake of Estradiol-17β-glucuronide in the fresh plated transient transfected adhesion HEK293 cells is time-dependent. Notably, uptake activity and uptake ratio increased with increasing amounts of DNA used in EP. However, OATP1B1 mediated uptake of Estradiol-17β-glucuronide reduced at the 96 hr timepoint relative to the 48 hr timepoint. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the signal to noise ratio (i.e., uptake ratio) of estradiol-17β-glucuronide increased with the increase of amount of DNA and assay incubation time, in adhesion HEK293 cells transfected with OATP1B1 relative to empty vector at 48 hrs post EP.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 9, when using adhesion HEK293 cells, estradiol-17β-glucuronide uptake in OATP1B1 transiently expressed HEK293 cells using small scale EP device and large scale EP device is consistent for both uptake activity and signal to noise ratio (i.e., uptake ratio). 100 μg/ml DNA was used in the experiments.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 10, when using adhesion HEK293 cells, OATP1B1 uptake activity is compared between the cells transfected using traditional lipid transfection reagent (control: lipofectamine 2000, available from Invitrogen) and EP using STX, MaxCyte Inc., Gaithersburg, Md. Notably, cells transfected using EP resulted in a pronouncedly greater signal to noise ratio relative to those cells transfected with lipid transfection reagent.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 11, when using adhesion HEK293 cells, OATP1B1 uptake activity in both freshly plated EP transfected cells and cells following thaw from cryopreservation was detectable.
  • Uptake activity of suspension cultured 293 cells transfected with OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1 long, OAT1 short, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2K or control vector (pCMV) were assayed at 24 hrs post plating after thaw from cryopreservation. In brief, the transfected cells were plated at a density of 0.4×106 cells/well in 24-well poly-D-lysine coated Corning Biocoat™ plates following EP and after thaw from cryopreservation. SLC transporter uptake activity and uptake ratio were determined using probe substrates as indicated at 24 hrs post plating as detailed in Table 10 below.
  • TABLE 10
    UPTAKE ACTIVITY
    (pmol/mg/min)/
    TRANS- SLC UPTAKE
    PORTERS SUBSTRATE transporter pCMV6 RATIO
    OATP1B1*1a 2 μM E17bG 41.0 1.03 40
    OATP1B1*1b 2 μM E17bG 32.6 0.88 37
    OATP1B3 2 μM CCK-8 28.7 0.2 145
    OATP1B3 2 μM CCK-8 77.0 0.79 98
    OAT1 long 1 μM PAH 13.1 0.3 39
    OAT1 short 1 μM PAH 9.7 0.3 29
    OAT1 long 3 μM PAH 15.0 0.71 21
    OAT3 1 μM E3S 44.7 1.2 38
    OAT3 2 μM E3S 60.9 1.62 38
    OCT1 30 μM TEA 127.6 5.63 23
    OCT2 30 μM TEA 100.5 5.53 18
    MATE1 10 μM Metformin 71.4 6.0 12
    10 μM TEA 46.3 4.3 11
    MATE2K 10 μM Metformin 33.5 5.2 6.5
    10 μM TEA 46.6 6.1 7.6
  • As reflected in Table 10 above, the recombinant cells exhibited strong uptake activity towards their specific prototypical substrate each of which had an uptake ratio above 10. Notably, an uptake ratio above 5 indicates a successful process.
  • As reflected in Table 11, the post-thaw viability for recombinant cryopreserved cells was determined to be above 90%.
  • TABLE 11
    Post-thaw
    Cells Viability
    OATP1B1*1a 94.2%
    OATP1B1*1b 96.1%
    OATP1B3 95.5%
    OAT1 long 93.5%
    OAT3 93.8%
    OCT1 95.1%
    OCT2 96.1%
  • Each of these recombinant cells as well as a control vector (pCMV) was examined 24 hrs post-plating (after cryopreservation). Confluency for each of these cells 24 hrs post-plating was 85% or greater as reflected in Table 12 below.
  • TABLE 12
    Transfected Cells 24-h confluency
    OATP1B1*1a 90%
    OATP1B1*1b 95%
    OATP1B3 95%
    OAT1 long 90%
    OAT3 90%
    Vector
    95%
    OCT1
    95%
    OCT2
    85%
  • As illustrated in FIG. 12, each of the 8 cryopreserved recombinant cells formed a confluent monolayer following thawing, plating on Poly-D-Lysine plates and incubation for 24-hrs post-plating.
  • As illustrated in FIGS. 13-19 and Tables 13-14, the kinetic and inhibition profiles examined in cryopreserved recombinant cells expressing a transporter protein was consistent with reported values. Specifically, as illustrated in FIGS. 13A-13C, the kinetics of PAH uptake by recombinant cells expressing OAT1 and inhibition profile of probenecid thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 14A-14C, the kinetics of E3S uptake by recombinant cells expressing OAT3 and inhibition profile of probenecid thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 15A-15F, the kinetics of TEA and metformin uptake by recombinant cells expressing OCT1 as well as inhibition profile thereof is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 16A-16E, the kinetics of TEA and metformin uptake by recombinant cells expressing OCT2 as well as inhibition profile is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 17A-17F, the kinetics of E17βG, E3S and rosuvastatin uptake by recombinant cells expressing OATP1B1*1a as well as inhibition profile of E17βG uptake by cyclosporin A is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 18A-18E, the kinetics of E17βG, E3S and rosuvastatin uptake by recombinant cells expressing OATP1B1*1b as well as inhibition profile of E17βG uptake by cyclosporin A is consistent with reported values. As illustrated in FIGS. 19A-19E and Tables 13-14, the kinetics of CCK-8, E17βG and rosuvastatin uptake by recombinant cells expressing OATP1B3 as well as inhibition profile of CCK-8 uptake by cyclosporin A is consistent with reported values.
  • TABLE 13
    SLC Transporter Cells Literature Report
    Sub- Km Km Test
    Transporter strate (μM) (μM) System Literature
    OATP1B1*1a E17βG 6.2 6.3 HEK293 P. Sharma, et al.
    cells Xenobiotica 40: 24.
    2010
    OATP1B3 CCK-8 20.2 16.5 CHO Poirier A, et al., J
    Cells Pharmacokinet
    Pharmacodyn, 2009
    OAT1 PAH 87.3 28 HEK293 Ueo H, et al.,
    cells Biochem
    Pharmacol., 2005
    OAT3 E3S 4.0 6.3 HEK293 Ueo H, et al.,
    cells Biochem
    Pharmacol., 2005
  • TABLE 14
    Corning ® SLC TransportoCells ™ Literature Report
    IC50 IC50 Test
    Transporter Substrate Inhibitor (μM) (μM) System Literature
    OATP1B1*1a E17βG Cyclosporin A 0.8 0.7 HEK293 MG Soars, et
    Cells al., Drug Metab
    Dispos, 2012
    OATP1B3 CCK-8 Cyclosporin A 0.7 0.6 HEK293 Bednarczyk D.
    Cells Anal Biochem.
    2010
    OAT1 PAH Probenecid 7.2 6.5 CHO Ho ES, et al., J
    Am Soc
    Nephrol., 2001
    OAT3 E3S Probenecid 8.8 9 S2 Takeda M, et
    al., Eur J
    Pharmacol.,
    2001
    OCT1 Metformin Cimetidine 230 104 HEK293 Sumito I, et al.,
    Cells JPET, 2011
    OCT2 Metformin Cimetidine 195 124 HEK293 Sumito I, et al.,
    Cells JPET, 2011
  • It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover modifications that are within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (16)

