US20140287950A1 - Biomarkers and methods for predicting preterm birth - Google Patents

Biomarkers and methods for predicting preterm birth Download PDF

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US20140287950A1
US20140287950A1 US14/213,861 US201414213861A US2014287950A1 US 20140287950 A1 US20140287950 A1 US 20140287950A1 US 201414213861 A US201414213861 A US 201414213861A US 2014287950 A1 US2014287950 A1 US 2014287950A1
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biomarkers
human
pregnant female
beta
precursor
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Durlin Edward HICKOK
John Jay BONIFACE
Gregory Charles CRITCHFIELD
Tracey Cristine FLEISCHER
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Sera Prognostics Inc
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Sera Prognostics Inc
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Priority to US14/213,861 priority Critical patent/US20140287950A1/en
Publication of US20140287950A1 publication Critical patent/US20140287950A1/en
Assigned to SERA PROGNOSTICS, INC. reassignment SERA PROGNOSTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BONIFACE, John Jay, CRITCHFIELD, Gregory Charles, FLEISCHER, Tracey Cristine, HICKOK, Durlin Edward
Priority to US15/286,486 priority patent/US20170146548A1/en
Priority to US16/255,757 priority patent/US20190376978A1/en
Priority to US17/352,898 priority patent/US20220178938A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/689—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to pregnancy or the gonads
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K4/00—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in an undefined or only partially defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K4/12—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in an undefined or only partially defined sequence; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/36—Gynecology or obstetrics
    • G01N2800/368—Pregnancy complicated by disease or abnormalities of pregnancy, e.g. preeclampsia, preterm labour
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/60—Complex ways of combining multiple protein biomarkers for diagnosis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
    • Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to the field of personalized medicine and, more specifically to compositions and methods for determining the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • Infants born preterm are at greater risk than infants born at term for mortality and a variety of health and developmental problems. Complications include acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, immunologic, central nervous system, hearing, and vision problems, as well as longer-term motor, cognitive, visual, hearing, behavioral, social-emotional, health, and growth problems.
  • the birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems.
  • the greatest risk of mortality and morbidity is for those infants born at the earliest gestational ages. However, those infants born nearer to term represent the greatest number of infants born preterm and also experience more complications than infants born at term.
  • cervical cerclage To prevent preterm birth in women who are less than 24 weeks pregnant with an ultrasound showing cervical opening, a surgical procedure known as cervical cerclage can be employed in which the cervix is stitched closed with strong sutures. For women less than 34 weeks pregnant and in active preterm labor, hospitalization may be necessary as well as the administration of medications to temporarily halt preterm labor an/or promote the fetal lung development.
  • health care providers can implement various clinical strategies that may include preventive medications, for example, hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Makena) injections and/or vaginal progesterone gel, cervical pessaries, restrictions on sexual activity and/or other physical activities, and alterations of treatments for chronic conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, that increase the risk of preterm labor.
  • preventive medications for example, hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Makena) injections and/or vaginal progesterone gel, cervical pessaries, restrictions on sexual activity and/or other physical activities, and alterations of treatments for chronic conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, that increase the risk of preterm labor.
  • the present invention addresses this need by providing compositions and methods for determining whether a pregnant woman is at risk for preterm birth. Related advantages are provided as well.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for predicting the probability of preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • the invention provides a panel of isolated biomarkers comprising N of the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • N is a number selected from the group consisting of 2 to 24.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, and ITLPDFTGDLR.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 50 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 52.
  • the invention provides a panel of isolated biomarkers comprising N of the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • N is a number selected from the group consisting of 2 to 24.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 50 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 52.
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component C8 gamma chain
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein
  • ADA12 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G), complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), fibrinogen beta chain (FIBB or FIB), C-reactive protein (CRP), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), and angiotensinogen (ANG or ANGT).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component 1
  • B chain C1QB
  • FIBB or FIB fibrinogen beta chain
  • CRP inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising Alpha-1 B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1 B-glycoprotein
  • ADA12 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12
  • APOB Apolipoprotein B-100
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 51 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 53.
  • Also provided by the invention is a method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female comprising detecting a measurable feature of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63 in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female, and analyzing the measurable feature to determine the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female.
  • the invention provides a method of predicting GAB, the method encompassing detecting a measurable feature of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63 in a biological sample obtained from a pregnant female, and analyzing said measurable feature to predict GAB.
  • a measurable feature comprises fragments or derivatives of each of the N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63. In some embodiments of the disclosed methods detecting a measurable feature comprises quantifying an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63, combinations or portions and/or derivatives thereof in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female. In additional embodiments, the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female further encompass detecting a measurable feature for one or more risk indicia associated with preterm birth.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of N biomarkers, wherein N is selected from the group consisting of 2 to 24. In further embodiments, the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, and ITLPDFTGDLR.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 50 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 52.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component C8 gamma chain
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein
  • ADA12 Disintegr
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G), complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), fibrinogen beta chain (FIBB or FIB), C-reactive protein (CRP), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), and angiotensinogen (ANG or ANGT).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component 1
  • C1QB fibr
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 51 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 53.
  • the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female is calculated based on the quantified amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the disclosed methods for determining the probability of preterm birth encompass detecting and/or quantifying one or more biomarkers using mass sprectrometry, a capture agent or a combination thereof.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass an initial step of providing a biomarker panel comprising N of the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63. In additional embodiments, the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass an initial step of providing a biological sample from the pregnant female.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass communicating the probability to a health care provider.
  • the communication informs a subsequent treatment decision for the pregnant female.
  • the treatment decision of one or more selected from the group of consisting of more frequent prenatal care visits, serial cervical length measurements, enhanced education regarding signs and symptoms of early preterm labor, lifestyle interventions for modifiable risk behaviors and progesterone treatment.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass analyzing the measurable feature of one or more isolated biomarkers using a predictive model. In some embodiments of the disclosed methods, a measurable feature of one or more isolated biomarkers is compared with a reference feature.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass using one or more analyses selected from a linear discriminant analysis model, a support vector machine classification algorithm, a recursive feature elimination model, a prediction analysis of microarray model, a logistic regression model, a CART algorithm, a flex tree algorithm, a LART algorithm, a random forest algorithm, a MART algorithm, a machine learning algorithm, a penalized regression method, and a combination thereof.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass logistic regression.
  • the invention provides a method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female, the method encompassing quantifying in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63; multiplying the amount by a predetermined coefficient, and determining the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female comprising adding the individual products to obtain a total risk score that corresponds to the probability
  • the invention provides a method of prediciting GAB, the method comprising: (a) quantifying in a biological sample obtained from said pregnant female an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63; (b) multiplying or thresholding said amount by a predetermined coefficient, (c) determining the predicted GAB birth in said pregnant female comprising adding said individual products to obtain a total risk score that corresponds to said predicted GAB.
  • the invention provides a method of prediciting time to birth in a pregnant female, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a biological sample from said pregnant female; (b) quantifying an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63 in said biological sample; (c) multiplying or thresholding said amount by a predetermined coefficient, (d) determining predicted GAB in said pregnant female comprising adding said individual products to obtain a total risk score that corresponds to said predicted GAB; and (e) subtracting the estimated gestational age (GA) at time biological sample was obtained from the predicted GAB to predict time to birth in said pregnant female.
  • FIG. 1 Scatterplot of actual gestational age at birth versus predicted gestational age from random forest regression model.
  • FIG. 2 Distribution of predicted gestational age from random forest regression model versus actual gestational age at birth (GAB), where actual GAB is given in categories of (i) less than 37 weeks, (ii) 37 to 39 weeks, and (iii) 40 weeks or greater (peaks left to right, respectively).
  • the present disclosure is based, in part, on the discovery that certain proteins and peptides in biological samples obtained from a pregnant female are differentially expressed in pregnant females that have an increased risk of preterm birth relative to controls.
  • the present disclosure is further based, in part, on the unexpected discovery that panels combining one or more of these proteins and peptides can be utilized in methods of determining the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female with high sensitivity and specificity.
  • These proteins and peptides disclosed herein serve as biomarkers for classifying test samples, predicting probability of preterm birth, predicting probability of term birth, predicting gestational age at birth (GAB), predicting time to birth and/or monitoring of progress of preventative therapy in a pregnant female, either individually or in a panel of biomarkers.
  • the disclosure provides biomarker panels, methods and kits for determining the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • One major advantage of the present disclosure is that risk of developing preterm birth can be assessed early during pregnancy so that appropriate monitoring and clinical management to prevent preterm delivery can be initiated in a timely fashion.
  • the present invention is of particular benefit to females lacking any risk factors for preterm birth and who would not otherwise be identified and treated.
  • the present disclosure includes methods for generating a result useful in determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female by obtaining a dataset associated with a sample, where the dataset at least includes quantitative data about biomarkers and panels of biomarkers that have been identified as predictive of preterm birth, and inputting the dataset into an analytic process that uses the dataset to generate a result useful in determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • this quantitative data can include amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, nucleosides, sugars, fatty acids, steroids, metabolites, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, antibodies, regions of interest that serve as surrogates for biological macromolecules and combinations thereof.
