US20150099768A1 - Novel pharmaceutical formulations - Google Patents

Novel pharmaceutical formulations Download PDF

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US20150099768A1
US20150099768A1 US14/381,273 US201314381273A US2015099768A1 US 20150099768 A1 US20150099768 A1 US 20150099768A1 US 201314381273 A US201314381273 A US 201314381273A US 2015099768 A1 US2015099768 A1 US 2015099768A1
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compound
formula
pharmaceutical formulation
lactose
magnesium stearate
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Rudy Laurent Maria Broeckx
Walter Ferdinand Maria Filliers
Patrick Hubert J. Nieste
Alex Herman Copmans
Filip Marcel C. Vanhoutte
Carina Leys
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Respivert Ltd
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Respivert Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/14—Antitussive agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

  • the present invention provides novel dry powder pharmaceutical formulations for inhalation of a compound that inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3 kinases), and their use in therapy, especially in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as COPD and asthma.
  • PI3 kinases phosphoinositide 3-kinases
  • Lipid kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of lipids to produce species involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes, including cellular migration and adhesion.
  • the PI3-kinases are membrane associated proteins and belong to the class of enzymes which catalyse the phosphorylation of lipids which are themselves associated with cell membranes.
  • the PI3-kinase delta isozyme (PI3 kinase ⁇ ) is one of four isoforms of type I PI3 kinases responsible for generating various 3′-phosphorylated phosphoinositides, that mediate cellular signalling and has been implicated in inflammation, growth factor signalling, malignant transformation and immunity [See Review by Rameh, L. E. and Cantley, L. C. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274:8347-8350].
  • pan-PI3 kinase inhibitors such as LY-294002 and wortmannin [Ito, K. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 321:1-8].
  • pan-PI3 kinase inhibitors such as LY-294002 and wortmannin [Ito, K. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 321:1-8].
  • pan-PI3 kinase inhibitors such as LY-294002 and wortmannin
  • the PI3 kinase ⁇ selective inhibitor IC-87114 was found to inhibit airways hyper-responsiveness, IgE release, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, inflammatory cell accumulation into the lung and vascular permeability in ovalbumin-sensitized, ovalbumin-challenged mice [Lee, K. S. et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2006, 118:403-409 and Lee, K. S. et al., FASEB J., 2006, 20:455-65].
  • IC-87114 lowered neutrophil accumulation in the lungs of mice and neutrophil function, stimulated by TNF ⁇ [Sadhu, C. et al., Biochem. Biophys.
  • the PI3 kinase ⁇ isoform is activated by insulin and other growth factors, as well as by G-protein coupled protein signalling and inflammatory cytokines.
  • the PI3 kinase dual ⁇ / ⁇ inhibitor TG100-115 was reported to inhibit pulmonary eosinophilia and interleukin-13 as well as mucin accumulation and airways hyperesponsiveness in a murine model, when administered by aerosolisation.
  • the same authors also reported that the compound was able to inhibit pulmonary neutrophilia elicited by either LPS or cigarette smoke [Doukas, J. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2009, 328:758-765]
  • Akt serine/threonine protein kinase
  • mTOR the mammalian target of rapamycin
  • PI3 kinase inhibitors described to date have typically been intended for oral administration.
  • an undesired consequence of this approach is that non-targeted body tissues, especially the liver and the gut, are likely to be exposed to pharmacologically active concentrations of the drug.
  • An alternative strategy is to design treatment regimens in which the drug is dosed directly to the inflamed organ via topical therapy. In the case of controlling inflammation (or providing another therapeutic effect) in the lungs, this may be achieved by inhalation of the drug, which has the benefit of retaining the drug predominantly in the lungs thereby minimising the risks of systemic toxicity.
  • an appropriate formulation which generates a “reservoir” of the active drug may be used.
  • the compound of formula (I) has, accordingly, been described as being useful for topical administration to the lung (see WO2011/048111).
