US20140097093A1 - Transformerless On-Site Generation - Google Patents

Transformerless On-Site Generation Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140097093A1
US20140097093A1 US14/047,934 US201314047934A US2014097093A1 US 20140097093 A1 US20140097093 A1 US 20140097093A1 US 201314047934 A US201314047934 A US 201314047934A US 2014097093 A1 US2014097093 A1 US 2014097093A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
voltage
line voltage
rectified line
electrolytic cells
varying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/047,934
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English (en)
Inventor
Geofrey Showalter
Justin Sanchez
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
De Nora Holdings US Inc
Original Assignee
Miox Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Miox Corp filed Critical Miox Corp
Priority to US14/047,934 priority Critical patent/US20140097093A1/en
Assigned to MIOX CORPORATION reassignment MIOX CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SANCHEZ, JUSTIN, SHOWALTER, Geofrey
Publication of US20140097093A1 publication Critical patent/US20140097093A1/en
Assigned to UNION BAY CAPTIAL PARTNERS I, LLC reassignment UNION BAY CAPTIAL PARTNERS I, LLC SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MIOX CORPORATION
Assigned to MIOX CORPORATION reassignment MIOX CORPORATION RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNION BAY CAPTIAL PARTNERS I, LLC
Assigned to JOHNSON MATTHEY PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY reassignment JOHNSON MATTHEY PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MIOX CORPORATION
Assigned to DE NORA HOLDINGS US, INC. reassignment DE NORA HOLDINGS US, INC. NUNC PRO TUNC ASSIGNMENT (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DE NORA HOLDINGS US, INC., JOHNSON MATTHEY PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
    • C25B9/65—Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/036—Bipolar electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • C25B15/023—Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production
    • C25B15/025—Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production of electrolyte parameters
    • C25B15/033—Conductivity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
    • C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
    • C25B9/75—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type having bipolar electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only

