US20130302093A1 - Concrete bridge system and related methods - Google Patents
Concrete bridge system and related methods Download PDFInfo
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- US20130302093A1 US20130302093A1 US13/946,500 US201313946500A US2013302093A1 US 20130302093 A1 US20130302093 A1 US 20130302093A1 US 201313946500 A US201313946500 A US 201313946500A US 2013302093 A1 US2013302093 A1 US 2013302093A1
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- side wall
- top wall
- culvert
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- haunch
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F5/00—Draining the sub-base, i.e. subgrade or ground-work, e.g. embankment of roads or of the ballastway of railways or draining-off road surface or ballastway drainage by trenches, culverts, or conduits or other specially adapted means
- E01F5/005—Culverts ; Head-structures for culverts, or for drainage-conduit outlets in slopes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
- B28B1/14—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by simple casting, the material being neither forcibly fed nor positively compacted
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/02—Moulds with adjustable parts specially for modifying at will the dimensions or form of the moulded article
Definitions
- each concrete culvert section for each concrete culvert section, the inner surface of each side wall intersects with an inner surface of its adjacent haunch section at an interior haunch intersect line, the haunch section includes an exterior corner that is spaced laterally outward of the interior haunch intersect line, and a horizontal distance between each interior haunch intersect line and the corresponding exterior corner is no more than about 91% of the horizontal width of the bottom surface of the side wall.
- a horizontal distance between each interior haunch intersect line and the corresponding exterior corner is no more than about 91% of a horizontal width of the bottom surface of the side wall, the thickness at the bottom of each side wall is no more than 90% of the thickness of the top wall at top dead center of the top wall, and a ratio of a first vertical distance over a second vertical distance is at least about 55%, where the first vertical distance is the vertical distance between the height of the exterior corner of the haunch and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped outer surface of the top wall, and the second vertical distance is the vertical distance between the height of a defined interior haunch intersect line and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall.
- FIG. 9 is a side elevation of the culvert section of FIG. 8 ;
- concrete culverts of varying rises can be achieved by maintaining the outside corners of the top wall in the same position, but pivoting the outside surface of each side wall outward for larger rises, or inward for smaller rises.
- different rises may be achieved by shifting the outside corners of the top wall outward for larger rises and inward for smaller rises.
- the outside corner is located at position 32 and the outer surface 22 of the side extends downward slightly toward the inner surface 20 producing a certain degree of side wall taper.
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- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Sewage (AREA)
- Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
Abstract
A concrete culvert assembly includes a set of spaced apart elongated footers, a plurality of precast concrete culvert sections supported by the footers. Each concrete culvert section has an open bottom, an arch-shaped top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder, each of the side walls extending downward and outward from the top wall. Each of the side walls has a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface. First and second haunch sections each join one of the side walls to the top wall. Each side wall is tapered from top to bottom such that a thickness of each side wall decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall. A bottom portion of each side wall has an exterior vertical flat extending upward from a horizontal bottom surface thereof.
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 61/595,404, filed Feb. 6, 2012; 61/598,672, filed Feb. 14, 2012; and 61/714,323 filed Oct. 16, 2012, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- The present application relates to the general art of structural, bridge and geotechnical engineering, and to the particular field of concrete bridge and culvert structures.
- Overfilled bridge structures are frequently formed of precast or cast-in-place reinforced concrete and are used in the case of bridges to support a first pathway over a second pathway, which can be a waterway, a traffic route, or in the case of other structures, a buried storage space or the like (e.g., for stormwater detention). The term “overfilled bridge” will be understood from the teaching of the present disclosure, and in general as used herein, an overfilled bridge is a bridge formed of bridge elements or units that rest on a foundation with soil or the like resting thereon and thereabout to support and stabilize the structure and in the case of a bridge to provide the surface of (or support surface for) the first pathway.