  • a drug for topical administration to the lung via inhalation must also be formulated so as to provide a predictable dose of the drug, which in turn must have predictable and reproducible properties. Achieving acceptable and reproducible chemical and physical stability of the drug in the formulation is a key goal in the product development of pharmaceutical products for all types of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
  • DPI dry powder inhaler
  • MDI metered dose inhaler
  • aqueous based nebuliser hand-held or table-top
  • DPIs dry powder inhaler
  • MDI metered dose inhaler
  • aqueous based nebuliser hand-held or table-top
  • Flixotide fluticasone propionate
  • Advair fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
  • Symbicort (budesonide/formoterol)
  • Pulmicort (budesonide)
  • Serevent foradil (formoterol).
  • Dry powder inhalation formulations typically consist of a blend of drug particles (size below 10 microns and normally below 5 microns) with a diluent, typically lactose. Since the usual doses required for inhaled therapies are in the microgram range, the diluent facilitates pharmaceutical processing and dispensing of individual doses e.g. into capsules or blisters or the metering of doses from a bulk reservoir, for subsequent administration to the patient. Therefore, typically, the mass of diluent (the most common being lactose) may be greater than that of the drug substance. In this environment, acceptable formulations of some products can be achieved by simply blending the drug with lactose. Other products may require other additional excipients or other processing steps in order for the product to meet the requirements of regulatory authorities.
  • magnesium stearate which is known for improving certain properties of formulations containing it.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,186,401B2 Jagotec A G et al. discloses that the addition of magnesium stearate to dry powder formulations for inhalation improves the moisture resistance of the formulations and allows a high fine particle dosage or fine particle fraction to be maintained under humid conditions.
  • WO00/53157 describes magnesium stearate as a lubricant to be employed in dry powder formulations for inhalation which is capable if increasing the fine particle dose of certain drugs.
  • US2006/0239932 discloses an inhalable solid pharmaceutical formulation comprising certain active ingredient substances susceptible to chemical interaction with lactose, lactose and magnesium stearate. It is disclosed that magnesium stearate inhibits lactose induced degradation of the active ingredient, presumably via the Maillard reaction which involves the reaction of an amine group on the active ingredient with lactose.
  • US2012/0082727 discloses a method of inhibiting or reducing chemical degradation of an active ingredient bearing a group susceptible to hydrolysis selected from the group consisting of a carbonate group, a carbamate group and an ester group in a powder formulation for inhalation comprising carrier particles (such as lactose particles) said method comprising coating at least a portion of the surface of said carrier particles with magnesium stearate.
  • a group susceptible to hydrolysis selected from the group consisting of a carbonate group, a carbamate group and an ester group in a powder formulation for inhalation comprising carrier particles (such as lactose particles) said method comprising coating at least a portion of the surface of said carrier particles with magnesium stearate.
  • the present invention provides a dry powder pharmaceutical formulation for inhalation comprising:
  • a formulation of the invention Such a formulation is hereinafter referred to as “a formulation of the invention”.
  • formulations of the invention appear to have good physical stability (as determined by XRPD and IR analysis) and good chemical stability (as determined by HPLC analysis).
  • alkyne group of the compound of formula (I) is susceptible to metal catalysed oxidative degradation involving hydration of the alkyne.
  • pyrimidinone ring of the compound of formula (I) is susceptible to hydrolytic cleavage.
  • a metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate can act as a protecting agent against hydrolytic cleavage of a drug substance containing a pyrimidinone ring.
  • the inventors extrapolate these findings with metal salts of stearic acid to metal salts of stearyl fumarate.
  • FIG. 1 shows an XRPD pattern acquired on a sample of compound of formula (I) in solid crystalline anhydrous form.
  • FIG. 2 shows an IR spectrum of a sample of a blend of compound of formula (I) in anhydrous form (micronized) with Lactohale200® and magnesium stearate.
  • FIG. 3 shows an XRPD pattern acquired on a sample of a blend of compound of formula (I) in anhydrous form (micronized) with Lactohale200® and magnesium stearate.
  • the compound of formula (I) is a dual PI3K delta PI3K gamma inhibitor, wherein the term inhibitor as employed herein is intended to refer to a compound that reduces (for example by at least 50%) or eliminates the biological activity of the target protein, for example the PI3K delta isozyme, in an in vitro enzyme assay.