  • biomarker variants that are at least 90% or at least 95% or at least 97% identical to the exemplified sequences and that are now known or later discovered and that have utility for the methods of the invention.
  • These variants may represent polymorphisms, splice variants, mutations, and the like.
  • the instant specification discloses multiple art-known proteins in the context of the invention and provides exemplary accession numbers associated with one or more public databases as well as exemplary references to published journal articles relating to these art-known proteins.
  • Suitable samples in the context of the present invention include, for example, blood, plasma, serum, amniotic fluid, vaginal secretions, saliva, and urine.
  • the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, plasma, and serum.
  • the biological sample is serum.
  • biomarkers can be detected through a variety of assays and techniques known in the art. As further described herein, such assays include, without limitation, mass spectrometry (MS)-based assays, antibody-based assays as well as assays that combine aspects of the two.
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • Protein biomarkers associated with the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female include, but are not limited to, one or more of the isolated biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the disclosure further includes biomarker variants that are about 90%, about 95%, or about 97% identical to the exemplified sequences.
  • Variants, as used herein, include polymorphisms, splice variants, mutations, and the like.
  • Additional markers can be selected from one or more risk indicia, including but not limited to, maternal characteristics, medical history, past pregnancy history, and obstetrical history.
  • additional markers can include, for example, previous low birth weight or preterm delivery, multiple 2nd trimester spontaneous abortions, prior first trimester induced abortion, familial and intergenerational factors, history of infertility, nulliparity, placental abnormalities, cervical and uterine anomalies, short cervical length measurements, gestational bleeding, intrauterine growth restriction, in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, multiple gestations, infant sex, short stature, low prepregnancy weight, low or high body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, urogenital infections (i.e.
  • Demographic risk indicia for preterm birth can include, for example, maternal age, race/ethnicity, single marital status, low socioeconomic status, maternal age, employment-related physical activity, occupational exposures and environment exposures and stress. Further risk indicia can include, inadequate prenatal care, cigarette smoking, use of marijuana and other illicit drugs, cocaine use, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, maternal weight gain, dietary intake, sexual activity during late pregnancy and leisure-time physical activities.
  • Additional risk indicia useful for as markers can be identified using learning algorithms known in the art, such as linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine classification, recursive feature elimination, prediction analysis of microarray, logistic regression, CART, FlexTree, LART, random forest, MART, and/or survival analysis regression, which are known to those of skill in the art and are further described herein.
  • the disclosed panels of biomarkers comprising N of the biomarkers selected from the group listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • N can be a number selected from the group consisting of 2 to 24.
  • the number of biomarkers that are detected and whose levels are determined can be 1, or more than 1, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more.
  • the number of biomarkers that are detected, and whose levels are determined can be 1, or more than 1, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more.
  • the methods of this disclosure are useful for determining the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • the invention provides panels comprising N biomarkers, wherein N is at least three biomarkers. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 3-23 biomarkers.
  • N is selected to be any number from 2-5, 2-10, 2-15, 2-20, or 2-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 3-5, 3-10, 3-15, 3-20, or 3-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 4-5, 4-10, 4-15, 4-20, or 4-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 5-10, 5-15, 5-20, or 5-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 6-10, 6-15, 6-20, or 6-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 7-10, 7-15, 7-20, or 7-23.
  • N is selected to be any number from 8-10, 8-15, 8-20, or 8-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 9-10, 9-15, 9-20, or 9-23. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 10-15, 10-20, or 10-23. It will be appreciated that N can be selected to encompass similar, but higher order, ranges.
  • the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, or five isolated biomarkers comprising an amino acid sequence selected from AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, ITLPDFTGDLR, TDAPDLPEENQAR and SFRPFVPR.
  • the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, or five isolated biomarkers comprising an amino acid sequence selected from FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more, two or more, or three of the isolated biomarkers consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, and ITLPDFTGDLR. In some embodiments, the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more, two or more, or three of the isolated biomarkers consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more, two or more, or three of the isolated biomarkers consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the biomarkers set forth in Table 50 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 52.
  • the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more peptides comprising a fragment from lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), Schumann et al., Science 249 (4975), 1429-1431 (1990) (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: P18428.3); prothrombin (THRB), Walz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 (5), 1969-1972(1977) (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP 000497.1); complement component C5 (C5 or CO5) Haviland, J. Immunol.
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • the panel of isolated biomarkers comprises one or more peptides comprising a fragment from cell adhesion molecule with homology to complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), Reid, Biochem. J. 179 (2), 367-371 (1979) (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP — 000482.3); fibrinogen beta chain (FIBB or FIB); Watt et al., Biochemistry 18 (1), 68-76 (1979) (NCBI Reference Sequences: NP — 001171670.1 and NP 005132.2); C-reactive protein (CRP), Oliveira et al., J. Biol. Chem.
  • angiotensinogen ANG or ANGT
  • the invention provides a panel of isolated biomarkers comprising N of the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • N is a number selected from the group consisting of 2 to 24.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, and ITLPDFTGDLR.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, ITLPDFTGDLR, TDAPDLPEENQAR and SFRPFVPR.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 50 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 52.
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising at least three isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • the biomarker panel comprises at least two of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein
  • ADA12 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12
  • APOB
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G), complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), fibrinogen beta chain (FIBB or FIB), C-reactive protein (CRP), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), and angiotensinogen (ANG or ANGT).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component 1
  • B chain C1QB
  • FIBB or FIB fibrinogen beta chain
  • CRP inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein
  • ADA12 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12
  • APOB Apolipoprotein B-100
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G), complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), fibrinogen beta chain (FIBB or FIB), C-reactive protein (CRP), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), and angiotensinogen (ANG or ANGT) and the biomarkers set forth in Tables 51 and 53.
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component 1
  • C1QB fibrinogen beta chain
  • the invention provides a biomarker panel comprising at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein
  • ADA12 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12
  • the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “contains,” “containing,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, product-by-process, or composition of matter that comprises, includes, or contains an element or list of elements does not include only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, product-by-process, or composition of matter.
  • the term “panel” refers to a composition, such as an array or a collection, comprising one or more biomarkers.
  • the term can also refer to a profile or index of expression patterns of one or more biomarkers described herein.
  • the number of biomarkers useful for a biomarker panel is based on the sensitivity and specificity value for the particular combination of biomarker values.
  • isolated and purified generally describes a composition of matter that has been removed from its native environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring), and thus is altered by the hand of man from its natural state.
  • An isolated protein or nucleic acid is distinct from the way it exists in nature.
  • biomarker refers to a biological molecule, or a fragment of a biological molecule, the change and/or the detection of which can be correlated with a particular physical condition or state.
  • the terms “marker” and “biomarker” are used interchangeably throughout the disclosure.
  • the biomarkers of the present invention are correlated with an increased likelihood of preterm birth.
  • biomarkers include, but are not limited to, biological molecules comprising nucleotides, nucleic acids, nucleosides, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, steroids, metabolites, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, antibodies, regions of interest that serve as surrogates for biological macromolecules and combinations thereof (e.g., glycoproteins, ribonucleoproteins, lipoproteins).
  • peptide fragment of a protein or polypeptide that comprises at least 5 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 6 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 7 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 8 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 9 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 10 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 11 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 12 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 13 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 14 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 15 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 5 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 16 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 17 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 18 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 19 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 20 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 21 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 22 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 23 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 24 consecutive amino acid residues, at least 25 consecutive amino acid residues, or more consecutive amino acid residues.
  • the invention also provides a method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female, the method comprising detecting a measurable feature of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63 in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female, and analyzing the measurable feature to determine the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female.
  • a measurable feature comprises fragments or derivatives of each of said N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • detecting a measurable feature comprises quantifying an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63, combinations or portions and/or derivatives thereof in a biological sample obtained from said pregnant female.
  • the invention further provides a method of predicting GAB, the method encompassing detecting a measurable feature of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63 in a biological sample obtained from a pregnant female, and analyzing the measurable feature to predict GAB.
  • the invention also provides a method of prediciting GAB, the method comprising: (a) quantifying in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63; (b) multiplying or thresholding the amount by a predetermined coefficient, (c) determining the predicted GAB birth in the pregnant female comprising adding the individual products to obtain a total risk score that corresponds to the predicted GAB.
  • the invention further provides a method of prediciting time to birth in a pregnant female, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a biological sample from the pregnant female; (b) quantifying an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63 in the biological sample; (c) multiplying or thresholding the amount by a predetermined coefficient, (d) determining predicted GAB in the pregnant female comprising adding the individual products to obtain a total risk score that corresponds to the predicted GAB; and (e) subtracting the estimated gestational age (GA) at time biological sample was obtained from the predicted GAB to predict time to birth in said pregnant female.
  • birth means birth following spontaneous onset of labor, with or without rupture of membranes.
  • the method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of N biomarkers, wherein N is selected from the group consisting of 2 to 24.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, and ITLPDFTGDLR.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 50 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 52.
