US20140116422A1 - Solar concentrating system - Google Patents

Solar concentrating system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140116422A1
US20140116422A1 US14/118,237 US201214118237A US2014116422A1 US 20140116422 A1 US20140116422 A1 US 20140116422A1 US 201214118237 A US201214118237 A US 201214118237A US 2014116422 A1 US2014116422 A1 US 2014116422A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
angle
mirror reflector
target angle
actuator
output shaft
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Abandoned
Application number
US14/118,237
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English (en)
Inventor
Kazuhiko Sakurai
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nabtesco Corp
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Nabtesco Corp
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Publication date
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Assigned to NABTESCO CORPORATION reassignment NABTESCO CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SAKURAI, KAZUHIKO
Publication of US20140116422A1 publication Critical patent/US20140116422A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F24J2/38—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
    • H02S20/30—Supporting structures being movable or adjustable, e.g. for angle adjustment
    • H02S20/32—Supporting structures being movable or adjustable, e.g. for angle adjustment specially adapted for solar tracking
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • F24J2/5417—
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/45—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with two rotation axes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S40/00—Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectors; Preventing malfunction of solar heat collectors
    • F24S40/80—Accommodating differential expansion of solar collector elements
    • F24S40/85—Arrangements for protecting solar collectors against adverse weather conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/60—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors responsive to wind
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/77—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with flat reflective plates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a solar concentrating system using a heliostat.
  • a system utilizing sunlight is a one of the systems for obtaining electrical energy or thermal energy.
  • Some types of systems utilizing sunlight comprise a solar concentrating system that concentrates the sunlight at one point in order to utilize the sunlight efficiently.
  • a device called a heliostat is known for concentrating the sunlight at one point.
  • the heliostat comprises a mirror reflector (usually a moderately concave mirror), and an actuator for adjusting a direction of the mirror reflector.
  • the heliostat adjusts the direction of the mirror reflector in synchronism with movement of the sun so that reflected light is constantly concentrated at a receiver disposed at one predetermined point (target point).
  • the direction of the mirror reflector must be controlled precisely to constantly direct the reflected light toward the receiver.
  • the heliostat requires high precision control. Discussion of the control performance of heliostats is introduced in non-patent document 1: “PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CONCENTRATOR CONTROL SYSTEM”, Kenneth W. Stone, Charles W. Lopez, Proceedings of Joint Solar Engineering Conference, ASME 1994.
  • the direction of the mirror reflector (azimuth and inclination angle) is basically determined based on the solar position (azimuth and inclination angle). That is, the direction of the mirror reflector is adjusted, based on the solar position, so that the reflected light is directed toward the receiver.
  • the mirror reflector may be tilted by the wind pressure, and the reflected light will deviate from the receiver. Concentration efficiency falls drastically if the reflected light deviates even slightly from the receiver.
  • the present invention provides a solar concentrating system having a mechanism that corrects a deviation of the direction of the reflected light caused by wind pressure.
  • a solar concentrating system taught in the present specification comprises a heliostat and a controller.
  • the heliostat has an actuator that adjusts a direction of a mirror reflector.
  • the actuator may typically be a motor.
  • the controller is configured to output a target angle command to the actuator.
  • the system taught in the present specification further comprises an anemometer, and the controller is configured to determine the target angle command based on a solar position, and on a wind direction and a wind speed measured by the anemometer.
  • the target angle command determined by the controller is composed of a target angle first element determined from the solar position, and a target angle second element determined based on the wind direction and the wind speed.
  • the target angle first element is determined so that reflected light is directed toward a predetermined target position (the position of a receiver).
  • the target angle second element corresponds to an estimated value of a twist angle, caused by wind pressure, from an output shaft of the actuator to a support shaft of the mirror reflector.
  • the existence of this target angle second element corrects the deviation of the direction of the reflected light caused by the wind pressure.
  • the “twist angle” may be also equivalent to a twist angle between an input shaft and an output shaft of the reduction gear.