  • the term delta/gamma inhibitor as employed herein is intended to refer to the fact that the compound inhibits, to some degree, both enzyme isoforms although not necessarily to the same extent.
  • Compound of formula (I) is active in cell based screening systems and thereby demonstrates that it possesses suitable properties for penetrating cells and thereby exert intracellular pharmacological effects.
  • compound of formula (I) is protected from light during and after synthesis e.g. by use of amber glassware or light impervious packaging (e.g. foil packaging).
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention comprises compound of formula (I) as active ingredient in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (I) is defined as an amount sufficient, for a given dose or plurality of divided doses, to achieve a therapeutically meaningful effect in a subject when administered to said subject in a treatment protocol.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation comprises from about 0.004 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of compound of formula (I) based on weight of the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation and based on weight of compound of formula (I) as free base; for example from about 0.02 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 0.02 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, from about 0.02 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, or from about 0.02 wt. % to about 15 wt. %.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % e.g. from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of compound of formula (I) based on the weight of the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation and based on weight of compound of formula (I) as free base.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the invention may contain compound of formula (I) as a single active ingredient. However, the pharmaceutical formulation may contain further active ingredients. The pharmaceutical formulation may also be co-administered together with one or more other active ingredients (or one or more pharmaceutical formulations containing one or more active ingredients). Exemplary further active ingredients are mentioned below.
  • Compound of formula (I) is prepared in particulate form such that it is suitable for dry powder inhalation.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the invention may typically contain drug particles having a volume median diameter (D50) from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m particularly from about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m.
  • a suitable method for determining particle size is laser diffraction, e.g. using a Mastersizer 2000S instrument from Malvern Instruments. Instruments are also available from Sympatec.
  • D50 is the size in microns that splits the particle size distribution with half above and half below.
  • the primary result obtained from laser diffraction is a volume distribution, therefore D50 is actually Dv50 (median for a volume distribution) and as used herein refers to particle size distributions obtained using laser diffraction.
  • D10 and D90 values (when used in the context of laser diffraction, taken to mean Dv10 and Dv90 values) refer to the particle size wherein 10% of the distribution lies below the D10 value, and 90% of the distribution lies below the D90 value, respectively.
  • Particles of suitable size for use in a dry powder inhalation formulation may be prepared by any suitable method known to the person skilled in the art.
  • Drug particles of suitable size for inhalation may be prepared by particle size reduction methods including milling or more preferably micronization e.g. using a jet mill micronization device (e.g. as manufactured by Hosokawa Alpine).
  • particulates of suitable size may be produced at the first instance by spray drying, spray freezing, controlled crystallisation approaches e.g. controlled precipitation, super-critical fluid crystallisation, sonocrystallisation or other suitable crystallisation procedure, for example in a continuous crystallisation apparatus.
  • compound of formula (I) is in free base form, in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or in the form of a solvate of either.
  • compound of formula (I) is in free base form, e.g. in anhydrous form.
  • compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is in solid crystalline form.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts as mentioned hereinabove are meant to comprise the therapeutically active non-toxic acid addition salt forms that the compound of formula (I) is able to form.
  • These pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts conveniently can be obtained by treating the base form with such appropriate acid.
  • Appropriate acids comprise, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and the like acids; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic (i.e. ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e.
  • butanedioic acid maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclamic, salicylic, p-aminosalicylic, pamoic and the like acids.
  • salts of compound of formula (I) include the acid additional salts formed with HCl, HBr and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • the invention also extends to solvates of compound of formula (I).
  • solvates include hydrates and hygroscopic products such as channel hydrates.
  • compound of formula (I) in anhydrous form there is provided compound of formula (I) in anhydrous form.
  • compound of formula (I) in solid crystalline anhydrous form obtained by crystallizing compound of formula (I) from 1-propanol.
  • the 1-propanol is dry e.g. containing a maximum of around 0.9% w/w water.
  • the 1-propanol has a maximum of 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% or 0.05% w/w of water.
  • the 1-propanol has maximum of 0.2% water.
  • crystallisation is performed in the presence of a metal scavenger.