What is claimed is:
1. A cryopreserved recombinant cell comprising one or more transiently overexpressed genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, or a combination thereof wherein activity of the drug transporter protein or the drug metabolizing enzyme or combinations is detectable in a population of the cryopreserved recombinant cell following thaw from cryopreservation.
2. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein said one or more genes encodes a drug metabolizing enzyme.
3. The recombinant cell of claim 2, wherein the drug metabolizing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucouronyl transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
4. The recombinant cell of claim 1, which transiently overexpresses one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of an ATP binding cassette transporter and a solute carrier transporter protein.
5. The recombinant cell of claim 4, wherein said one or more genes is selected from the group consisting of MDR1/Mdr1a/Mdr1b, MRP1/Mrp1, MRP2/Mrp2, MRP3/Mrp3, MRP4/Mrp4, MRP5/Mrp5, MRP6/Mrp6, MRP7/Mrp7, MRP 8/Mrp8, BCRP/Bcrp, BSEP/Bsep, OATP2/Oatp2, OATP1B3/Oatp1b3, OAT1/Oat1, OAT2/Oat2, OAT3/Oat3, OAT4/Oat4, OCT1/Oct1, OCT2/Oct2, OATP1/Oatp1, PEPT1/Pept1, PEPT2/Pept2, OCTN1/Octn1, OCTN2/Octn2, MATE1/Mate1, MATE2K/Mate2, URAT1/Urat1, ASBT/Asbt, and NTCP/Ntcp or a combination.
6. The recombinant cell of claim 4, wherein said one or more genes is selected from OATP1B1*1a, OATP1B1*1b, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1 and MATE2K.
7. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein the one or more genes is derived individually from human or an animal species selected from mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, and monkey.
8. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of HEK293, CHO, MDCK, LLC-PK1, Caco-2 and V79 cells.
9. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises a hepatocyte.
10. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises an endothelial cell.
11. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 24 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
12. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 48 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
13. The recombinant cell of claim 1, wherein activity of the protein(s) is detectable in a population of said cell at least 72 hours post plating following thaw from cryopreservation.
14. A process of preparing transiently transfected recombinant cells which transiently overexpress one or more genes encoding a protein selected from a drug transporter protein and a drug metabolizing enzyme, comprising transiently transfecting cells with one or more genes encoding a drug transporter protein or a drug metabolizing enzyme and cryopreserving the transiently transfected recombinant cells within 48 hrs of transfection.
15. The process of claim 14, wherein the transient transfection step comprises electroporation.
16. The process of claim 14, wherein the transiently transfected recombinant cells are cryopreserved at 30 minutes to 24 hours post transfection.
US14/644,000 2012-09-11 2015-03-10 Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s) Abandoned US20150184196A1 (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/644,000 US20150184196A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-03-10 Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s)
US14/972,012 US9822160B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-12-16 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/163,218 US9771409B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/269,045 US20170067909A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-09-19 Assay-ready recombinant cells transiently overexpressing genes encoding drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes
US15/688,942 US10017558B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/688,983 US10047136B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/988,819 US10336806B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/988,802 US10336805B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,943 US10626158B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,860 US10629064B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,634 US20200239539A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,649 US20200239540A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201261699466P 2012-09-11 2012-09-11
PCT/US2013/059152 WO2014043170A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2013-09-11 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter proteins(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US14/644,000 US20150184196A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-03-10 Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s)