  • the technique taught in the present specification is suitable for a system that does not directly measure the direction of the mirror reflector. More specifically, the technique taught in the present specification is effective in case the controller has an open loop control system that does not give feedback concerning the angle of the output shaft of the actuator or the angle of the mirror reflector, or in case the controller has a feedback control system that controls the actuator so that a deviation between the target angle and the rotation angle of the output shaft of the actuator becomes zero.
  • the target angle second element compensates for the inclination angle of the mirror reflector caused by the wind pressure.
  • FIG. 1 is an overall drawing of a solar concentrating system
  • FIG. 2 is a control block diagram of a heliostat
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram that explains a moment applied to a support shaft of a mirror reflector due to wind pressure.
  • FIG. 1 a schematic diagram of a solar concentrating photovoltaic system 100 of the embodiment is shown.
  • the solar concentrating photovoltaic system 100 is simply called the system 100 .
  • the system 100 generates power by concentrating sunlight at a receiver 9 by means of a plurality of heliostats 2 .
  • a vaporizer is disposed on the receiver 9 , water is heated by the heat of the concentrated sunlight, and steam is generated.
  • the steam is transferred, via a power tower 8 , to a turbine generator (not shown).
  • the steam generated by the sunlight drives the turbine, and generates electric power.
  • the system 100 further comprises a solar tracking sensor 6 that measures a solar position (azimuth and inclination angle), an anemometer 4 that measures the wind direction and the wind speed of wind flowing near the system 100 , and a controller 10 configured to control the heliostats 2 .
  • a motor 23 and a reduction gear 25 are incorporated into each heliostat 2 , and the direction of a mirror reflector 26 can be adjusted by the motor 23 and the reduction gear 25 .
  • the controller 10 acquires the solar position from sensor data of the solar tracking sensor 6 , and controls the direction of the mirror reflector 26 so that reflected light of the sunlight reaches the receiver 9 .
  • the controller 10 calculates a target angle of the mirror reflector from the solar position and the position of the receiver 9 , and outputs that angle to a driver of the motor 23 as a command value (target angle command).
  • the mirror reflector 26 curves so as to have a slightly concave surface, such that the reflected light is focused at the position of the receiver 9 .
  • the controller 10 acquires data of the wind direction and the wind speed of the wind flowing near the system 100 from sensor data of the anemometer 4 and, based on that data, corrects the target angle command calculated based on the sensor data of the solar tracking sensor 6 .
  • a correction value is determined so as to have a size to compensate for an angle by which the mirror reflector 26 is tilted by wind pressure.
  • the controller 10 calculates the target angle command including the correction value for each of the plurality of heliostats, and sends each target angle command to a driver of the motor of each heliostat.
  • each heliostat 2 comprises a driving mechanism for the two axes of the azimuth and inclination angle, and a target angle command is also calculated for each axis.
  • the description will be given assuming one drive shaft axis of the mirror reflector.
  • FIG. 2 a control block diagram of the controller 10 and the heliostat 2 is shown. Moreover, FIG. 2 shows a control block for one heliostat. A similar control block is provided for each heliostat.
  • the angle of the mirror reflector which is calculated based on the sensor data of the solar tracking sensor 6 so that the sunlight reaches the receiver 9 , is called a target angle first element Ar 1 , and a compensation value that compensates for the inclination angle of the mirror reflector caused by wind direction and wind pressure is called a target angle second element Ar 2 .
  • a value obtained by adding the target angle first element Ar 1 and the target angle second element Ar 2 corresponds to a target angle Ar.
  • the mirror reflector 26 is connected to an output shaft of the reduction gear 25 via a support shaft 27 .
  • an output shaft 23 a of the motor 23 is connected to an input shaft of the reduction gear 25 .
  • the mirror reflector 26 is connected to the motor 23 via the reduction gear 25 .
  • the reduction gear 25 has a reduction ratio of 8000 as an example.
  • An angle sensor 24 is provided on the output shaft 23 a of the motor 23 .
  • the angle sensor 24 is an encoder, and outputs 100 pulses per rotation of the output shaft. In other words, the resolution of this encoder is 100 PPR (Pulse Per Rotation).
  • the sensor data of the angle sensor 24 indicates the rotation angle of the output shaft of the motor 23 .
  • This angle is sent to a converter 21 .