Definitions

  • the present invention is apparatus and configuration for providing power to one or more electrolytic cells without requiring a large transformer to take incoming AC voltage to a lower DC voltage. This innovation is a substantial cost and footprint improvement over other electrolytic cell designs.
  • Electrolytic cells of either mono-polar or bi-polar configuration for on-site generation (OSG) of oxidants are typically arranged in electrically parallel configurations. Voltages used for a mono-polar cell typically vary from 3.5-6.0 Volts plate to plate. Bipolar electrolytic cells often have somewhat higher voltages, but they are typically run at DC voltages of 9.0-42.0 Volts.
  • a switching DC power supply, or transformer coupled with other devices is typically used to take the available incoming AC voltage(s) (for example 110V, 220V, 400V, 480V, 600V) to provide a constant, lower DC voltage at the cell. This methodology/apparatus of stepping down the voltage has substantial disadvantages.
  • the cost of goods sold (COGS) associated with the step down voltage apparatus are typically a substantial part of the overall cost of the on-site generator (often 10-50%). Stepping down voltage also results in substantial power losses, increasing the operating cost of generating oxidants or other chemicals on-site and creating more heat, which must somehow be dealt with by cooling fans, etc. Lastly, the footprint and weight associated with the apparatus used to step down the voltage is a substantial part of the overall footprint and weight (typically 10-45%).
  • An embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus comprising one or more electrolytic cells comprising a number of intermediate electrodes sufficient to enable the apparatus to operate within only a percentage of a rectified line voltage while maintaining a desired plate to plate voltage between adjacent intermediate electrodes, the apparatus not comprising a transformer.
  • the apparatus is optionally designed to operate at approximately the rectified line voltage, the apparatus not comprising any voltage regulation.
  • the apparatus preferably comprises voltage regulation provided by a buck converter circuit or a boost converter circuit.
  • the voltage regulation can preferably vary a voltage across the one or more electrolytic cells up to approximately eighty percent of the rectified line voltage, more preferably up to approximately fifty percent of the rectified line voltage, even more preferably up to approximately twenty-five percent of the rectified line voltage, and most preferably up to approximately twenty percent of the rectified line voltage. If more than one electrolytic cells are used, they are preferably connected in series.
  • the apparatus preferably further comprises a plurality of contactors in an H-bridge configuration for reversing the polarity of the one or more electrolytic cells in order to enable self-cleaning of the one or more electrolytic cells.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for performing electrolysis, the method comprising rectifying incoming line voltage; providing one or more electrolytic cells comprising a number of intermediate electrodes sufficient to enable the one or more electrolytic cells to operate within only a percentage of a rectified line voltage while maintaining a desired plate to plate voltage between adjacent intermediate electrodes; and either not varying the rectified line voltage or varying the rectified line voltage without using a transformer. If the rectified line voltage is not varied it is because the number of intermediate electrodes is sufficient to enable the one or more electrolytic cells to operate at approximately the rectified line voltage. If the rectified line voltage is varied, varying the rectified line voltage is preferably performed using a buck converter circuit or a boost converter circuit.
  • Varying the rectified line voltage preferably comprises varying a voltage across the one or more electrolytic cells up to approximately eighty percent of the rectified line voltage, more preferably up to approximately fifty percent of the rectified line voltage, even more preferably up to approximately twenty-five percent of the rectified line voltage, and most preferably up to approximately twenty percent of the rectified line voltage.
  • Varying the rectified line voltage optionally accommodates fluctuations in the incoming line voltage or changes the chemical products, for example the quantity of hydrogen and hypochlorite to hydrogen peroxide ratio, produced by the one or more electrolytic cells.
  • Varying the rectified line voltage optionally comprises accommodating a varying conductivity of electrolyte, such as that produced by fluctuations in salinity and/or temperature of seawater.
  • the method preferably comprises connecting them in series.
  • the method preferably further comprises reversing the polarity of the one or more electrolytic cells using a plurality of contactors in an H-bridge configuration, thereby self-cleaning the one or more electrolytic cells.
  • Varying the rectified line voltage using a boost converter circuit preferably comprises harvesting energy from a low voltage power source or matching a solar array output to a desired voltage across the one or more electrolytic cells.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 1 also comprising a filter capacitor.
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 2 further comprising an H-bridge circuit to perform reverse polarity cleaning of the cell or cells.
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 3 further comprising a buck converter.
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 3 further comprising a boost converter.
  • Embodiments of the invention are methods and apparatuses to provide power to one or more electrolytic cells.
  • the apparatuses take an incoming power of one type and convert it to power suitable to drive a bank or line of electrolytic cells arranged electrically in series and/or a single large bi-polar electrolytic cell designed to handle the high voltages.
  • incoming AC power 10 is passed through fuse 30 and, via contactor control 20 , diode rectifier 40 and is then applied to a bipolar cell or a plurality of electrolytic cells 50 , the latter preferably arranged in series, which typically cannot use conventional AC power directly.
  • the diode rectifier turns the alternating current (AC) into a wavy direct current (DC).
  • the effective DC voltage on the cell or cell line is approximately 1.4 ⁇ VAC.
  • N electrolytic cells designed to operate at 1/N ⁇ (1.4 ⁇ VAC), each with plate to plate voltages between intermediate electrodes from 3.5-7V, are preferably arranged electrically in series allowing for elimination of the transformer.
  • FIG. 2 is a similar embodiment, in which incoming AC power 60 is passed through fuse 80 , diode rectifier 90 via contactor control 70 , and filter capacitor 95 , which smoothes out the wavy DC voltage, which is then applied to a bipolar cell or a plurality of electrolytic cells 100 .
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic of another embodiment of the present invention that comprises contactors (i.e. switches and/or relays) arranged in an H-bridge configuration to reverse the polarity to clean the electrolytic cells (preferably for a short time and/or at lower currents).
  • Incoming AC power 110 is passed through fuse 130 diode rectifier 140 via contactor control 120 , and filter capacitor 145 , and is then applied to a bipolar cell or a plurality of electrolytic cells 150 .
  • Relays 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 are preferably arranged in an H-bridge configuration and are controlled by forward polarity signal 156 and reverse polarity signal 158 .
  • the circuit in FIG. 4 uses a buck converter in addition to the configuration of FIG. 3 .
  • Incoming AC power 160 is passed through fuse 180 diode rectifier 190 via contactor control 170 , and filter capacitor 195 , and is then applied to a bipolar cell or a plurality of electrolytic cells 200 .
  • Relays 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 are preferably arranged in an H-bridge configuration and are controlled by forward polarity signal 206 and reverse polarity signal 208 .
  • the buck converter by means of altering the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal 210 of MOSFET switch 220 provides an efficient way to step the voltage down from the rectified mains.
  • Buck converter also preferably comprises diode 230 , filter capacitor 240 , and inductor 250 .
  • a voltage can be selected that is appropriate for the electro- chemistry required by the user. That is, by using different electrode to electrode voltages, different chemistries can be achieved. For example, hydrogen production can be increased or decreased, or hypochlorite production can be favored over hydrogen peroxide (or vice versa).
  • the present invention can more easily compensate for the different mains voltages found throughout the world.
  • Manufacturing industrial equipment for the international market requires the equipment to utilize different AC mains voltages.
  • Three phase power throughout the world can be any of 208, 220, 230, 240, 346, 380, 400, 415, 480, 600, or 690 VAC at 50-60 Hz.
  • This requires special transformers designed for a specific range of voltages or step up/down transformers used in conjunction with a standard transformer designed for operation of the cell line at a specific set voltage.
  • a typical example is that of a transformer primary designed to utilize 480 VAC mains and a rectified secondary that produces 42 VDC.
  • a step up transformer of at least the same power rating and approximately the size would be required to be installed at the site in addition to the standard system. This can substantially increase the overall cost and footprint of the installed system. There is also a decrease in overall power efficiency due to coupling losses of two transformers.
  • the power supply must adjust to the conductivity of the sea water dynamically, since the conductivity of seawater varies by salinity and temperature and is not constant.
  • the buck configuration can use current feedback instead of voltage and thus become a constant current source instead. This is difficult or impossible to implement using transformers.
  • the electrolytic cell or cells are designed to accommodate close to the rectified line voltage without any voltage regulation.
  • the cell or cells are preferably configured with the number of intermediate electrodes that enable the system to operate with voltage regulation of exactly, or alternatively only a percentage of, the rectified line voltage to operate at the desired plate to plate voltage in each cell.
  • a boost converter is used to step up a lower voltage from battery 310 to a voltage suitable to drive a cell (preferably bipolar) or cell line 320 .
  • the boost converter preferably is operated via PWM signal 300 and comprises inductor 330 , diode 340 , and Mosfet 350 .
  • Optonal filter capacitor 360 smoothes out the voltage.
  • Relays 370 , 375 , 380 , 385 are preferably arranged in an H-bridge configuration and are controlled by forward polarity signal 390 and reverse polarity signal 395 .
  • This configuration provides a way to harvest energy from, for example, just a few solar cells or small human powered generators that can be used to power small portable water treatment equipment.
  • This configuration can also be used to optimize larger off the grid applications that utilize photovoltaic energy generation by better matching the output of solar array to the required cell line.
  • Table 1 a five pound system is scaled up in three different configurations to produce 675 pounds of chlorine a day with a 480 volt three phase input (VAC).
  • VAC three phase input
  • the plate to plate voltage for each configuration was 5 volts.
  • the first two configurations use conventional methods.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
US14/047,934 2012-10-05 2013-10-07 Transformerless On-Site Generation Abandoned US20140097093A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/047,934 US20140097093A1 (en) 2012-10-05 2013-10-07 Transformerless On-Site Generation