  • Suitable metal scavengers are materials that adsorb the metal while being easily separable from the compound of interest (i.e. compound of formula (I)).
  • functionalised silicas are particularly useful as metal scavengers, as once the metal has been adsorbed, the metal-silica complex may then be easily separated from the compound of interest by filtration.
  • Functional groups that form stable complexes with metal ions include groups containing one or more nitrogen and/or sulphur centres, and are well known to the person skilled in the art.
  • metal scavenger is SiliaMetS® Thiol (a thiol-derivatised silica gel suitable for scavenging a variety of metals including Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag and Pb).
  • the metal scavenger is present in an amount sufficient to ensure that the resulting metal ion concentration is below 20 ppm, preferably below 10 ppm.
  • the metal scavenger is present at 1-10% w/w, for example 2-8% w/w or 5% w/w based on weight of compound of formula (I).
  • crystallisation is performed by cooling the solution of compound of formula (I) and solvent from elevated temperature (e.g.
  • Suitable temperature gradients (continuous or separate) for cooling include 95-15° C., 95-20° C., 90-20° C., 80-20° C. 95-90° C., 95-85° C., 95-80° C. 90-85° C. and 80-20° C.
  • the solution is cooled from around 80-95° C. to ambient temperature (e.g. around 20-22° C.).
  • the detailed preparation of such a solid crystalline anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) is provided in Example 2. Crystals of compound of formula (I) in solid crystalline form may be collected by usual separation techniques (e.g. by filtration or centrifugation).
  • the method of obtaining the XRPD data is described in the General Procedures and the data discussed in Example 3.
  • the peaks at 17.6, 18.4, 22.5 and 24.2 are particularly characteristic for the anhydrous form and therefore it is preferred to see at least one (for example one, two, three or all four) of these peaks.
  • compositions of the anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) with lactose were analysed by HPLC.
  • the results are summarised in Example 4 where it is indicated that under certain conditions the composition of anhydrous form and lactose underwent degradation.
  • the degradation products were investigated and the main degradant was identified by mass spectrometry as being one or both of the two substances shown as D019328:
  • This degradation product is likely to be the result of the addition of water across the alkyne triple bond and may exist as one of two forms with identical mass (or may exist in both forms), depending on the orientation of the addition of the water across the triple bond.
  • the same degradant has been observed during the forced degradation of the anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) with metal ions.
  • the degradation of the anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) requires metal ions and water and is accelerated by elevated temperature.
  • magnesium stearate was investigated.
  • the combination of anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) with lactose and magnesium stearate was found to be physically stable (Example 5).
  • a similar stabilising effect was found using other metal salts of stearic acid, specifically sodium stearate and calcium stearate (Example 7).
  • the metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate (or, it is believed, a metal salt of stearyl fumarate) can act as a protecting agent against chemical degradation of the alkyne group in the compound of formula (I) and against chemical degradation of the pyrimidinone ring in the compound of formula (I) which is observed when the anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) is in a mixture with lactose.
  • lactose refers to a lactose-containing component, including ⁇ -lactose monohydrate, ⁇ -lactose monohydrate, ⁇ -lactose anhydrous, ⁇ -lactose anhydrous and amorphous lactose. Lactose components may be processed by micronization, sieving, milling, compression, agglomeration or spray drying.
  • lactose in various forms are also encompassed, for example Lactohale® (inhalation grade lactose; Frieslandfoods), InhaLac®70 (sieved lactose for dry powder inhaler; Meggle) and Respitose® (sieved inhalation grade lactose; DFE Pharma) products.
  • the lactose component is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ -lactose monohydrate, ⁇ -lactose anhydrous and amorphous lactose.
  • the lactose is ⁇ -lactose monohydrate.
  • the particulate active ingredient in this case compound (I)
  • the particulate active ingredient must be a suitable size as described above. These small particles will have a tendency to agglomerate.
  • a carrier such as lactose prevents this agglomeration and can improve flowability.
  • the use of a carrier ensures that a correct and consistent dosage reaches the lungs.
  • the active ingredient will usually form a monolayer on the larger lactose particle, then during inhalation the active ingredient and the carrier are separated and the active ingredient is inhaled, while the majority of the carrier is not.