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2013/059152 Continuation WO2014043170A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2013-09-11 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter proteins(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/972,012 Division US9822160B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-12-16 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20150184196A1 true US20150184196A1 (en) 2015-07-02

Family

ID=49322689

Family Applications (11)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/644,000 Abandoned US20150184196A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-03-10 Consumable Cryopreserved Cells Transiently Overexpressing Gene(s) Encoding Drug Transporter Protein(s) and/or Drug Metabolizing Enzyme(s)
US14/972,012 Active US9822160B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-12-16 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/163,218 Active US9771409B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/688,983 Active US10047136B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/688,942 Active US10017558B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/988,802 Active US10336805B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/988,819 Active US10336806B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,943 Active US10626158B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,860 Active US10629064B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,634 Abandoned US20200239539A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,649 Abandoned US20200239540A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

Family Applications After (10)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/972,012 Active US9822160B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2015-12-16 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/163,218 Active US9771409B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/688,983 Active US10047136B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/688,942 Active US10017558B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2017-08-29 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s)
US15/988,802 Active US10336805B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US15/988,819 Active US10336806B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2018-05-24 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,943 Active US10626158B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/407,860 Active US10629064B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2019-05-09 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,634 Abandoned US20200239539A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US16/851,649 Abandoned US20200239540A1 (en) 2012-09-11 2020-04-17 Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (11) US20150184196A1 (en)
EP (4) EP3461888B1 (en)
JP (4) JP6417554B2 (en)
KR (5) KR102269946B1 (en)
CN (2) CN108949694B (en)
PL (2) PL3736329T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2014043170A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019091966A1 (en) * 2017-11-09 2019-05-16 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft Für Medizinische Forschung Mbh Transgenic insect and use of same in methods for testing natural or synthetic substances