- In any system used for bridges, particularly stream crossings, engineers are in pursuit of a superior blend of hydraulic opening and material efficiency. In the past, precast concrete bridge units of various configurations have been used, including four side units, three-sided units and true arches (e.g., continuously curving units). Historical systems of rectangular or box-type four-sided and three-sided units have proven inefficient in their structural shape requiring large side wall and top-slab thicknesses to achieve desired spans. Historical arch shapes have proven to be very efficient in carrying structural loads but are limited by their reduced hydraulic opening area. An improvement, as shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,993,872, was introduced that combined vertical side walls and an arched top that provided a benefit with regard to this balance of hydraulic open area to structural efficiency. One of the largest drivers to structural efficiency of any culvert/bridge shape is the angle of the corners. The closer to 90 degrees at the corner, the higher the bending moment and therefore the thicker the cross-section of the haunch needs to be. Thus, the current vertical side and arch top shape is still limited by the corner angle, which while improved is still at one-hundred fifteen degrees.
- A variation of the historic flat-top shape has also been introduced, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,770,250, that combines a flat, horizontal top with an outwardly flared leg of uniform thickness. The resulting shape provides some improvements to hydraulic efficiency versus the flat-top by adding open area and also provides some improvement structurally by flattening the angle between the top and legs to about one-hundred ten degrees. However, flat-tops are severely limited in the ability to reach longer spans needed for many applications (e.g., the effective limit for flat top spans is in the range of thirty to forty feet).
- An improved bridge system would therefore be advantageous to the industry.
- In one aspect, a concrete culvert assembly for installation in the ground, includes a set of spaced apart elongated footers and a plurality of precast concrete culvert sections supported by the footers in side by side alignment. Each of the concrete culvert sections has an open bottom, a top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder. Each of the side walls extends downward and outward from the top wall and has a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface. The top wall has an arch-shaped inner surface and an arch-shaped outer surface and a substantially uniform thickness. First and second haunch sections each join one of the side walls to top wall, each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than the thickness of the top wall. For each side wall bot an interior angle and an exterior angle is defined. The interior side wall angle is defined by intersection of a first plane in which the inner surface of the side wall lies and a second plane that is perpendicular to a radius that defines at least part of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall at a first point along the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall. The exterior side wall angle defined by intersection of a third plane in which the outer surface of the side wall lies and a fourth plane that is perpendicular to a radius that defines at least part of the arch-shaped outer surface of the top wall at a second point along the arch-shaped outer surface. The third plane is non-parallel to the first plane. The interior side wall angle is at least one-hundred and thirty degrees and the exterior side wall angle is at least one-hundred and thirty-five degrees, with the exterior side wall angle being different than the interior side wall angle. Each side wall is tapered from top to bottom such that a thickness of each side wall decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall.
- In one implementation of the foregoing aspect, for each side wall of each concrete culvert section, an angle of intersection between the first plane and the third plane is at least 1 degree.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of the two preceding paragraphs, for each culvert section, a ratio of haunch thickness to top wall thickness is no more than about 2.30.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the three preceding paragraphs, for each concrete culvert section, the inner surface of each side wall intersects with an inner surface of its adjacent haunch section at an interior haunch intersect line, a vertical distance between the defined interior haunch intersect line and top dead center of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall being between no more than eighteen percent (18%) of a radius of curvature of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall at top dead center.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the four preceding paragraphs, for each concrete culvert section, the inner surface of each side wall intersects with an inner surface of its adjacent haunch section at an interior haunch intersect line, the haunch section includes an exterior corner that is spaced laterally outward of the interior haunch intersect line, and a horizontal distance between each interior haunch intersect line and the corresponding exterior corner is no more than about 91% of the horizontal width of the bottom surface of the side wall.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the five preceding paragraphs, for each concrete culvert assembly, a distance between the inner surface at the bottom of one side wall and the inner surface at the bottom of the other side wall defines a bottom span of the unit, the bottom span is greater than a radius of curvature of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall at top dead center.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the six preceding paragraphs, for each concrete culvert section, the thickness at the bottom of each side wall is no more than 90% of the thickness of the top wall at top dead center of the top wall.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the seven preceding paragraphs, for each concrete culvert section, a bottom portion of each side wall of each culvert section includes a vertical flat segment on the outer surface.