  • the rotation angle of the output shaft of the motor 23 is converted to an angle of the mirror reflector 26 and is output.
  • the output of the converter 21 is used for feedback control of the motor 23 as an estimated angle of the mirror reflector.
  • the motor 23 is driven by a driver 22 .
  • the driver 22 receives the angle command from the controller 10 , and drives the motor 23 in accordance with the angle command. Moreover, specifically, the motor 23 is current-controlled (i.e., torque-controlled) by the driver 22 . It is noted that details are omitted in FIG. 2 , and the description continues assuming that the motor 23 and the driver 22 are driven by the angle command.
  • the controller 10 will be described.
  • the controller 10 acquires the sensor data of the solar tracking sensor 6 , and a first calculating unit 34 calculates a mirror reflector angle (the target angle first element Ar 1 ) so that the reflected light is directed toward the receiver 9 .
  • a calculation for calculating the angle of the mirror reflector from the solar position and the position of the receiver 9 is also implemented in a conventional concentrating system, and consequently a detailed description is omitted.
  • a second calculating unit 32 of the controller 10 calculates a compensation value (the target angle second element Ar 2 ) that compensates for the inclination angle of the mirror reflector caused by wind pressure.
  • the target angle second element Ar 2 will be described specifically later.
  • the target angle first element Ar 1 and the second element Ar 2 are added, becoming the target angle command value Ar.
  • the difference between the target angle command value Ar and an estimated angle of the mirror reflector based on the sensor data of the angle sensor 24 is sent to the driver 22 . Consequently, the controller 10 controls the heliostat 2 so that the angle of the mirror reflector 26 matches the target angle command Ar.
  • the motor 23 stops at an angle equivalent to the estimated angle (As 1 +As 2 ) of the mirror reflector.
  • angle As 1 represents the actual angle of the mirror reflector corresponding to the target angle first element Ar 1
  • angle As 2 represents the actual angle corresponding to the target angle second element Ar 2 .
  • the compensation value (the target angle second element A 2 ), which compensates for the inclination angle of the mirror reflector caused by the wind direction and the wind speed, will be described.
  • the angle of the mirror reflector 26 can be expressed by the value obtained by multiplying the reduction ratio of the reduction gear 25 by the rotation angle of the motor output shaft 23 a.
  • the current angle As of the mirror reflector 26 is equal to the target angle Ar.
  • the target angle second element Ar 2 is zero.
  • the target angle command Ar output by the controller 10 is Ar 1 , and the actual angle of the mirror reflector also becomes a value corresponding to the target angle first element Ar 1 , i.e., it becomes the angle As 1 . If the actual angle of the mirror reflector is As 1 , the reflected light is directed accurately toward the receiver 9 .
  • wind load F Since the mirror reflector is a huge flat plate, considerable force is generated when subjected to wind. Below, this force is called wind load F.
  • this force is called wind load F.
  • twisting occurs between the output shaft of the motor (the input shaft of the reduction gear) and the support shaft of the mirror reflector (the output shaft of the reduction gear). Consequently, a deviation occurs between the actual angle and the estimated angle of the mirror reflector that is based on the sensor data of the angle sensor 24 which measures the angle of the output shaft 23 a of the motor 23 .
  • the target angle second element Ar 2 compensates for this deviation.
  • FIG. 3 shows a view of the mirror reflector 26 seen from a longitudinal direction of the support shaft 27 of the mirror reflector 26 .
  • the wind load F received by the mirror reflector 26 due to the wind pressure can be expressed by the following formula (Eq. 1).
  • coefficient Cw is a coefficient of the wind force
  • Cw 1.2 in case the pressure receiving surface (the surface of the mirror reflector) is a rectangle.
  • Variable q is called a design velocity pressure, and represents the effect of wind speed V.
  • the design velocity pressure q is given by the following formula (No. 2).
  • E is an environment variable
  • I is an application variable.
  • Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 are described in detail in the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS).
  • JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
  • the coefficient of wind force Cw, environment variable E, and application variable I are also defined by the JIS. For details, refer to “JIS C 8955”.
  • wind load F is assumed to concentrate at the center C of the mirror reflector 26 .