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
PL3736329T3 (en) 2012-09-11 2022-07-18 Corning Incorporated Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
US20180346931A1 (en) 2015-11-25 2018-12-06 Corning Incorporated Systems and methods for expressing proteins
WO2017106753A1 (en) * 2015-12-16 2017-06-22 Corning Incorporated Assay-ready recombinant cells transiently overexpressing genes encoding drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes
CN206700770U (en) * 2017-05-17 2017-12-05 汕头市信必达早教科技有限公司 A kind of Magnetic building blockses
US10914886B2 (en) 2018-02-08 2021-02-09 Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. Quantum dot enhancement film and manufacturing method thereof, quantum dot backlight module and display device
WO2023193665A1 (en) * 2022-04-07 2023-10-12 威海纽兰生物科技有限公司 Extracellular vesicle-based esterase-responsive drug delivery carrier, method for preparing same, and use thereof

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7700095B2 (en) * 2004-03-19 2010-04-20 Yale University Detection, isolation and uses of renalase (monoamine oxidase c)

Family Cites Families (49)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5137132A (en) 1974-09-25 1976-03-29 Ota Toshuki Aruminiumuno tosoho
US4515258A (en) 1983-03-09 1985-05-07 Allied Corporation Clutch drive with link spring
US5928637A (en) 1987-06-16 1999-07-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Methods of inducing multidrug resistance using human MDR1 cDNA
US5851819A (en) 1987-06-16 1998-12-22 National Institutes Of Health Vectors carrying MDR1 cDNA which confer multidrug resistance on transduced cells
US5166059A (en) 1987-06-16 1992-11-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Gene therapy using gene fusions for genetic or acquired disorders
IL90514A (en) 1988-06-03 1995-10-31 Us Health Fusion gene comprising a multi-drug resistance gene fused to an adenine deaminase gene
JP2646921B2 (en) 1991-11-15 1997-08-27 日本ビクター株式会社 Adaptive quantizer
US5849525A (en) 1994-03-09 1998-12-15 Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Compositions corresponding to a proton-coupled peptide transporter and methods of making and using same
DE4424577A1 (en) 1994-07-13 1996-01-18 Hoechst Ag Transporter protein for cationic xenobiotic(s) and pharmaceuticals, and related DNA and transformed cells
US5972702A (en) 1996-05-09 1999-10-26 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Osteoclast transporter
US6200959B1 (en) 1996-12-04 2001-03-13 Powerject Vaccines Inc. Genetic induction of anti-viral immune response and genetic vaccine for filovirus
US6485933B1 (en) 1997-05-07 2002-11-26 Incyte Genomics, Inc. B cell receptor associated proteins
AU7238498A (en) 1997-05-23 1998-12-11 Hitoshi Endou Organic anion transporter and gene coding for the same
US6313277B1 (en) 1998-02-05 2001-11-06 University Of Maryland, Baltimore Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and the DNA which encodes it
US6063634A (en) 1998-04-01 2000-05-16 Abbott Laboratories Fluid assembly and method for diagnostic instrument
US6262333B1 (en) 1998-06-10 2001-07-17 Bayer Corporation Human genes and gene expression products
PT1086132E (en) 1998-06-11 2007-12-26 Gilead Sciences Inc Gene encoding organic anion transporter
US6025160A (en) 1998-07-22 2000-02-15 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences encoding rat mdr1b2 and screening methods thereof
US6262334B1 (en) 1998-08-31 2001-07-17 Bayer Corporation Human genes and expression products: II
DE69934322T2 (en) 1998-09-18 2007-06-21 Japan Science And Technology Agency, Kawaguchi TRANSPORTER ORGANIC ANIONS OF THE BRAIN AND ITS GEN