  • the method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component C8 gamma chain
  • the method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein
  • the disclosed method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G), complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), fibrinogen beta chain (FIBB or FIB), C-reactive protein (CRP), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), and angiotensinogen (ANG or ANGT).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component 1,
  • the disclosed method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1 B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1 B-glycoprotein
  • the disclosed method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1 B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1 B-glycoprotein
  • the disclosed method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female and related methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a measurable feature of each of at least two isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers set forth in Table 51 and the biomarkers set forth in Table 53.
  • the methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female further encompass detecting a measurable feature for one or more risk indicia associated with preterm birth.
  • the risk indicia are selected form the group consisting of previous low birth weight or preterm delivery, multiple 2nd trimester spontaneous abortions, prior first trimester induced abortion, familial and intergenerational factors, history of infertility, nulliparity, placental abnormalities, cervical and uterine anomalies, gestational bleeding, intrauterine growth restriction, in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, multiple gestations, infant sex, short stature, low prepregnancy weight, low or high body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and urogenital infections.
  • a “measurable feature” is any property, characteristic or aspect that can be determined and correlated with the probability for preterm birth in a subject.
  • the term further encompasses any property, characteristic or aspect that can be determined and correlated in connection with a prediction of GAB, a prediction of term birth, or a prediction of time to birth in a pregnant female.
  • such a measurable feature can include, for example, the presence, absence, or concentration of the biomarker, or a fragment thereof, in the biological sample, an altered structure, such as, for example, the presence or amount of a post-translational modification, such as oxidation at one or more positions on the amino acid sequence of the biomarker or, for example, the presence of an altered conformation in comparison to the conformation of the biomarker in normal control subjects, and/or the presence, amount, or altered structure of the biomarker as a part of a profile of more than one biomarker.
  • an altered structure such as, for example, the presence or amount of a post-translational modification, such as oxidation at one or more positions on the amino acid sequence of the biomarker or, for example, the presence of an altered conformation in comparison to the conformation of the biomarker in normal control subjects, and/or the presence, amount, or altered structure of the biomarker as a part of a profile of more than one biomarker.
  • measurable features can further include risk indicia including, for example, maternal characteristics, age, race, ethnicity, medical history, past pregnancy history, obstetrical history.
  • a measurable feature can include, for example, previous low birth weight or preterm delivery, multiple 2nd trimester spontaneous abortions, prior first trimester induced abortion, familial and intergenerational factors, history of infertility, nulliparity, placental abnormalities, cervical and uterine anomalies, short cervical length measurements, gestational bleeding, intrauterine growth restriction, in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, multiple gestations, infant sex, short stature, low prepregnancy weight/low body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, urogenital infections, hypothyroidism, asthma, low educational attainment, cigarette smoking, drug use and alcohol consumption.
  • the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female is calculated based on the quantified amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the disclosed methods for determining the probability of preterm birth encompass detecting and/or quantifying one or more biomarkers using mass sprectrometry, a capture agent or a combination thereof.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass an initial step of providing a biomarker panel comprising N of the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass an initial step of providing a biological sample from the pregnant female.
  • the disclosed methods of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompass communicating the probability to a health care provider.
  • the disclosed of predicting GAB, the methods for predicting term birth, methods for determining the probability of term birth in a pregnant female as well methods of prediciting time to birth in a pregnant female similarly encompass communicating the probability to a health care provider.
  • all embodiments described throughout this disclosure are similarly applicable to the methods of predicting GAB, the methods for predicting term birth, methods for determining the probability of term birth in a pregnant female as well methods of prediciting time to birth in a pregnant female.
  • biomarkers and panels recited throughout this application with express reference to methods for preterm birth can also be used in methods for predicting GAB, the methods for predicting term birth, methods for determining the probability of term birth in a pregnant female as well methods of prediciting time to birth in a pregnant female. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that each of the aforementioned methods have specific and substantial utilities and benefits with regard maternal-fetal health considerations.
  • the communication informs a subsequent treatment decision for the pregnant female.
  • the method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompasses the additional feature of expressing the probability as a risk score.
  • the term “risk score” refers to a score that can be assigned based on comparing the amount of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample obtained from a pregnant female to a standard or reference score that represents an average amount of the one or more biomarkers calculated from biological samples obtained from a random pool of pregnant females. Because the level of a biomarker may not be static throughout pregnancy, a standard or reference score has to have been obtained for the gestational time point that corresponds to that of the pregnant female at the time the sample was taken. The standard or reference score can be predetermined and built into a predictor model such that the comparison is indirect rather than actually performed every time the probability is determined for a subject.
  • a risk score can be a standard (e.g., a number) or a threshold (e.g., a line on a graph).
  • the value of the risk score correlates to the deviation, upwards or downwards, from the average amount of the one or more biomarkers calculated from biological samples obtained from a random pool of pregnant females.
  • a risk score if a risk score is greater than a standard or reference risk score, the pregnant female can have an increased likelihood of preterm birth.
  • the magnitude of a pregnant female's risk score, or the amount by which it exceeds a reference risk score can be indicative of or correlated to that pregnant female's level of risk.
  • the term “biological sample,” encompasses any sample that is taken from pregnant female and contains one or more of the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • Suitable samples in the context of the present invention include, for example, blood, plasma, serum, amniotic fluid, vaginal secretions, saliva, and urine.
  • the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, plasma, and serum.
  • the biological sample is serum.
  • a biological sample can include any fraction or component of blood, without limitation, T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, erythrocytes, platelets and microvesicles such as exosomes and exosome-like vesicles.
  • the biological sample is serum.
  • Preterm birth refers to delivery or birth at a gestational age less than 37 completed weeks.
  • Other commonly used subcategories of preterm birth have been established and delineate moderately preterm (birth at 33 to 36 weeks of gestation), very preterm (birth at ⁇ 33 weeks of gestation), and extremely preterm (birth at ⁇ 28 weeks of gestation).
  • cut-offs that delineate preterm birth and term birth as well as the cut-offs that delineate subcategories of preterm birth can be adjusted in practicing the methods disclosed herein, for example, to maximize a particular health benefit. It is further understood that such adjustments are well within the skill set of individuals considered skilled in the art and encompassed within the scope of the inventions disclosed herein.
  • Gestational age is a proxy for the extent of fetal development and the fetus's readiness for birth. Gestational age has typically been defined as the length of time from the date of the last normal menses to the date of birth. However, obstetric measures and ultrasound estimates also can aid in estimating gestational age. Preterm births have generally been classified into two separate subgroups. One, spontaneous preterm births are those occurring subsequent to spontaneous onset of preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes regardless of subsequent labor augmentation or cesarean delivery. Two, indicated preterm births are those occurring following induction or cesarean section for one or more conditions that the woman's caregiver determines to threaten the health or life of the mother and/or fetus. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are directed to determining the probability for spontaneous preterm birth. In additional embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are directed to predicting gestational birth.
  • the term “estimated gestational age” or “estimated GA” refers to the GA determined based on the date of the last normal menses and additional obstetric measures, ultrasound estimates or other clinical parameters including, without limitation, those described in the preceding paragraph.
  • predicted gestational age at birth or “predicted GAB” refers to the GAB determined based on the methods of the invention as disclosed herein.
  • term birth refers to birth at a gestational age equal or more than 37 completed weeks.
  • the pregnant female is between 17 and 28 weeks of gestation at the time the biological sample is collected. In other embodiments, the pregnant female is between 16 and 29 weeks, between 17 and 28 weeks, between 18 and 27 weeks, between 19 and 26 weeks, between 20 and 25 weeks, between 21 and 24 weeks, or between 22 and 23 weeks of gestation at the time the biological sample is collected. In further embodiments, the pregnant female is between about 17 and 22 weeks, between about 16 and 22 weeks between about 22 and 25 weeks, between about 13 and 25 weeks, between about 26 and 28, or between about 26 and 29 weeks of gestation at the time the biological sample is collected. Accordingly, the gestational age of a pregnant female at the time the biological sample is collected can be 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 weeks.
  • the measurable feature comprises fragments or derivatives of each of the N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • detecting a measurable feature comprises quantifying an amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63, combinations or portions and/or derivatives thereof in a biological sample obtained from said pregnant female.
  • the term “amount” or “level” as used herein refers to a quantity of a biomarker that is detectable or measurable in a biological sample and/or control.
  • the quantity of a biomarker can be, for example, a quantity of polypeptide, the quantity of nucleic acid, or the quantity of a fragment or surrogate. The term can alternatively include combinations thereof.
  • the term “amount” or “level” of a biomarker is a measurable feature of that biomarker.
  • calculating the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female is based on the quantified amount of each of N biomarkers selected from the biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • Any existing, available or conventional separation, detection and quantification methods can be used herein to measure the presence or absence (e.g., readout being present vs. absent; or detectable amount vs. undetectable amount) and/or quantity (e.g., readout being an absolute or relative quantity, such as, for example, absolute or relative concentration) of biomarkers, peptides, polypeptides, proteins and/or fragments thereof and optionally of the one or more other biomarkers or fragments thereof in samples.
  • detection and/or quantification of one or more biomarkers comprises an assay that utilizes a capture agent.
  • the capture agent is an antibody, antibody fragment, nucleic acid-based protein binding reagent, small molecule or variant thereof.
  • the assay is an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  • detection and/or quantification of one or more biomarkers further comprises mass spectrometry (MS).