  • the use of particulate lactose as a carrier for the active ingredient ensures that each dose of the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation releases the same amount of the active ingredient.
  • lactose with a particle size of approximately or at least ten times that of the active ingredient is used (e.g. lactose having a D50 approximately or at least ten times that of the active ingredient is used).
  • the dry powder formulation of the present invention comprises particulate lactose having D50 in the range 40-150 ⁇ m.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention comprises particulate lactose as carrier in an amount sufficient to ensure that the correct and consistent dosage of the active ingredient reaches the lungs.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation comprises from about 40 wt. % to about 99.88 wt. %, for example from about 50 wt. % to about 99.88 wt. %, for example from about 65 wt. % to about 99.88 wt. %, for example from about 75 wt. % to about 99.99 wt. % of particulate lactose based on the weight of the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation comprises from about 80 wt. % to about 99.98 wt.
  • % or for example from about 80 wt % to about 99.9% wt %, for example from about 85 wt. % to about 99.98 wt. %, for example from about 95 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of particulate lactose based on the weight of the dry powder pharmaceutical composition.
  • Particulate Metal Salt of Stearic Acid Such as Magnesium Stearate or Metal Salt of Stearyl Fumarate as Stabilizing Agent
  • An example metal salt of stearic acid is magnesium stearate.
  • Alternative metal salts of stearic acid that may be employed include salts of stearic acid formed with Group I and other Group II metals, such as sodium stearate, calcium stearate and lithium stearate.
  • Other metal salts of stearic acid that may be mentioned include zinc stearate and aluminium stearate.
  • Metal salts of stearyl fumarate appear to have similar properties to those of metal salts of stearic acid (see Shah et al, Drug development and Industrial pharmacy 1986, Vol. 12 No. 8-9 , 1329-1346). In the inventors' opinion they can be employed as an alternative to metal salts of stearic acid in the present invention.
  • magnesium stearate includes magnesium stearate trihydrate, magnesium stearate dihydrate, magnesium stearate monohydrate and amorphous magnesium stearate.
  • Magnesium stearate as defined herein includes a tolerance wherein any material defined as “magnesium stearate” may contain up to 25% (e.g. up to 10% e.g. up to 5% e.g. up to 1%) of palmitate salt.
  • metal salts of stearic acid or metal salts of stearyl fumarate may be employed in anhydrous form or as a hydrate and may contain up to 25% (e.g. up to 10% e.g. up to 5% e.g. up to 1%) of palmitate salt.
  • stabilizing agent selected from metal salts of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate
  • the metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate or metal salt of stearyl fumarate is typically obtained as a fine powder which need not be micronized.
  • the D50 of the metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate or the metal salt of stearyl fumarate is greater than 5 ⁇ m e.g. around 10 ⁇ m or greater than 10 ⁇ m e.g. in the range 5 to 100 ⁇ m e.g. 5 to 50 ⁇ m e.g. 5 to 20 ⁇ m e.g. 10 to 20 ⁇ m.
  • Magnesium stearate may for example be obtained from Avantor (Hyqual 2257 brand) or Peter Greven.
  • Sodium stearate and calcium stearate may, for example, be obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • Sodium stearyl fumarate may, for example, be obtained from ScienceLab.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention comprises particulate stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate in an amount sufficient to ensure the chemical stability of the formulation (“a stabilising amount”).
  • a stabilising amount is, for example, demonstrated when the production of degradant D019328 (one or both substances) is at a level of less than 0.2% wt. % following storage of the composition containing Compound of formula (I) for 4 weeks at 50° C.
  • chemical stability is, for example, demonstrated when the production of degradant D019493 is at a level of less than 0.5% wt. % following storage of the composition containing compound of formula (I) for 2 weeks at 80° C.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation comprises from about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, for example 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, 10 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 2 wt. % or 1 wt.
  • particulate stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate based on the weight of the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation comprises from about 0.5 wt. % to about 5 wt. % e.g. 1-2% w/w of particulate stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate based on the weight of the dry powder pharmaceutical composition.
  • the stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate is present in an amount sufficient to ensure the physical stability of the formulation.