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the eight preceding paragraphs, each end unit of the plurality of concrete culvert sections includes a corresponding headwall assembly positioned on the top wall and the side walls.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the nine preceding paragraphs, each headwall assembly includes a top headwall portion and side headwall portions that are formed unitary with each other and connected to the top wall and side walls by at least one counterfort structure on the top wall and at least one counterfort structure on each side wall. In another implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the nine preceding paragraphs, each headwall assembly includes a top headwall portion and side headwall portions that are formed by at least two distinct pieces, the headwall assembly connected to the top wall and side walls by at least one counterfort structure on the top wall and at least one counterfort structure on each side wall.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the ten preceding paragraphs, each haunch section includes an inner surface defined by a haunch radius, for each side wall the first point is the location where the radius that defines the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall meets the haunch radius associated with the side wall.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the eleven preceding paragraphs, each concrete culvert section is formed in two halves, each half formed by one side wall and a portion of the top wall, the two top portions secured together along a joint at a central portion of the top wall of the culvert section.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of any of the twelve preceding paragraphs, for each side wall the first point is a location at which the arch-shaped inner surface meets an inner surface of the haunch section adjacent the side wall, and the second point is either a location where the arch-shaped outer surface intersects the third plane or a location where the arch-shaped outer surface meets a planar end outer surface portion of the top wall at the haunch section.
- In another aspect, a method is provided for manufacturing a concrete culvert section having an open bottom, a top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder, each of the side walls having a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface, the top wall having an arch-shaped inner surface and an arch-shaped outer surface and a substantially uniform thickness, each side wall having varying thickness that decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall, first and second haunch sections, each haunch section joining one of the side walls to the top wall, and each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than the thickness of the top wall. The method involves: providing a form system in which, for each side wall, an interior form structure portion defines the position of the inner surface of the side wall and an exterior form structure portion defines the position and orientation of the outer surface of the side wall, the exterior form structure portion arranged to pivot or to move along a surface of top wall form structure portion; based upon an established bottom span or rise for the culvert section, pivoting the exterior form structure portion or moving the exterior form structure portion to a position that sets a relative angle between interior form structure portion and the exterior form structure portion; and filling the form structure with concrete to produce the culvert section.
- In one implementation of the method of the preceding paragraph, the form structure lays on one face and the exterior form structure portion for each side wall includes a bottom side arranged to slide over a corresponding side wall form seat structure.
- In one implementation of the method of any of the two preceding paragraphs, a bottom form structure is positioned between the interior form structure and the exterior form structure to define the intended width for the bottom surface of the resulting side wall.
- In another aspect, a concrete culvert assembly for installation in the ground includes a set of spaced apart elongated footers, and a plurality of precast concrete culvert sections supported by the footers in side by side alignment. Each of concrete culvert sections has an open bottom, a top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder. Each of the side walls extends downward and outward from the top wall and has a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface. The top wall has an arch-shaped inner surface and an arch-shaped outer surface, first and second haunch sections, each haunch section joining one of the side walls to the top wall, each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than the thickness of the top wall. Each side wall is tapered from top to bottom such that a thickness of each side wall decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall. A ratio of haunch thickness to top wall thickness at top dead center is no more than about 2.30. The inner surface of each side wall intersects with an inner surface of its adjacent haunch section at an interior haunch intersect line, and each haunch section includes an exterior corner that is spaced laterally outward of the interior haunch intersect line. A horizontal distance between each interior haunch intersect line and the corresponding exterior corner is no more than about 91% of a horizontal width of the bottom surface of the side wall, the thickness at the bottom of each side wall is no more than 90% of the thickness of the top wall at top dead center of the top wall, and a ratio of a first vertical distance over a second vertical distance is at least about 55%, where the first vertical distance is the vertical distance between the height of the exterior corner of the haunch and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped outer surface of the top wall, and the second vertical distance is the vertical distance between the height of a defined interior haunch intersect line and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall.