  • the mass spectrometry is co-immunoprecitipation-mass spectrometry (co-IP MS), where coimmunoprecipitation, a technique suitable for the isolation of whole protein complexes is followed by mass spectrometric analysis.
  • co-IP MS co-immunoprecitipation-mass spectrometry
  • mass spectrometer refers to a device able to volatilize/ionize analytes to form gas-phase ions and determine their absolute or relative molecular masses. Suitable methods of volatilization/ionization are matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), electrospray, laser/light, thermal, electrical, atomized/sprayed and the like, or combinations thereof.
  • MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
  • electrospray electrospray
  • laser/light thermal, electrical, atomized/sprayed and the like, or combinations thereof.
  • Suitable forms of mass spectrometry include, but are not limited to, ion trap instruments, quadrupole instruments, electrostatic and magnetic sector instruments, time of flight instruments, time of flight tandem mass spectrometer (TOF MS/MS), Fourier-transform mass spectrometers, Orbitraps and hybrid instruments composed of various combinations of these types of mass analyzers. These instruments can, in turn, be interfaced with a variety of other instruments that fractionate the samples (for example, liquid chromatography or solid-phase adsorption techniques based on chemical, or biological properties) and that ionize the samples for introduction into the mass spectrometer, including matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALDI), electrospray, or nanospray ionization (ESI) or combinations thereof.
  • MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption
  • EI nanospray ionization
  • any mass spectrometric (MS) technique that can provide precise information on the mass of peptides, and preferably also on fragmentation and/or (partial) amino acid sequence of selected peptides (e.g., in tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS; or in post source decay, TOF MS), can be used in the methods disclosed herein.
  • MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry
  • TOF MS post source decay
  • Suitable peptide MS and MS/MS techniques and systems are well-known per se (see, e.g., Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 146: “Mass Spectrometry of Proteins and Peptides”, by Chapman, ed., Humana Press 2000; Biemann 1990. Methods Enzymol 193: 455-79; or Methods in Enzymology, vol.
  • the disclosed methods comprise performing quantitative MS to measure one or more biomarkers.
  • Such quantitiative methods can be performed in an automated (Villanueva, et al., Nature Protocols (2006) 1(2):880-891) or semi-automated format.
  • MS can be operably linked to a liquid chromatography device (LC-MS/MS or LC-MS) or gas chromatography device (GC-MS or GC-MS/MS).
  • ICAT isotope-coded affinity tag
  • TMT tandem mass tags
  • SILAC stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture
  • MRM multiple reaction monitoring
  • SRM selected reaction monitoring
  • a series of transitions in combination with the retention time of the targeted analyte (e.g., peptide or small molecule such as chemical entity, steroid, hormone) can constitute a definitive assay.
  • a large number of analytes can be quantified during a single LC-MS experiment.
  • the term “scheduled,” or “dynamic” in reference to MRM or SRM, refers to a variation of the assay wherein the transitions for a particular analyte are only acquired in a time window around the expected retention time, significantly increasing the number of analytes that can be detected and quantified in a single LC-MS experiment and contributing to the selectivity of the test, as retention time is a property dependent on the physical nature of the analyte.
  • a single analyte can also be monitored with more than one transition.
  • included in the assay can be standards that correspond to the analytes of interest (e.g., same amino acid sequence), but differ by the inclusion of stable isotopes.
  • Stable isotopic standards can be incorporated into the assay at precise levels and used to quantify the corresponding unknown analyte.
  • An additional level of specificity is contributed by the co-elution of the unknown analyte and its corresponding SIS and properties of their transitions (e.g., the similarity in the ratio of the level of two transitions of the unknown and the ratio of the two transitions of its corresponding SIS).
  • Mass spectrometry assays, instruments and systems suitable for biomarker peptide analysis can include, without limitation, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS; MALDI-TOF post-source-decay (PSD); MALDI-TOF/TOF; surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF) MS; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS); ESI-MS/MS; ESI-MS/(MS) n (n is an integer greater than zero); ESI 3D or linear (2D) ion trap MS; ESI triple quadrupole MS; ESI quadrupole orthogonal TOF (Q-TOF); ESI Fourier transform MS systems; desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS); secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS); atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrome
  • Peptide ion fragmentation in tandem MS (MS/MS) arrangements can be achieved using manners established in the art, such as, e.g., collision induced dissociation (CID).
  • CID collision induced dissociation
  • detection and quantification of biomarkers by mass spectrometry can involve multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), such as described among others by Kuhn et al. Proteomics 4: 1175-86 (2004).
  • MRM multiple reaction monitoring
  • Scheduled multiple-reaction-monitoring (Scheduled MRM) mode acquisition during LC-MS/MS analysis enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of peptide quantitation. Anderson and Hunter, Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 5(4):573 (2006).
  • mass spectrometry-based assays can be advantageously combined with upstream peptide or protein separation or fractionation methods, such as for example with the chromatographic and other methods described herein below.
  • shotgun quantitative proteomics can be combined with SRM/MRM-based assays for high-throughput identification and verification of prognostic biomarkers of preterm birth.
  • determining the level of the at least one biomarker comprises using an immunoassay and/or mass spectrometric methods.
  • the mass spectrometric methods are selected from MS, MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, SRM, PIM, and other such methods that are known in the art.
  • LC-MS/MS further comprises 1D LC-MS/MS, 2D LC-MS/MS or 3D LC-MS/MS.
  • Immunoassay techniques and protocols are generally known to those skilled in the art (Price and Newman, Principles and Practice of Immunoassay, 2nd Edition, Grove's Dictionaries, 1997; and Gosling, Immunoassays: A Practical Approach , Oxford University Press, 2000.)
  • a variety of immunoassay techniques, including competitive and non-competitive immunoassays, can be used (Self et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 7:60-65 (1996).
  • the immunoassay is selected from Western blot, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay (RIA), dot blotting, and FACS.
  • the immunoassay is an ELISA.
  • the ELISA is direct ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, competitive ELISA, multiplex ELISA, ELISPOT technologies, and other similar techniques known in the art. Principles of these immunoassay methods are known in the art, for example John R. Crowther, The ELISA Guidebook, 1st ed., Humana Press 2000, ISBN 0896037282.
  • ELISAs are performed with antibodies but they can be performed with any capture agents that bind specifically to one or more biomarkers of the invention and that can be detected.
  • Multiplex ELISA allows simultaneous detection of two or more analytes within a single compartment (e.g., microplate well) usually at a plurality of array addresses (Nielsen and Geierstanger 2004. J Immunol Methods 290: 107-20 (2004) and Ling et al. 2007 . Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7: 87-98 (2007)).
  • Radioimmunoassay can be used to detect one or more biomarkers in the methods of the invention.
  • RIA is a competition-based assay that is well known in the art and involves mixing known quantities of radioactavely-labelled (e.g., 125 I or 131 I-labelled) target analyte with antibody specific for the analyte, then adding non-labelled analyte from a sample and measuring the amount of labelled analyte that is displaced (see, e.g., An Introduction to Radioimmunoassay and Related Techniques , by Chard T, ed., Elsevier Science 1995, ISBN 0444821198 for guidance).
  • a detectable label can be used in the assays described herein for direct or indirect detection of the biomarkers in the methods of the invention.
  • a wide variety of detectable labels can be used, with the choice of label depending on the sensitivity required, ease of conjugation with the antibody, stability requirements, and available instrumentation and disposal provisions. Those skilled in the art are familiar with selection of a suitable detectable label based on the assay detection of the biomarkers in the methods of the invention.
  • Suitable detectable labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Oregon GreenTM, rhodamine, Texas red, tetrarhodimine isothiocynate (TRITC), Cy3, Cy5, etc.), fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP), phycoerythrin, etc.), enzymes (e.g., luciferase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.), nanoparticles, biotin, digoxigenin, metals, and the like.
  • fluorescent dyes e.g., fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Oregon GreenTM, rhodamine, Texas red, tetrarhodimine isothiocynate (TRITC), Cy3, Cy5, etc.
  • fluorescent markers e.g., green fluorescent protein (GF
  • differential tagging with isotopic reagents e.g., isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT) or the more recent variation that uses isobaric tagging reagents, iTRAQ (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), or tandem mass tags, TMT, (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill.), followed by multidimensional liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis can provide a further methodology in practicing the methods of the invention.
  • ICAT isotope-coded affinity tags
  • iTRAQ Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.
  • tandem mass tags TMT
  • MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry
  • a chemiluminescence assay using a chemiluminescent antibody can be used for sensitive, non-radioactive detection of protein levels.
  • An antibody labeled with fluorochrome also can be suitable.
  • fluorochromes include, without limitation, DAPI, fluorescein, Hoechst 33258, R-phycocyanin, B-phycoerythrin, R-phycoerythrin, rhodamine, Texas red, and lissamine.
  • Indirect labels include various enzymes well known in the art, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), beta-galactosidase, urease, and the like. Detection systems using suitable substrates for horseradish-peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase are well known in the art.