DE19856463B4 (en) 1998-11-26 2006-02-02 Heinrich-Pette-Institut Retroviral LCMV pseudotyped hybrid vectors
US6589763B1 (en) 1998-11-26 2003-07-08 Heinrich-Pette-Institute Retroviral hybrid vectors pseudotyped with LCMV
US7601494B2 (en) 1999-03-17 2009-10-13 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Method of screening candidate compounds for susceptibility to biliary excretion
US7105315B2 (en) 1999-06-16 2006-09-12 Incyte Genomics, Inc. Transmembrane protein differentially expressed in cancer
CN1351612A (en) 1999-05-20 2002-05-29 布里斯托尔-迈尔斯斯奎布公司 Novel organic anion transport proteins
US6692934B1 (en) * 1999-05-20 2004-02-17 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Organic anion transport proteins
US6680379B1 (en) 1999-07-12 2004-01-20 Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. Organic anion transporter genes and proteins
WO2001004283A2 (en) * 1999-07-12 2001-01-18 Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. Organic anion transporter genes and proteins
US6908748B2 (en) 1999-07-29 2005-06-21 Kenji Sobue Genes associated with the maintenance of differentiation of smooth muscle cells
AU7317400A (en) 1999-09-21 2001-04-24 Chugai Research Institute For Molecular Medicine, Inc. Transporter genes oatp-b, c, d and e
US6753177B1 (en) 1999-09-28 2004-06-22 Becton Dickinson And Company P-glycoproteins and uses thereof
US7590493B2 (en) 2000-07-31 2009-09-15 Ocimum Biosolutions, Inc. Methods for determining hepatotoxins
US20070037165A1 (en) 2000-09-08 2007-02-15 Applera Corporation Polymorphisms in known genes associated with human disease, methods of detection and uses thereof
US6812339B1 (en) 2000-09-08 2004-11-02 Applera Corporation Polymorphisms in known genes associated with human disease, methods of detection and uses thereof
JP2002112769A (en) * 2000-10-10 2002-04-16 Japan Science & Technology Corp Transporter forced expression vector for organ infection
ATE449184T1 (en) 2001-01-12 2009-12-15 Univ Washington MDR1 VARIANTS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
WO2002095000A2 (en) 2001-05-22 2002-11-28 Gene Logic, Inc. Molecular toxicology modeling
EP1264880A1 (en) 2001-06-06 2002-12-11 Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts Double-transfected cell line useful for the identification of transport inhibitors
WO2002100172A1 (en) 2001-06-11 2002-12-19 Xenoport, Inc. Administration of agents via the pept-2 transporter
US20040142325A1 (en) 2001-09-14 2004-07-22 Liat Mintz Methods and systems for annotating biomolecular sequences
US6640730B2 (en) 2001-12-06 2003-11-04 Ming-Liang Tsai Table
CA2477534A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2003-09-04 Vanderbilt University Cloning and characterization of slc26a6, slc26a1, and slc26a2 anion exchangers
US20070148703A1 (en) * 2003-06-20 2007-06-28 Genomembrane, Inc. Method of screening remedy for breast cancer
WO2005063983A1 (en) 2003-12-29 2005-07-14 Galapagos Genomics N.V. Modulators of bone homeostasis identified in a high-throughput screen
WO2005074994A1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2005-08-18 Xenoport, Inc. Oat3 transporter expressed in blood brain barrier cells
WO2007043623A1 (en) 2005-10-14 2007-04-19 Genomembrane, Inc. Novel transporter protein in mammal and utilization of the same
EP1795599A1 (en) * 2005-12-09 2007-06-13 Schuler, Gerold, Prof. Dr. Methods for generating antigen-specific effector T cells
US7598186B2 (en) 2006-04-11 2009-10-06 Day International, Inc. Printing blanket construction
PL3736329T3 (en) 2012-09-11 2022-07-18 Corning Incorporated Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7700095B2 (en) * 2004-03-19 2010-04-20 Yale University Detection, isolation and uses of renalase (monoamine oxidase c)