- In one implementation of the concrete culvert assembly of the preceding paragraph, each concrete culvert section is formed in two halves, each half formed by one side wall and a portion of the top wall, the two top portions secured together along a joint at a central portion of the top wall of the culvert section.
- In another aspect, a concrete culvert section includes an open bottom, a top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder, each of the side walls extending downward and outward from the top wall. Each of the side walls has a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface, and the top wall has an arch-shaped inner surface and an arch-shaped outer surface and a substantially uniform thickness. First and second haunch sections each join one of the side walls to the top wall, each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than the thickness of the top wall. For each side wall an interior side wall angle is defined by intersection of a first plane in which the inner surface of the side wall lies and a second plane that is perpendicular to a radius that defines at least part of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall at a first point along the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall. An exterior side wall angle is defined by intersection of a third plane in which the outer surface of the side wall lies and a fourth plane that is perpendicular to a radius that defines at least part of the arch-shaped outer surface of the top wall at a point along the arch-shaped outer surface, the third plane being non-parallel to the first plane. The interior side wall angle is at least one-hundred and thirty degrees, the exterior side wall angle is at least one-hundred and thirty-five degrees, the exterior side wall angle is different than the interior side wall angle. Each side wall is tapered from top to bottom such that a thickness of each side wall decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall.
- In one implementation of the culvert section of the preceding paragraph, a ratio of a first vertical distance over a second vertical distance is at least about 55%, where the first vertical distance is the vertical distance between the height of exterior corner of the haunch and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped outer surface of the top wall, and the second vertical distance is the vertical distance between the height of a defined interior haunch intersect line and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall.
- In one implementation of the culvert section of either of the two preceding paragraphs, each haunch section includes an inner surface defined by a haunch radius, the first point is the location where the radius that defines the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall meets the haunch radius.
- In one implementation of the culvert section of any of the three preceding paragraphs, the concrete culvert section is formed by two halves, each half formed by one side wall and a portion of the top wall, the two top portions secured together along a joint at a central portion of the top wall of the culvert section.
- In one implementation of the culvert section of any of the four preceding paragraphs, each side wall has an exterior vertical flat extending upward from a horizontal bottom surface thereof.
- In another aspect, a concrete culvert assembly for installation in the ground includes a set of spaced apart elongated footers, a plurality of precast concrete culvert sections supported by the footers in side by side alignment. Each of the concrete culvert sections has an open bottom, an arch-shaped top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder, each of the side walls extending downward and outward from the top wall. Each of the side walls has a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface. First and second haunch sections each join one of the side walls to the top wall, each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than a thickness of the top wall. Each side wall is tapered from top to bottom such that a thickness of each side wall decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall. A bottom portion of each side wall has an exterior vertical flat extending upward from a horizontal bottom surface thereof, wherein the exterior vertical flat is between about 3 inches and 7 inches high.
- In one implementation of the culvert assembly of the preceding paragraph, each concrete culvert section is formed in two halves, each half formed by one side wall and a portion of the top wall, the two top portions secured together along a joint at a central portion of the top wall of the culvert section.
- In one implementation of the culvert assembly of either of the two preceding paragraphs, each culvert section is seated atop a foundation system and the exterior vertical flat of each culvert section abuts lateral supporting structure of the foundation system.