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation for inhalation of the present invention comprises:
  • the dry powder pharmaceutical formulation for inhalation of the present invention comprises:
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate in a pharmaceutical formulation containing a compound of formula (I) and lactose to increase the stability of the compound of formula (I) to chemical degradation (particularly in respect of metal ion catalysed addition of water to the alkyne group and/or hydrolysis of the pyrimidinone ring of the compound of formula (I)) and to a method of increasing the stability of a pharmaceutical formulation containing a compound of formula (I) and lactose to chemical degradation (particularly in respect of metal ion catalysed addition of water to the alkyne group and/or hydrolysis of the pyrimidinone ring of the compound of formula (I)) which comprises including in said formulation a stabilizing amount of a stabilizing agent selected from metal salts of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate.
  • the preferred stabilizing agent is magnesium stearate.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the invention for the treatment of COPD and/or asthma, in particular COPD or severe asthma, by inhalation i.e. by topical administration to the lung.
  • administration to the lung allows the beneficial effects of the compounds to be realised whilst minimising the side-effects, for patients.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention is suitable for sensitizing patients to treatment with a corticosteroid.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations may conveniently be administered in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the pharmaceutical art, for example as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., (1985).
  • Topical administration to the lung is achieved by use of an inhalation device.
  • an aspect of the invention includes an inhalation device comprising one or more doses of a pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention.
  • Inhalation devices for dry powder formulations are typically breath operated such that the dose is withdrawn from the device and administered to the subject using the power of the subject's lungs by inhaling from a mouthpiece.
  • external energy may be provided to assist the administration of the dose.
  • the inhalation device will comprise a plurality of doses of a pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention, e.g. 2 or 4 or 8 or 28 or 30 or 60 or more doses.
  • the inhalation device may comprise a month's supply of doses.
  • the doses are divided e.g.
  • the doses of formulation are pre-metered in the inhalation device.
  • the pre-metered doses may be contained in the pouches of a blister strip or disk or within capsules.
  • a dose is metered into a capsule for use one by one in an inhalation device adapted to deliver the contents of a capsule to a subject upon inhalation.
  • the doses are metered in use.
  • the inhalation device contains a reservoir of dry powder and the device meters a dose of powder (typically on a fixed volume basis) prior to or at the time of administration.
  • Example dry powder inhalation devices include SPINHALER, ECLIPSE, ROTAHALER, HANDIHALER, AEROLISER, CYCLOHALER, BREEZHALER/NEOHALER, FLOWCAPS, TWINCAPS, X-CAPS, TURBOSPIN, ELPENHALER, DISKHALER, TURBUHALER, MIATHALER, TWISTHALER, NOVOLIZER, DISKUS, SKYEHALER, ORIEL dry powder inhaler, MICRODOSE, ACCUHALER, PULVINAL, EASYHALER, ULTRAHALER, TAIFUN, PULMOJET, OMNIHALER, GYROHALER, TAPER, CONIX, XCELOVAIR, PROHALER and CLICKHALER.
  • Another example is MONODOSE inhaler.
  • the inhalation device may be over-wrapped for storage to protect against ingress of moisture.
  • a desiccant may optionally be employed within an over-wrap or within the device.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention in the inhalation device is protected from light.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations according to the invention may also be useful in the treatment of respiratory disorders including COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema), asthma, paediatric asthma, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and especially asthma, chronic bronchitis and COPD.
  • respiratory disorders including COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
  • asthma paediatric asthma
  • cystic fibrosis sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • especially asthma, chronic bronchitis and COPD especially chronic bronchitis and COPD.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations according to the invention may comprise compound of formula (I) as the sole active ingredient, or may comprise additional active ingredients, e.g. active ingredients suitable for treating the above mentioned conditions.
  • active ingredients suitable for treating the above mentioned conditions.
  • possible combinations for treatment of respiratory disorders include combinations with steroids (e.g. budesonide, beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate, fluticasone furoate, flunisolide, ciclesonide, triamcinolone), beta agonists (e.g.