  • d be the distance from the center of the support shaft 27 that supports the mirror reflector 26 to the mirror reflector center C
  • moment M acting on the support shaft 27 due to the wind pressure is obtained by the following formula (Eq. 3).
  • the angle Ar 2 obtained in (Eq. 4) is equivalent to the target angle second element.
  • the wind speed V is included in the design velocity pressure q.
  • the angle Ta formed by the plane of the mirror reflector 26 and the wind direction is equal to the wind direction.
  • the wind speed V and the wind direction Ta are measured by the anemometer 4 .
  • the second calculating unit 32 of FIG. 2 calculates, based on (Eq. 4), a compensation value that compensates for the inclination angle of the mirror reflector caused by the wind direction and the wind pressure, i.e., it calculates the target angle second element Ar 2 .
  • the output shaft 23 a of the motor 23 forms an angle corresponding to the target angle command value Ar.
  • the angle of the output shaft 23 a at this time should be equivalent to the angle of the support shaft of the mirror reflector As 1 +As 2 .
  • the angle of the support shaft 27 of the mirror reflector is not actually As 1 +As 2 .
  • the support shaft 27 of the mirror reflector is twisted by the angle As 2 by the wind pressure. Since this twist angle As 2 is offset by the target angle second element Ar 2 , ultimately, the angle of the mirror reflector that is realized becomes As 1 .
  • the angle of the mirror reflector 26 becomes As 1 , and the reflected light is directed accurately toward the receiver.
  • the reflected light can be directed accurately toward the receiver 9 even in wind.
  • the solar tracking sensor was used to obtain the solar position.
  • the solar position may be obtained by calculating from GPS data (latitude, longitude, date and time).
  • the target angle command output by the controller 10 may include a third element in addition to the target angle first element Ar 1 and second element Ar 2 .
  • the target angle third element is determined so as to have a size to compensate for the inclination angle of the mirror reflector caused by the weight of the mirror reflector.
  • the torsional rigidity K between the output shaft 23 a of the motor (the input shaft of the reduction gear) and the support shaft 27 of the mirror reflector (the output shaft of the reduction gear) may be obtained in advance by experiments, etc.
US14/118,237 2011-05-24 2012-04-17 Solar concentrating system Abandoned US20140116422A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2011115395A JP5813372B2 (ja) 2011-05-24 2011-05-24 太陽光集光システム
JP2011-115395 2011-05-24
PCT/JP2012/060325 WO2012160905A1 (ja) 2011-05-24 2012-04-17 太陽光集光システム

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US (1) US20140116422A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP2716993A4 (ja)
JP (1) JP5813372B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR20140037134A (ja)
CN (1) CN103562652B (ja)
WO (1) WO2012160905A1 (ja)

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US20110088684A1 (en) * 2009-10-16 2011-04-21 Raja Singh Tuli Solar Energy Concentrator
US11165385B2 (en) * 2017-02-02 2021-11-02 Kinematics, Llc Distributed torque single axis solar tracker

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CN103605376B (zh) * 2013-10-22 2016-08-17 齐凤河 定点反射式太阳光跟踪系统
CN103727689B (zh) * 2013-12-25 2016-01-20 青海中控太阳能发电有限公司 一种可有效降低镜场风抗的防风装置及方法
CN107514823B (zh) * 2017-08-10 2019-12-31 中广核工程有限公司 一种旋转式光热电站吸热器及均匀吸热控制方法
CN111765657B (zh) * 2020-07-07 2023-08-22 上海晶电新能源有限公司 一种定日镜光路闭环控制系统及方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20110088684A1 (en) * 2009-10-16 2011-04-21 Raja Singh Tuli Solar Energy Concentrator
US11165385B2 (en) * 2017-02-02 2021-11-02 Kinematics, Llc Distributed torque single axis solar tracker

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CN103562652A (zh) 2014-02-05
CN103562652B (zh) 2016-02-10
JP2012242057A (ja) 2012-12-10
EP2716993A4 (en) 2015-03-04
WO2012160905A1 (ja) 2012-11-29
KR20140037134A (ko) 2014-03-26
JP5813372B2 (ja) 2015-11-17
EP2716993A1 (en) 2014-04-09

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