- In one implementation of the culvert assembly of any of the three preceding paragraphs, the foundation system includes precast concrete units and cast-in-place concrete, the lateral supporting structure is cast-in-place concrete.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a culvert section; -
FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the culvert section ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is an end elevation of the culvert section ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4 is a partial side elevation showing the haunch of the culvert section ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4A is a partial side elevation showing an alternative configuration of the outer surface in the region of the top wall and haunch; -
FIG. 5 is a side elevation showing configurations corresponding various rises; -
FIGS. 6 and 6A show a partial schematic view of a form system used to produce the culvert section ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 7 is a partial side elevation showing the haunch of the culvert section ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a culvert section; -
FIG. 9 is a side elevation of the culvert section ofFIG. 8 ; -
FIG. 10 is a partial side elevation of the culvert section ofFIG. 8 atop a footer; -
FIGS. 11-14 show one embodiment of a plurality of culvert sections according toFIG. 1 arranged side by side on spaced apart footers, with each end unit including a headwall assembly; -
FIG. 15 shows a side elevation depicting representative reinforcement within the concrete culvert section and generally running in proximity to and along the inner and outer surfaces of the top wall and side walls; and -
FIGS. 16-18 show an alternative embodiment of a form system for constructing the units; -
FIGS. 19-21 show a culvert assembly atop one embodiment of a foundation system. - Referring to
FIGS. 1-3 , perspective, side elevation and end elevation views of an advantageous precast concrete culvert unit/section 10 are shown. Theculvert unit 10 includes an open bottom 12, atop wall 14 and spaced apartside walls 16 to define apassage 18 thereunder. Each of the side walls has a substantially planarinner surface 20 and a substantially planarouter surface 22. The top wall has an arch-shapedinner surface 24 and an arch-shapedouter surface 26 and a substantially uniform thickness TTW. In various implementations, the arch-shaped inner surface and arch-shaped outer surface can each be made up of or defined by (i) a respective single radius, (ii) a respective set of joined radiuses (e.g., the surface is curved along its entire length) or (iii) in some cases planar sections may be included either the most center region of each arch-shaped surface or at the end portion of each arch-shaped surface. As used herein the term “arch-shaped” when referring to such surfaces encompasses all such variations.Haunch sections 28 join eachside wall 16 to thetop wall 14. - Each haunch section has a corner thickness THS greater than the thickness TTW of the top wall. In this regard, the corner thickness THS is measured perpendicular to the curved
inner surface 30 of the haunch section along a line that passes through theexterior corner 32 of the haunch section. While the larger corner thickness of a unit as compared to the side wall and top wall thickness of the same unit is critical to the structural performance of the unit, the present culvert unit is configured to more effectively distribute load from the top wall to the side walls of the present culvert unit so that the corner thickness of the present culvert unit can be reduced in comparison to prior art culvert units. - In this regard, and with reference to the partial view of
FIG. 4 , an interior side wall angle θISWA between theside wall 16 and thetop wall 14 is defined by intersection of aplane 34 in which the inner surface of the side wall lies and a line or plane 36 that is tangent to theinner surface 24 of the top wall at the point orline 38 where the top wallinner surface 24 meets the haunch inner surface 30 (e.g., where the inner surface of the unit transitions from the radius RTW to the radius RH defining the inner surface haunch). Thus, the plane 36 is perpendicular to the radius RTW that defines the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall at apoint 38 where the radius RTW stops and the radius RH starts. In some implementations RTW will define the entire span ofinner surface 24 from haunch to haunch. In other implementations the center portion of the top wallinner surface 24 may be defined by one radius and the side portions of theinner surface 24 may be defined by a smaller radius RTW. The illustratedunit 10 is constructed such that the interior side wall angle θISWA is at least one-hundred and thirty degrees, and more preferably at least one-hundred thirty-three degrees. This relative angle between the top wall and side wall reduces bending moment in the haunch section as compared to prior art units, enabling the