  • terbutaline bambuterol, salbutamol, levalbuterol, salmeterol, formoterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, broxaterol, indacaterol, reproterol, procaterol, vilanterol) and/or xanthines (e.g. theophylline), muscarinic antagonists, (e.g. ipratropium, tiotropium, oxitropium, glycopyrronium, glycopyrrolate, aclidinium, trospium), leukotriene antagonists (e.g.
  • any of the aforementioned active ingredients may be employed in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention is administered in combination with an antiviral agent, for example acyclovir, oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®) or interferon.
  • an antiviral agent for example acyclovir, oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®) or interferon.
  • combination of compound of formula (I) and other active ingredient(s) are co-formulated in the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention.
  • the other active ingredient(s) are administered in one or more separate pharmaceutical formulations.
  • compound of formula (I) is co-formulated in the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention or co-administered in a separate formulation with a corticosteroid, for example for use in maintenance therapy of asthma, COPD or lung cancer including prevention of the latter.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention is administered by inhalation and a corticosteroid is administered orally or by inhalation either in combination or separately.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention may also re-sensitise the patient's condition to treatment with a corticosteroid, when previously the patient's condition had become refractory to the same.
  • a dose of the pharmaceutical formulation employed is equal to that suitable for use as a monotherapy but administered in combination with a corticosteroid.
  • a dose of the pharmaceutical formulation which would be sub-therapeutic as a single agent is employed, and is administered in combination with a corticosteroid, thereby restoring patient responsiveness to the latter, in instances where the patient had previously become refractory to the same.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention may exhibit anti-viral activity and prove useful in the treatment of viral exacerbations of inflammatory conditions such as asthma and/or COPD.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention may also be useful in the prophylaxis, treatment or amelioration of influenza virus, rhinovirus and/or respiratory syncytial virus.
  • the presently disclosed pharmaceutical formulations are useful in the treatment or prevention of cancer, in particular lung cancer, especially by topical administration to the lung.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation as described herein for use in the treatment of one or more of the above mentioned conditions.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation as described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of one or more of the above mentioned conditions.
  • the present invention provides a method of treatment of the above mentioned conditions which comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation of the invention thereof.
  • % values as used herein are % values by weight (wt. %).
  • compositions of the invention may have the advantage that they have improved physical stability (e.g. as measured by XRPD and/or IR analysis), improved chemical stability (e.g. as measured by HPLC), improved physical compatibility with lactose, improved chemical compatibility with lactose, improved particle size distribution on administration (such as evidenced by improved fine particle mass) or may have other favourable properties as compared with similar formulations that do not contain a stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate.
  • a stabilizing agent selected from metal salt of stearic acid such as magnesium stearate and metal salts of stearyl fumarate.
  • Example 7 The 1 H NMR spectrum for Example 7 was acquired on a Bruker Avance spectrometer at 600 MHz using residual undeuterated solvent as reference.
  • XRPD patterns were acquired on a PANalytical (Philips) X′PertPRO MPD diffractometer equipped with a Cu LFF X-ray tube (45 kV; 40 mA; Bragg-Brentano; spinner stage) were acquired using Cu K ⁇ radiation and the following measurement conditions:
  • Samples were prepared by spreading on a zero background sample holder.
  • microATR Micro Attenuated Total Reflectance
  • Thermo Nexus 670 FTIR spectrometer number of scans 32 resolution: 1 cm ⁇ 1 wavelength range: 4000 to 400 cm ⁇ 1 detector: DTGS with KBr windows beamsplitter: Ge on KBr micro ATR accessory: Harrick Split Pea with Si crystal
  • HPLC analysis was carried out using the following operating conditions:
  • Lactohale200® supplied by Frieslandfoods.
  • Particle size (Sympatec): D10: 5-15 ⁇ m; D50: 50-100 ⁇ m; D90: 120-160 ⁇ m.
  • Magnesium stearate Grade Hyqual® 2257; supplied by Avantor.
  • Particle size D10: typically 3 ⁇ m; D50: typically 11.5 ⁇ m (10.5-16.5 ⁇ m); D90: typically 24 ⁇ m (18-28 ⁇ m). Supplied as a fine powder.