  • a signal from the direct or indirect label can be analyzed, for example, using a spectrophotometer to detect color from a chromogenic substrate; a radiation counter to detect radiation such as a gamma counter for detection of 125 I; or a fluorometer to detect fluorescence in the presence of light of a certain wavelength.
  • a quantitative analysis can be made using a spectrophotometer such as an EMAX Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices; Menlo Park, Calif.) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
  • assays used to practice the invention can be automated or performed robotically, and the signal from multiple samples can be detected simultaneously.
  • the methods described herein encompass quantification of the biomarkers using mass spectrometry (MS).
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • the mass spectrometry can be liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) or selected reaction monitoring (SRM).
  • MRM multiple reaction monitoring
  • SRM selected reaction monitoring
  • the MRM or SRM can further encompass scheduled MRM or scheduled SRM.
  • Chromatography encompasses methods for separating chemical substances and generally involves a process in which a mixture of analytes is carried by a moving stream of liquid or gas (“mobile phase”) and separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the analytes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase (“stationary phase”), between the mobile phase and said stationary phase.
  • the stationary phase can be usually a finely divided solid, a sheet of filter material, or a thin film of a liquid on the surface of a solid, or the like.
  • Chromatography is well understood by those skilled in the art as a technique applicable for the separation of chemical compounds of biological origin, such as, e.g., amino acids, proteins, fragments of proteins or peptides, etc.
  • Chromatography can be columnar (i.e., wherein the stationary phase is deposited or packed in a column), preferably liquid chromatography, and yet more preferably high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or ultra high performance/pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Particulars of chromatography are well known in the art (Bidlingmeyer, Practical HPLC Methodology and Applications , John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993).
  • Exemplary types of chromatography include, without limitation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UHPLC, normal phase HPLC (NP-HPLC), reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), ion exchange chromatography (IEC), such as cation or anion exchange chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) including gel filtration chromatography or gel permeation chromatography, chromatofocusing, affinity chromatography such as immuno-affinity, immobilised metal affinity chromatography, and the like.
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • UHPLC normal phase HPLC
  • NP-HPLC normal phase HPLC
  • RP-HPLC reversed phase HPLC
  • IEC ion exchange chromatography
  • IEC ion exchange chromatography
  • HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography
  • HIC hydrophobic interaction chromatography
  • SEC size exclusion chromatography
  • Chromatography including single-, two- or more-dimensional chromatography, can be used as a peptide fractionation method in conjunction with a further peptide analysis method, such as for example, with a downstream mass spectrometry analysis as described elsewhere in this specification.
  • peptide or polypeptide separation, identification or quantification methods can be used, optionally in conjunction with any of the above described analysis methods, for measuring biomarkers in the present disclosure.
  • Such methods include, without limitation, chemical extraction partitioning, isoelectric focusing (IEF) including capillary isoelectric focusing (LIEF), capillary isotachophoresis (CITP), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and the like, one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), free flow electrophoresis (FFE), etc.
  • IEF isoelectric focusing
  • LIEF capillary isoelectric focusing
  • CITP capillary isotachophoresis
  • CEC capillary electrochromatography
  • PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • the term “capture agent” refers to a compound that can specifically bind to a target, in particular a biomarker.
  • the term includes antibodies, antibody fragments, nucleic acid-based protein binding reagents (e.g. aptamers, Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamers (SOMAmerTM)), protein-capture agents, natural ligands (i.e. a hormone for its receptor or vice versa), small molecules or variants thereof.
  • Capture agents can be configured to specifically bind to a target, in particular a biomarker.
  • Capture agents can include but are not limited to organic molecules, such as polypeptides, polynucleotides and other non polymeric molecules that are identifiable to a skilled person.
  • capture agents include any agent that can be used to detect, purify, isolate, or enrich a target, in particular a biomarker. Any art-known affinity capture technologies can be used to selectively isolate and enrich/concentrate biomarkers that are components of complex mixtures of biological media for use in the disclosed methods.
  • Antibody capture agents that specifically bind to a biomarker can be prepared using any suitable methods known in the art. See, e.g., Coligan, Current Protocols in Immunology (1991); Harlow & Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (1988); Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice (2d ed. 1986).
  • Antibody capture agents can be any immunoglobulin or derivative thereof, whether natural or wholly or partially synthetically produced. All derivatives thereof which maintain specific binding ability are also included in the term.
  • Antibody capture agents have a binding domain that is homologous or largely homologous to an immunoglobulin binding domain and can be derived from natural sources, or partly or wholly synthetically produced.
  • Antibody capture agents can be monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.
  • an antibody is a single chain antibody.
  • Antibody capture agents can be antibody fragments including, but not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, scFv, Fv, dsFv diabody, and Fd fragments.
  • An antibody capture agent can be produced by any means.
  • an antibody capture agent can be enzymatically or chemically produced by fragmentation of an intact antibody and/or it can be recombinantly produced from a gene encoding the partial antibody sequence.
  • An antibody capture agent can comprise a single chain antibody fragment.
  • antibody capture agent can comprise multiple chains which are linked together, for example, by disulfide linkages; and, any functional fragments obtained from such molecules, wherein such fragments retain specific-binding properties of the parent antibody molecule. Because of their smaller size as functional components of the whole molecule, antibody fragments can offer advantages over intact antibodies for use in certain immunochemical techniques and experimental applications.
  • Suitable capture agents useful for practicing the invention also include aptamers.
  • Aptamers are oligonucleotide sequences that can bind to their targets specifically via unique three dimensional (3-D) structures.
  • An aptamer can include any suitable number of nucleotides and different aptamers can have either the same or different numbers of nucleotides.
  • Aptamers can be DNA or RNA or chemically modified nucleic acids and can be single stranded, double stranded, or contain double stranded regions, and can include higher ordered structures.
  • An aptamer can also be a photoaptamer, where a photoreactive or chemically reactive functional group is included in the aptamer to allow it to be covalently linked to its corresponding target.
  • an aptamer capture agent can include the use of two or more aptamers that specifically bind the same biomarker.
  • An aptamer can include a tag.
  • An aptamer can be identified using any known method, including the SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), process. Once identified, an aptamer can be prepared or synthesized in accordance with any known method, including chemical synthetic methods and enzymatic synthetic methods and used in a variety of applications for biomarker detection. Liu et al., Curr Med Chem. 18(27):4117-25 (2011).
  • Capture agents useful in practicing the methods of the invention also include SOMAmers (Slow Off-Rate Modified Aptamers) known in the art to have improved off-rate characteristics. Brody et al., J Mol Biol . 422(5):595-606 (2012). SOMAmers can be generated using using any known method, including the SELEX method.
  • biomarkers can be modified prior to analysis to improve their resolution or to determine their identity.
  • the biomarkers can be subject to proteolytic digestion before analysis. Any protease can be used. Proteases, such as trypsin, that are likely to cleave the biomarkers into a discrete number of fragments are particularly useful. The fragments that result from digestion function as a fingerprint for the biomarkers, thereby enabling their detection indirectly. This is particularly useful where there are biomarkers with similar molecular masses that might be confused for the biomarker in question. Also, proteolytic fragmentation is useful for high molecular weight biomarkers because smaller biomarkers are more easily resolved by mass spectrometry.
  • biomarkers can be modified to improve detection resolution.
  • neuraminidase can be used to remove terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins to improve binding to an anionic adsorbent and to improve detection resolution.
  • the biomarkers can be modified by the attachment of a tag of particular molecular weight that specifically binds to molecular biomarkers, further distinguishing them.
  • the identity of the biomarkers can be further determined by matching the physical and chemical characteristics of the modified biomarkers in a protein database (e.g., SwissProt).
  • biomarkers in a sample can be captured on a substrate for detection.
  • Traditional substrates include antibody-coated 96-well plates or nitrocellulose membranes that are subsequently probed for the presence of the proteins.
  • protein-binding molecules attached to microspheres, microparticles, microbeads, beads, or other particles can be used for capture and detection of biomarkers.
  • the protein-binding molecules can be antibodies, peptides, peptoids, aptamers, small molecule ligands or other protein-binding capture agents attached to the surface of particles.
  • Each protein-binding molecule can include unique detectable label that is coded such that it can be distinguished from other detectable labels attached to other protein-binding molecules to allow detection of biomarkers in multiplex assays.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, color-coded microspheres with known fluorescent light intensities (see e.g., microspheres with xMAP technology produced by Luminex (Austin, Tex.); microspheres containing quantum dot nanocrystals, for example, having different ratios and combinations of quantum dot colors (e.g., Qdot nanocrystals produced by Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.); glass coated metal nanoparticles (see e.g., SERS nanotags produced by Nanoplex Technologies, Inc.
  • biochips can be used for capture and detection of the biomarkers of the invention.
  • Many protein biochips are known in the art. These include, for example, protein biochips produced by Packard BioScience Company (Meriden Conn.), Zyomyx (Hayward, Calif.) and Phylos (Lexington, Mass.).
  • protein biochips comprise a substrate having a surface. A capture reagent or adsorbent is attached to the surface of the substrate. Frequently, the surface comprises a plurality of addressable locations, each of which location has the capture agent bound there.