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201261710468P 2012-10-05 2012-10-05
US14/047,934 US20140097093A1 (en) 2012-10-05 2013-10-07 Transformerless On-Site Generation

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US (1) US20140097093A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP2904689B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2015537116A (ja)
KR (2) KR20210147116A (ja)
CA (1) CA2926075C (ja)
ES (1) ES2934683T3 (ja)
PT (1) PT2904689T (ja)
SG (1) SG11201502269WA (ja)
WO (1) WO2014055992A1 (ja)

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US20160376712A1 (en) * 2014-03-11 2016-12-29 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Photochemical reaction device
EP3556905A1 (de) * 2018-04-19 2019-10-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Schaltungsanordnung, verfahren zum betrieb einer schaltungsanordnung und elektrolyseeinrichtung
EP3839102A1 (en) * 2019-12-19 2021-06-23 L'air Liquide, Société Anonyme Pour L'Étude Et L'exploitation Des Procédés Georges Claude Combination of power electronics systems regulated in terms of harmonic filtering and/or reactive power compensation supplying a controlled unit for producing hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water
US11352703B2 (en) * 2020-06-10 2022-06-07 The Florida International University Board Of Trustees Bipolar exfoliation and in-situ deposition of high-quality reduced graphene
WO2023107607A1 (en) * 2021-12-08 2023-06-15 Electric Hydrogen Co Variable inverter based power control
US11699972B2 (en) * 2018-08-24 2023-07-11 Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP Variable speed motor drive with integrated motor heating systems and methods
US20240097551A1 (en) * 2021-06-01 2024-03-21 Kk Wind Solutions A/S Circuit Assembly and Method for Providing Electric Power for Large DC Loads

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