thickness of thehaunch sections 28 to be reduced and the amount of steel used in the haunch sections to be reduced, resulting in a reduction in material needed, along with a corresponding reduction in unit weight and material cost per unit. Moreover, the center of gravity of the overall unit is moved downward by reducing concrete in the haunch sections, thereby placing the center of gravity closer to the midway point along the overall height or rise of the unit. As units will be generally shipped laying down as opposed to upright, and it is desirable to place the center of gravity in alignment with the center line of the vehicle bed used to ship the units, this lowering of the center of gravity can facilitate proper placement of units with an overall greater height on the vehicle bed without requiring as much overhang as prior art units. - This reduction in concrete usage can further be enhanced by appropriate configuration of the
side walls 16 of the unit. Specifically, an exterior side wall angle θESWA between thetop wall 14 and theside wall 16 is defined by intersection of aplane 42 in which theouter surface 22 of the side wall lies and a line orplane 44 that is tangent to the top wallouter surface 26 at the point orline 46 where theouter surface 26 intersects theplane 42. It is noted that for the purpose of evaluating the exterior side wall angle the outer surface of the top wall is considered to extend along the full span at the top of the unit (e.g., fromcorner 32 to corner 32). The radius that defines theouter surface 26 of the top wall near thecorners 32 may typically be RTW+TTW, but in some cases the radius of theouter surface 26 in the corner or end region may vary. In other cases, particularly for larger spans, as shown inFIG. 4A , the corner or end regions ofouter surface 26 may includeplanar end portions 27, in which case theplane 44′ would in fact be perpendicular to the radius (e.g., RTW+TTW) that defines theouter surface 26 at the point orline 29 where that radius (e.g., RTW+TTW) meets theplanar end portion 27 of thesurface 26. - As shown, the exterior
side wall plane 42 is non-parallel to the interiorside wall plane 34, such that eachside wall 16 is tapered from top to bottom, with thickness along the height of the side wall decreasing when moving from the top of each side wall down toward the bottom of each side wall. In this regard, the thickness of the side wall TSW at any point along it height is taken along a line that runs perpendicular to the interior side wall plane 34 (e.g., such asline 48 inFIG. 4 ). By utilizing side walls with tapered thickness, the thickness of the bottom portion of the side wall (e.g., where loads are smaller) can be reduced. Preferably, the thickness at the bottom of each side wall may be no more than about 90% of the thickness of the top wall, resulting in further concrete savings as compared to units in which all walls are of uniform and common thickness. Generally, in the preferred configuration for concrete reduction, the exterior side wall angle is different than the interior side wall angle, and is significantly greater than angles used in the past, such that the exterior side wall angle θESWA is at least one-hundred and thirty-five degrees and, in many cases, at least one-hundred and thirty-eight degrees. An angle of intersection θPI between theplane 34 in which the inner surface lies and theplane 42 in which the outer surface lies may be between about 1 and 20 degrees (e.g., between 1 and 4 degrees), depending upon the extent of taper, which can vary as described in further detail below. In certain implementations, the angle θPI is preferably at least about 2-4 degrees. - Overall, the configuration of the
culvert section 10 allows for both hydraulic and structural efficiencies superior to previously known culverts. The hydraulic efficiency is achieved by a larger bottom span that is better capable of handling the more common low flow storm events. The structural efficiency is achieved by the larger side wall to top wall angle that enables the thickness of the haunch to be reduced, and enabling more effective longer span units (e.g., spans of 48 feet and larger). The reduced corner thickness and tapered legs reduce the overall material cost for concrete, and enables the use of smaller crane sizes (or longer pieces for the same crane size) during on-site installation due to the weight advantage. - The tapered side wall feature described above can be most effectively utilized by actually varying the degree of taper according to the rise to be achieved by the precast concrete unit. Specifically, and referring to the side elevation of