  • the capture agent can be a biological molecule, such as a polypeptide or a nucleic acid, which captures other biomarkers in a specific manner. Alternatively, the capture agent can be a chromatographic material, such as an anion exchange material or a hydrophilic material. Examples of protein biochips are well known in the art.
  • Measuring mRNA in a biological sample can be used as a surrogate for detection of the level of the corresponding protein biomarker in a biological sample.
  • any of the biomarkers or biomarker panels described herein can also be detected by detecting the appropriate RNA.
  • Levels of mRNA can measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR followed with qPCR).
  • RT-PCR is used to create a cDNA from the mRNA.
  • the cDNA can be used in a qPCR assay to produce fluorescence as the DNA amplification process progresses. By comparison to a standard curve, qPCR can produce an absolute measurement such as number of copies of mRNA per cell.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to diagnostic and prognostic methods of determining the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • the detection of the level of expression of one or more biomarkers and/or the determination of a ratio of biomarkers can be used to determine the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female.
  • detection methods can be used, for example, for early diagnosis of the condition, to determine whether a subject is predisposed to preterm birth, to monitor the progress of preterm birth or the progress of treatment protocols, to assess the severity of preterm birth, to forecast the outcome of preterm birth and/or prospects of recovery or birth at full term, or to aid in the determination of a suitable treatment for preterm birth.
  • the quantitation of biomarkers in a biological sample can be determined, without limitation, by the methods described above as well as any other method known in the art.
  • the quantitative data thus obtained is then subjected to an analytic classification process.
  • the raw data is manipulated according to an algorithm, where the algorithm has been pre-defined by a training set of data, for example as described in the examples provided herein.
  • An algorithm can utilize the training set of data provided herein, or can utilize the guidelines provided herein to generate an algorithm with a different set of data.
  • analyzing a measurable feature to determine the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompasses the use of a predictive model. In further embodiments, analyzing a measurable feature to determine the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompasses comparing said measurable feature with a reference feature. As those skilled in the art can appreciate, such comparison can be a direct comparison to the reference feature or an indirect comparison where the reference feature has been incorporated into the predictive model.
  • analyzing a measurable feature to determine the probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female encompasses one or more of a linear discriminant analysis model, a support vector machine classification algorithm, a recursive feature elimination model, a prediction analysis of microarray model, a logistic regression model, a CART algorithm, a flex tree algorithm, a LART algorithm, a random forest algorithm, a MART algorithm, a machine learning algorithm, a penalized regression method, or a combination thereof.
  • the analysis comprises logistic regression.
  • An analytic classification process can use any one of a variety of statistical analytic methods to manipulate the quantitative data and provide for classification of the sample. Examples of useful methods include linear discriminant analysis, recursive feature elimination, a prediction analysis of microarray, a logistic regression, a CART algorithm, a FlexTree algorithm, a LART algorithm, a random forest algorithm, a MART algorithm, machine learning algorithms; etc.
  • a regression tree begins with a root node that contains all the subjects.
  • the average GAB for all subjects can be calculated in the root node.
  • the variance of the GAB within the root node will be high, because there is a mixture of women with different GAB's.
  • the root node is then divided (partitioned) into two branches, so that each branch contains women with a similar GAB. The average GAB for subjects in each branch is again calculated.
  • the variance of the GAB within each branch will be lower than in the root node, because the subset of women within each branch has relatively more similar GAB's than those in the root node.
  • the two branches are created by selecting an analyte and a threshold value for the analyte that creates branches with similar GAB.
  • the analyte and threshold value are chosen from among the set of all analytes and threshold values, usually with a random subset of the analytes at each node.
  • the procedure continues recursively producing branches to create leaves (terminal nodes) in which the subjects have very similar GAB's.
  • the predicted GAB in each terminal node is the average GAB for subjects in that terminal node. This procedure creates a single regression tree.
  • a random forest can consist of several hundred or several thousand such trees.
  • Classification can be made according to predictive modeling methods that set a threshold for determining the probability that a sample belongs to a given class. The probability preferably is at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80% or higher. Classifications also can be made by determining whether a comparison between an obtained dataset and a reference dataset yields a statistically significant difference. If so, then the sample from which the dataset was obtained is classified as not belonging to the reference dataset class. Conversely, if such a comparison is not statistically significantly different from the reference dataset, then the sample from which the dataset was obtained is classified as belonging to the reference dataset class.
  • a desired quality threshold is a predictive model that will classify a sample with an accuracy of at least about 0.5, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.9, at least about 0.95, or higher.
  • a desired quality threshold can refer to a predictive model that will classify a sample with an AUC of at least about 0.7, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.9, or higher.
  • the relative sensitivity and specificity of a predictive model can be adjusted to favor either the selectivity metric or the sensitivity metric, where the two metrics have an inverse relationship.
  • the limits in a model as described above can be adjusted to provide a selected sensitivity or specificity level, depending on the particular requirements of the test being performed.
  • One or both of sensitivity and specificity can be at least about 0.7, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.9, or higher.
  • the raw data can be initially analyzed by measuring the values for each biomarker, usually in triplicate or in multiple triplicates.
  • the data can be manipulated, for example, raw data can be transformed using standard curves, and the average of triplicate measurements used to calculate the average and standard deviation for each patient. These values can be transformed before being used in the models, e.g. log-transformed, Box-Cox transformed (Box and Cox, Royal Stat. Soc ., Series B, 26:211-246(1964).
  • the data are then input into a predictive model, which will classify the sample according to the state.
  • the resulting information can be communicated to a patient or health care provider.
  • Example 2 To generate a predictive model for preterm birth, a robust data set, comprising known control samples and samples corresponding to the preterm birth classification of interest is used in a training set. A sample size can be selected using generally accepted criteria. As discussed above, different statistical methods can be used to obtain a highly accurate predictive model. Examples of such analysis are provided in Example 2.
  • hierarchical clustering is performed in the derivation of a predictive model, where the Pearson correlation is employed as the clustering metric.
  • One approach is to consider a preterm birth dataset as a “learning sample” in a problem of “supervised learning.”
  • CART is a standard in applications to medicine (Singer, Recursive Partitioning in the Health Sciences , Springer(1999)) and can be modified by transforming any qualitative features to quantitative features; sorting them by attained significance levels, evaluated by sample reuse methods for Hotelling's T 2 statistic; and suitable application of the lasso method.
  • Problems in prediction are turned into problems in regression without losing sight of prediction, indeed by making suitable use of the Gini criterion for classification in evaluating the quality of regressions.
  • FlexTree Human-to-Red. Sci. U.S.A 101:10529-10534(2004)
  • FlexTree performs very well in simulations and when applied to multiple forms of data and is useful for practicing the claimed methods.
  • Software automating FlexTree has been developed.
  • LARTree or LART can be used (Turnbull (2005) Classification Trees with Subset Analysis Selection by the Lasso , Stanford University).
  • the name reflects binary trees, as in CART and FlexTree; the lasso, as has been noted; and the implementation of the lasso through what is termed LARS by Efron et al. (2004) Annals of Statistics 32:407-451 (2004).
  • Logic regression resembles CART in that its classifier can be displayed as a binary tree. It is different in that each node has Boolean statements about features that are more general than the simple “and” statements produced by CART.
  • the false discovery rate can be determined.
  • a set of null distributions of dissimilarity values is generated.
  • the values of observed profiles are permuted to create a sequence of distributions of correlation coefficients obtained out of chance, thereby creating an appropriate set of null distributions of correlation coefficients (Tusher et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 98, 5116-21 (2001)).
  • the set of null distribution is obtained by: permuting the values of each profile for all available profiles; calculating the pair-wise correlation coefficients for all profile; calculating the probability density function of the correlation coefficients for this permutation; and repeating the procedure for N times, where N is a large number, usually 300.
  • an appropriate measure mean, median, etc.
  • the FDR is the ratio of the number of the expected falsely significant correlations (estimated from the correlations greater than this selected Pearson correlation in the set of randomized data) to the number of correlations greater than this selected Pearson correlation in the empirical data (significant correlations).
  • This cut-off correlation value can be applied to the correlations between experimental profiles. Using the aforementioned distribution, a level of confidence is chosen for significance. This is used to determine the lowest value of the correlation coefficient that exceeds the result that would have obtained by chance. Using this method, one obtains thresholds for positive correlation, negative correlation or both. Using this threshold(s), the user can filter the observed values of the pair wise correlation coefficients and eliminate those that do not exceed the threshold(s). Furthermore, an estimate of the false positive rate can be obtained for a given threshold. For each of the individual “random correlation” distributions, one can find how many observations fall outside the threshold range. This procedure provides a sequence of counts. The mean and the standard deviation of the sequence provide the average number of potential false positives and its standard deviation.
  • variables chosen in the cross-sectional analysis are separately employed as predictors in a time-to-event analysis (survival analysis), where the event is the occurrence of preterm birth, and subjects with no event are considered censored at the time of giving birth.
  • survival analysis a time-to-event analysis
  • the event is the occurrence of preterm birth, and subjects with no event are considered censored at the time of giving birth.
  • a parametric approach to analyzing survival can be better than the widely applied semi-parametric Cox model.