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 55° C. (reflux temperature) over 30 minutes and then stirred at 55° C. After 2 hours the mixture was cooled to 22° C. before being concentrated in vacuo to produce a dark brown semi solid residue (201.0 g). The residue was then dissolved in MEK(781 mL) and water added (223 mL). After stirring strongly for 5 minutes the layers were separated and the aqueous layer discarded. The organic layer was washed with 10% w/v aqueous NH 4 OAc (300 mL) and 2% w/v aqueous NaCl (112 mL) before being partly concentrated in vacuo to an heterogeneous mixture in MEK (230 g).
  • the metal scavenger was then filtered and the homogeneous filtrate was again stirred and warmed to 95° C., before being cooled to 85° C. and stirred for 8 hours. The filtrate was then cooled over 8 hours to 20° C. and stirred for an additional 6 hours at 20° C. The product was then filtered and washed with 1-propanol (6 mL) before being dried in vacuo at 50° C. for 18 hours to afford compound of formula (I) in anhydrous form (12.6 g, 90%) as a white solid.
  • the above method may optionally be adapted to facilitate crystallization with seeding.
  • test batch was taken from stock containing 3.519 mg anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) (micronized) and 6006.64 mg Lactohale200.
  • the mixtures were analysed by HPLC at time zero and after different conditions of storage. Samples were stored under the following conditions: (i) 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks at 50° C. (ii) 1 week at 80° C. (iii) 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks at 40° C./75% RH.
  • a mixture of the solid crystalline anhydrous form (micronized) of compound of formula (I) with lactose was prepared with the addition of 1% magnesium stearate (micronization of compound of formula (I) as described in Example 4).
  • Blend preparation about 500 mg of Lactohale200® and about 10 mg magnesium stearate were added to an agate mortar before being mixed using a pestle and plastic blade (Feton) for 5 minutes. About 500 mg of anhydrous compound of formula (I) (micronized) was added to the mixture and the blend was mixed for a further 5 minutes.
  • the mixtures were stored under different temperatures and humidities and were analysed by XRPD and IR at time zero and after 1 week and 4 weeks of storage.
  • the conditions for 1 week storage were: 40° C./75% RH open; 1 week 50° C. closed; and 1 week 80° C. closed.
  • the conditions for 4 week stability storage were: 4 weeks 50° C. closed; 4 weeks 40° C./75% RH open.
  • IR spectrum acquired at time zero is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • IR spectra were prepared for samples in the stability studies. No differences were observed between the IR spectra of the 1 and 4 week stability samples and the IR spectrum at time zero. No interaction between the anhydrous form; lactose and magnesium stearate was observed and the anhydrous form remained stable under all storage conditions.
  • the XRPD spectrum acquired at time zero is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • XRPD spectra were prepared for samples in the stability studies.
  • the generated XRPD patterns of the 1 and 4 week stability samples were similar to the diffraction pattern at time zero. It was clearly evident that the typical diffraction peaks of the anhydrous form did not change in the presence of Lactohale200® and magnesium stearate, indicating that the anhydrous form is physically stable in the presence of lactose and magnesium stearate.
  • the IR spectra showed no interaction between the anhydrous form, the lactose and the magnesium stearate, and the XRPD results showed that there was no solid state conversion of the anhydrous form. As a result, it may be concluded that the anhydrous form is physically compatible with lactose and magnesium stearate.
  • test batch was taken from stock containing 3.704 mg anhydrous form of compound of formula (I) (micronized), 6017.90 mg Lactohale200 and 67.33 mg magnesium stearate.
  • Test samples were prepared as described in Table 4 below:
  • Samples were dispensed into vials, sealed with caps and kept at 80° C. for 1 or 2 weeks. Sample 1 was used for the 1 week studies and sample 2 was used for the 2 week studies.
  • An exemplary pharmaceutical formulation of the invention consists of 0.5 wt. % of compound of formula (I) (solid crystalline anhydrous form, micronised), 98.5 wt. % lactose monohydrate (inhalation grade) and 1.0 wt. % magnesium stearate, wherein the wt. % of all components is based on the weight of the dry pharmaceutical formulation.

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