Non-Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Brimer (2000, Pharmaceutical Research, 17:803-810) *
Donohue, The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 2006, 38:92-101 *
Hoog (J Biomed Sci, 2001, 8:71-76)       *
Lankisch, 2005, Molecular Pharmacology, 67:1732-1739 *
Shield (2004, Molecular Psychiatry, 9:151-160) *
Sun, 2006, Breast Cancer, 8:1-11 *
Terao (2000, Journal Biological Chemistry, 275:20690-30700) *
Tur-Kaspa , 1986, Mol. Cell. Biol., 6:716-718 *
Zhu, J Biomol Screen, 2007 12: 248-254 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019091966A1 (en) * 2017-11-09 2019-05-16 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft Für Medizinische Forschung Mbh Transgenic insect and use of same in methods for testing natural or synthetic substances

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2015527088A (en) 2015-09-17
KR20210080596A (en) 2021-06-30
US10336805B2 (en) 2019-07-02
CN108949694B (en) 2022-06-17
EP4056686A1 (en) 2022-09-14
JP6920508B2 (en) 2021-08-18
US20180265563A1 (en) 2018-09-20
EP2895598B1 (en) 2019-02-27
KR102369974B1 (en) 2022-03-04
KR102269946B1 (en) 2021-06-29
JP2018130125A (en) 2018-08-23
WO2014043170A1 (en) 2014-03-20
US20170355745A1 (en) 2017-12-14
EP3461888B1 (en) 2020-08-12
KR20220029778A (en) 2022-03-08
EP2895598A1 (en) 2015-07-22
US20190263885A1 (en) 2019-08-29
KR102429794B1 (en) 2022-08-08
US10629064B2 (en) 2020-04-21
US10047136B2 (en) 2018-08-14
CN104755612B (en) 2018-07-20
JP7231677B2 (en) 2023-03-01
US9771409B2 (en) 2017-09-26
US9822160B2 (en) 2017-11-21
KR20150043555A (en) 2015-04-22
JP2021166552A (en) 2021-10-21
EP3736329A1 (en) 2020-11-11
US10336806B2 (en) 2019-07-02
WO2014043170A8 (en) 2015-02-12
PL3736329T3 (en) 2022-07-18
US20200239540A1 (en) 2020-07-30
PL3461888T3 (en) 2020-12-14
CN104755612A (en) 2015-07-01
EP3461888A1 (en) 2019-04-03
US20190263884A1 (en) 2019-08-29
US20160264641A1 (en) 2016-09-15
US20170355746A1 (en) 2017-12-14
US10017558B2 (en) 2018-07-10
KR20210013657A (en) 2021-02-04
JP2020110190A (en) 2020-07-27
JP6698744B2 (en) 2020-05-27
CN108949694A (en) 2018-12-07
US10626158B2 (en) 2020-04-21
KR20200057096A (en) 2020-05-25
US20200239539A1 (en) 2020-07-30
US20180265562A1 (en) 2018-09-20
JP6417554B2 (en) 2018-11-07
KR102211189B1 (en) 2021-02-03
EP3736329B1 (en) 2022-03-30
KR102113239B1 (en) 2020-05-21
US20160102131A1 (en) 2016-04-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US10626158B2 (en) Consumable cryopreserved cells transiently overexpressing gene(s) encoding drug transporter protein(s) and/or drug metabolizing enzyme(s)
WO2017106753A1 (en) Assay-ready recombinant cells transiently overexpressing genes encoding drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes
US20170067909A1 (en) Assay-ready recombinant cells transiently overexpressing genes encoding drug transporter proteins and/or drug metabolizing enzymes
Raimondo et al. Type 2 diabetes risk alleles reveal a role for peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase in beta cell function
AU2012200029A1 (en) Method of screening candidate compounds for susceptibility to biliary excretion

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: CORNING INCORPORATED, NEW YORK

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LI, NA;WANG, JIE;PATTEN, CHRISTOPHER J.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20150309 TO 20150310;REEL/FRAME:035131/0812

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION

AS Assignment

Owner name: DISCOVERY LIFE SCIENCES, LLC, ALABAMA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CORNING INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:060197/0485

Effective date: 20220331