  • a Weibull parametric fit of survival permits the hazard rate to be monotonically increasing, decreasing, or constant, and also has a proportional hazards representation (as does the Cox model) and an accelerated failure-time representation. All the standard tools available in obtaining approximate maximum likelihood estimators of regression coefficients and corresponding functions are available with this model.
  • Cox models can be used, especially since reductions of numbers of covariates to manageable size with the lasso will significantly simplify the analysis, allowing the possibility of a nonparametric or semi-parametric approach to prediction of time to preterm birth.
  • These statistical tools are known in the art and applicable to all manner of proteomic data.
  • a set of biomarker, clinical and genetic data that can be easily determined, and that is highly informative regarding the probability for preterm birth and predicted time to a preterm birth event in said pregnant female is provided.
  • algorithms provide information regarding the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female.
  • the probability for preterm birth according to the invention can be determined using either a quantitative or a categorical variable.
  • the measurable feature of each of N biomarkers can be subjected to categorical data analysis to determine the probability for preterm birth as a binary categorical outcome.
  • the methods of the invention may analyze the measurable feature of each of N biomarkers by initially calculating quantitative variables, in particular, predicted gestational age at birth. The predicted gestational age at birth can subsequently be used as a basis to predict risk of preterm birth.
  • the methods of the invention take into account the continuum of measurements detected for the measurable features.
  • the gestational age at birth rather than making a binary prediction of preterm birth versus term birth, it is possible to tailor the treatment for the pregnant female. For example, an earlier predicted gestational age at birth will result in more intensive prenatal intervention, i.e. monitoring and treatment, than a predicted gestational age that approaches full term.
  • p(PTB) can estimated as the proportion of women in the PAPR clinical trial (see Example 1) with a predicted GAB of j days plus or minus k days who actually deliver before 37 weeks gestational age. More generally, for women with a predicted GAB of j days plus or minus k days, the probability that the actual gestational age at birth will be less than a specified gestational age, p(actual GAB ⁇ specified GAB), was estimated as the proportion of women in the PAPR clinical trial with a predicted GAB of j days plus or minus k days who actually deliver before the specified gestational age.
  • a subset of markers i.e. at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, up to the complete set of markers.
  • a subset of markers will be chosen that provides for the needs of the quantitative sample analysis, e.g. availability of reagents, convenience of quantitation, etc., while maintaining a highly accurate predictive model.
  • the selection of a number of informative markers for building classification models requires the definition of a performance metric and a user-defined threshold for producing a model with useful predictive ability based on this metric.
  • the performance metric can be the AUC, the sensitivity and/or specificity of the prediction as well as the overall accuracy of the prediction model.
  • an analytic classification process can use any one of a variety of statistical analytic methods to manipulate the quantitative data and provide for classification of the sample.
  • useful methods include, without limitation, linear discriminant analysis, recursive feature elimination, a prediction analysis of microarray, a logistic regression, a CART algorithm, a FlexTree algorithm, a LART algorithm, a random forest algorithm, a MART algorithm, and machine learning algorithms.
  • the selection of a subset of markers can be for a forward selection or a backward selection of a marker subset.
  • the number of markers can be selected that will optimize the performance of a model without the use of all the markers.
  • One way to define the optimum number of terms is to choose the number of terms that produce a model with desired predictive ability (e.g. an AUC>0.75, or equivalent measures of sensitivity/specificity) that lies no more than one standard error from the maximum value obtained for this metric using any combination and number of terms used for the given algorithm.
  • kits for determining probability of preterm birth wherein the kits can be used to detect N of the isolated biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the kits can be used to detect one or more, two or more, or three of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of AFTECCVVASQLR, ELLESYIDGR, and ITLPDFTGDLR.
  • kits can be used to detect one or more, two or more, or three of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of FLNWIK, FGFGGSTDSGPIR, LLELTGPK, VEHSDLSFSK, IEGNLIFDPNNYLPK, ALVLELAK, TQILEWAAER, DVLLLVHNLPQNLPGYFWYK, SEPRPGVLLR, ITQDAQLK, ALDLSLK, WWGGQPLWITATK, and LSETNR.
  • kits can be used to detect one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, or eight of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 C5 or CO5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component C8 gamma chain
  • kits can be used to detect one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, or eight of the isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE).
  • A1BG Alpha-1B-glyco
  • the kit can include one or more agents for detection of biomarkers, a container for holding a biological sample isolated from a pregnant female; and printed instructions for reacting agents with the biological sample or a portion of the biological sample to detect the presence or amount of the isolated biomarkers in the biological sample.
  • the agents can be packaged in separate containers.
  • the kit can further comprise one or more control reference samples and reagents for performing an immunoassay.
  • the kit comprises agents for measuring the levels of at least N of the isolated biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the kit can include antibodies that specifically bind to these biomarkers, for example, the kit can contain at least one of an antibody that specifically binds to lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), an antibody that specifically binds to prothrombin (THRB), an antibody that specifically binds to complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), an antibody that specifically binds to plasminogen (PLMN), and an antibody that specifically binds to complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 or CO5 complement component C5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component C8 gamma chain
  • the kit comprises agents for measuring the levels of at least N of the isolated biomarkers listed in Tables 1 through 63.
  • the kit can include antibodies that specifically bind to these biomarkers, for example, the kit can contain at least one of an antibody that specifically binds to Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADA12), Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), Beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/beta (HP8 Peptide), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Complement component C6, Endoglin (EGLN), Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (ENPP2), Coagulation factor VII (FA7), Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), Inhibin beta E chain (IN
  • the kit can comprise one or more containers for compositions contained in the kit.
  • Compositions can be in liquid form or can be lyophilized. Suitable containers for the compositions include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. Containers can be formed from a variety of materials, including glass or plastic.
  • the kit can also comprise a package insert containing written instructions for methods of determining probability of preterm birth.
  • preterm birth cases were individually reviewed to determine their status as either a spontaneous preterm birth or a medically indicated preterm birth. Only spontaneous preterm birth cases were used for this analysis.
  • 80 samples were analyzed in two gestational age groups: a) a late window composed of samples from 23-28 weeks of gestation which included 13 cases, 13 term controls matched within one week of sample collection and 14 term random controls, and, b) an early window composed of samples from 17-22 weeks of gestation included 15 cases, 15 term controls matched within one week of sample collection and 10 random term controls.
  • the samples were subsequently depleted of high abundance proteins using the Human 14 Multiple Affinity Removal System (MARS 14), which removes 14 of the most abundant proteins that are treated as uninformative with regard to the identification for disease-relevant changes in the serum proteome.
  • MARS 14 Human 14 Multiple Affinity Removal System
  • equal volumes of each clinical or a pooled human serum sample (HGS) sample were diluted with column buffer and filtered to remove precipitates. Filtered samples were depleted using a MARS-14 column (4.6 ⁇ 100 mm, Cat. #5188-6558, Agilent Technologies). Samples were chilled to 4° C. in the autosampler, the depletion column was run at room temperature, and collected fractions were kept at 4° C. until further analysis. The unbound fractions were collected for further analysis.
  • Depleted serum samples were denatured with trifluorethanol, reduced with dithiotreitol, alkylated using iodoacetamide, and then digested with trypsin at a 1:10 trypsin: protein ratio. Following trypsin digestion, samples were desalted on a C18 column, and the eluate lyophilized to dryness. The desalted samples were resolubilized in a reconstitution solution containing five internal standard peptides.
  • sMRM Multiple Reaction Monitoring method
  • the peptides were separated on a 150 mm ⁇ 0.32 mm Bio-Basic C18 column (ThermoFisher) at a flow rate of 5 ⁇ l/min using a Waters Nano Acquity UPLC and eluted using an acetonitrile gradient into a AB SCIEX QTRAP 5500 with a Turbo V source (AB SCIEX, Framingham, Mass.).
  • the sMRM assay measured 1708 transitions that correspond to 854 peptides and 236 proteins. Chromatographic peaks were integrated using Rosetta Elucidator software (Ceiba Solutions).
  • the objective of these analyses was to examine the data collected in Example 1 to identify transitions and proteins that predict preterm birth.
  • the specific analyses employed were (i) Cox time-to-event analyses and (ii) models with preterm birth as a binary categorical dependent variable.
  • the dependent variable for all the Cox analyses was Gestational Age of time to event (where event is preterm birth).
  • preterm birth subjects have the event on the day of birth.
  • Term subjects are censored on the day of birth.
  • Gestational age on the day of specimen collection is a covariate in all Cox analyses.
  • the assay data were previously adjusted for run order and depletion batch, and log transformed. Values for gestational age at time of sample collection were adjusted as follows. Transition values were regressed on gestational age at time of sample collection using only controls (non-pre-term subjects). The residuals from the regression were designated as adjusted values. The adjusted values were used in the models with pre-term birth as a binary categorical dependent variable. Unadjusted values were used in the Cox analyses.
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • THRB prothrombin
  • C5 or CO5 complement component C5
  • PLMN plasminogen
  • C8G or CO8G complement component C8 gamma chain
  • the stepwise variable selection analysis used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) as the stopping criterion. Table 2 shows the transitions selected by the stepwise AIC analysis.
  • the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for the stepwise AIC model is 0.86 (not corrected for multiple comparisons).
  • Lasso variable selection was used as the second method of multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards analyses to predict Gestational Age at birth, including Gestational age on the day of specimen collection as a covariate.
  • This analysis uses a lambda penalty for lasso estimated by cross validation.
  • Table 3 shows the results.
  • the lasso variable selection method is considerably more stringent than the stepwise AIC, and selects only 3 transitions for the final model, representing 3 different proteins. These 3 proteins give the top 4 transitions from the univariate analysis; 2 of the top 4 univariate are from the same protein, and hence are not both selected by the lasso method. Lasso tends to select a relatively small number of variables with low mutual correlation.
  • the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for the lasso model is 0.21 (not corrected for multiple comparisons).
  • Univariate analyses was performed to discriminate pre-term subjects from non-pre-term subjects (pre-term as a binary categorical variable) as estimated by area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. These analyses use transition values adjusted for gestational age at time of sample collection, as described above. Table 4 shows the AUROC curve for the 77 transitions with the highest AUROC area of 0.6 or greater.
  • Multivariate analyses was performed to predict preterm birth as a binary categorical dependent variable, using random forest, boosting, lasso, and logistic regression models.
  • Random forest and boosting models grow many classification trees. The trees vote on the assignment of each subject to one of the possible classes. The forest chooses the class with the most votes over all the trees.
  • each method was allowed to select and rank its own best 15 transitions. We then built models with 1 to 15 transitions. Each method sequentially reduces the number of nodes from 15 to 1 independently. A recursive option was used to reduce the number of nodes at each step: To determine which node to remove, the nodes were ranked at each step based on their importance from a nested cross-validation procedure. The least important node was eliminated. The importance measures for lasso and logistic regression are z-values.
  • variable importance was calculated from permuting out-of-bag data: for each tree, the classification error rate on the out-of-bag portion of the data was recorded; the error rate was then recalculated after permuting the values of each variable (i.e., transition); if the transition was in fact important, there would have been be a big difference between the two error rates; the difference between the two error rates were then averaged over all trees, and normalized by the standard deviation of the differences.
  • the AUCs for these models are shown in Table 5, as estimated by 100 rounds of bootstrap resampling.
  • Table 6 shows the top 15 transitions selected by each multivariate method, ranked by importance for that method.
  • univariate and multivariate Cox analyses was performed using transitions to predict Gestational Age at Birth (GAB), including Gestational age on the day of specimen collection as a covariate.
  • GAB Gestational Age at birth
  • five proteins were identified that have multiple transitions among those with p-value less than 0.05: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), prothrombin (THRB), complement component C5 (C5 or CO5), plasminogen (PLMN), and complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G or CO8G).
  • stepwise AIC variable analysis selects 24 transitions, while the lasso model selects 3 transitions, which include the 3 top proteins in the univariate analysis.
  • Univariate (AUROC) and multivariate (random forest, boosting, lasso, and logistic regression) analyses were performed to predict pre-term birth as a binary categorical variable.
  • Univariate analyses identified 63 analytes with AUROC of 0.6 or greater.
  • Multivariate analyses suggest that models that combine 3 or more transitions give AUC greater than 0.7, as estimated by bootstrap.
  • the samples were processed in 4 batches with each batch composed of 7 cases, 14 matched controls and 3 HGS controls.
  • Serum samples were depleted of the 14 most abundant serum samples by MARS 14 as described in Example 1. Depleted serum was then reduced with dithiothreitol, alkylated with iodacetamide, and then digested with trypsin at a 1:20 trypsin to protein ratio overnight at 37° C. Following trypsin digestion, the samples were desalted on an Empore C18 96-well Solid Phase Extraction Plate (3M Company) and lyophilized to dryness. The desalted samples were resolubilized in a reconstitution solution containing five internal standard peptides.
  • the LC-MS/MS analysis was performed with an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (2.1 ⁇ 50 mm, 2.7 ⁇ m) and eluted with an acetonitrile gradient into a Agilent 6490 Triple Quadrapole mass spectrometer.
  • Xcorr scores (charge+1 ⁇ 1.5 Xcorr, charge+2 ⁇ 2.0, charge+3 ⁇ 2.5). Similar search parameters were used for X!tandem, except the mass tolerance for the fragment ion was 0.8 AMU and there is no Xcorr filtering. Instead, the PeptideProphet algorithm (Keller et al., Anal. Chem 2002; 74:5383-5392) was used to validate each X!Tandem peptide-spectrum assignment and Protein assignments were validated using ProteinProphet algorithm (Nesvizhskii et al., Anal. Chem 2002; 74:5383-5392). Data was filtered to include only the peptide-spectrum matches that had PeptideProphet probability of 0.9 or more.
  • ROC Receiver Operating Characteristic
  • the area under the ROC curve is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one.
  • Peptides with AUC greater than or equal to 0.6 found uniquely by Sequest or Xtandem are found in Tables 8 and 9, respectively, and those identified by both approaches are found in Table 10.
  • ESLLNHFLYEVAR.R 0.69 afamin precursor P43652 (AFAM_HUMAN) R.LCFFYNKK.S 0.69 alpha-1- P01011 (AACT_HUMAN) K.AVLDVFEEGTEASAATAVK.I 0.72 antichymotrypsin precursor alpha-1- P01011 (AACT_HUMAN) K.EQLSLLDR.F 0.65 antichymotrypsin precursor alpha-1- P01011 (AACT_HUMAN) K.EQLSLLDRFTEDAK.R 0.64 antichymotrypsin precursor alpha-1- P01011 (AACT_HUMAN) K.EQLSLLDRFTEDAKR.L 0.60 antichymotrypsin precursor alpha-1- P01011 (AACT_HUMAN) K.ITDLIKDLDSQTMM*VLVNYIFFK.A 0.65 antichymotrypsin precursor alpha-1- P01011 (AACT_HUMAN) K.ITLLSALVETR.T
  • the list was refined by eliminating peptides containing cysteines and methionies, and by using the shotgun data to select the charge state(s) and a subset of potential fragment ions for each peptide that had already been observed on a mass spectrometer.
  • digested serum or purified synthetic peptides were separated with a 15 min acetonitrile gradient at 100 ul/min on a 2.1 ⁇ 50 mM Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (Agilent) at 40° C.
  • MS/MS data was imported back into Skyline, where all chromatograms for each peptide were overlayed and used to identify a consensus peak corresponding to the peptide of interest and the transitions with the highest intensities and the least noise.
  • Table 11 contains a list of the most intensely observed candidate transitions and peptides for transfer to the MRM assay.
  • the top 2-10 transitions per peptide and up to 7 peptides per protein were selected for collision energy (CE) optimization on the Agilent 6490.
  • CE collision energy
  • the optimized CE value for each transition was determined based on the peak area or signal to noise.
  • the two transitions with the largest peak areas per peptide and at least two peptides per protein were chosen for the final MRM method. Substitutions of transitions with lower peak areas were made when a transition with a larger peak area had a high background level or had a low m/z value that has more potential for interference.
  • Models were built considering the top univariate 32 or 100 analytes, the single best univariate analyte for the top 50 proteins or all analytes. Lastly 1000 rounds of bootstrap resampling were performed and the nonzero Lasso coefficients or Random Forest Gini importance values were summed for each analyte amongst panels with AUCs of 0.85 or greater.
  • SIS stable-isotope labeled standards
  • Univariate analysis also included the determination of p-values for a linear model that evaluates the dependence of each analyte's adjusted peak area on the time to birth (gestational age at birth minus the gestational age at blood draw) (Table 56) and the gestational age at birth (Table 57). Additionally raw peak area ratios were calculated for endogenous analytes and their corresponding SIS counterparts, Box-Cox transformed and then used for univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The above univariate analysis was repeated for analyte/SIS peak area ratio values, summarized in Tables 58-61, respectively.
  • Multivariate random forest regression models were built using analyte values and clinical variables (e.g. Maternal age, (MAGE), Body mass index, (BMI)) to predict Gestational Age at birth (GAB).
  • MAGE Maternal age
  • BMI Body mass index
  • the accuracy of the random forest was evaluated with respect to correlation of the predicted and actual GAB, and with respect to the mean absolute deviation (MAD) of the predicted from actual GAB.
  • the accuracy was further evaluated by determining the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) when using the predicted GAB as a quantitative variable to classify subjects as full term or pre-term.
  • Random Forest Importance Values were fit to an Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function and probabilities (P) were calculated.
  • P Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function and probabilities
  • the probability of pre-term birth, p(PTB), may be estimated using the predicted gestational age at birth (GAB) as follows. The estimate will be based on women enrolled in the Sera PAPR clinical trial, which provided the subjects used to develop the PTB prediction methods.
  • p(PTB) was estimated as the proportion of women in the PAPR clinical trial with a predicted GAB of j days plus or minus k days who actually deliver before 37 weeks gestational age.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a scatterplot of actual gestational age at birth versus predicted gestational age from random forest regression model.
  • GAB 2 shows the distribution of predicted gestational age from random forest regression model versus actual gestational age at birth (GAB), where actual GAB was given in categories of (i) less than 37 weeks, (ii) 37 to 39 weeks, and (iii) 40 weeks or greater.

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