FIG. 5 , the rise of a given unit is defined by the vertical distance from thebottom edges 50 of theside walls 16 to topdead center 52 of the arch-shapedinner surface 24 of thetop wall 14. Three different rises are illustrated inFIG. 5 , with rise R1 being the rise for the unit shown inFIGS. 1-3 , rise R2 being a smaller rise and rise R3 being a larger rise. As shown, the side wall taper varies as between the three different rises, utilizing a constant top span STW defined as the horizontal distance between thehaunch corners 32. Notably, in one embodiment, the side wall taper is more aggressive in the case of the smaller rise R2 as demonstrated by the exteriorside wall surface 22′ shown in dashed line form, and the side wall taper is less aggressive in the case of the larger rise R3 as demonstrated by the exteriorside wall surface 22″ shown in dashed line form. This variation in taper is achieved by varying the exterior side wall angle θESWA (FIG. 4 ) according to the rise or bottom span for the unit that is to be produced. Each bottom span (SBR1, SBR2, SBR3) is defined as the horizontal distance between the bottom edges of the side wall inner surfaces 20. The bottom span is preferably greater than the radius of curvature RTW of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall at top dead center in order to provide more effective waterway area for lower flow storm events (e.g., in the case of creek or stream crossings). As shownFIG. 5 , theinner surface 20 of the side walls varies in length over the different rises, but the interior side wall angle does not vary. - In order to achieve the variable side wall taper feature, a form system is used in which, for each side wall, an interior form structure portion for defining the interior side wall angle is fixed and an exterior form structure portion defining the exterior side wall angle can be varied by pivoting. The pivot point for each exterior form structure portion is the
exterior corner 32 of the haunch section. Based upon a desired bottom span or rise for the culvert section to be produced using the particular form, the exterior form structure portion is pivoted to a position that sets the appropriate exterior side wall angle and the exterior form structure portion is locked in position. The form structure is then filled with concrete to produce the culvert section. With respect to the pivoting operation, as shown schematically inFIG. 6 , theform 60 is placed on its side for the purpose of concrete fill and casting. Aform seat 62 is provided for each side wall, with the interior form structure portion 64 seating alongside the edge of theform seat 62 as is typical in precasting of bridge units. However, the exteriorform structure portion 66, which pivots about ahinge axis 68, has its bottom edge raised (relative to the bottom edge of portion 64) so thatportion 66 can move across the top surface of theform seat 62 during pivot. The exterior side wall angle may, in each case, be achieved by establishing a consistent horizontal width WSB (FIG. 2 ) for the bottom surface of the side wall for a given top span STW, regardless of the rise being produced. The form system includes a bottomform panel member 63 that is movable along the height of the form portion 64 and can be bolted in place using bolt holes 69 provided in the form structure 64. Similar bolt holes would be provided in theedge 67 ofpanel 63, and theedge 67 would be angled to match the surface of form portion 64 so thatsurface 65 of the panel will be horizontal when installed. Any unused bolt holes would be filled with plug members. Once thebottom panel 63 is at the proper location to produce the desired rise,portion 66 of the structure can be pivoted into contact with the free edge of thepanel 63 and locked in position. - Referring now to
FIG. 7 , in the illustrated embodiment eachhaunch section 28 is defined by aninner surface 30 with a radius of curvature RH, and theinner surface 20 of each side wall intersects with the inner surface of itsadjacent haunch section 28 at an interior haunch intersect line orpoint 70, which is the point of transition from theplanar surface 20 to theradiused surface 30. A vertical distance DIT between the height of the defined interior haunch intersectline 70 and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped inner surface of the top wall should be no more than about eighteen percent (18%) of the radius of curvature RTW of the arch-shapedinner surface 24 of the top wall at top dead center in order to more effectively reduce the haunch corner thickness. Also, a ratio of the vertical distances DOT/DIT, where DOT is the vertical distance between the height ofexterior corner 32 of the haunch and the height of top dead center of the arch-shaped outer surface of the top wall, should preferably be no less than about 55% and, more preferably, no less than about 58%. Moreover, theexterior corner 32 of thehaunch section 28 is spaced laterally outward of the interior haunch intersectline 70 by a relatively small distance, and particularly a horizontal distance that is less than the horizontal width WSB of the side wall bottom surface. For example, in certain implementations the horizontal distance DIO between each interior haunch intersectline 70 and the correspondingexterior corner 32 is preferably no more than about 95% of the horizontal width WSB of the side wall bottom surface, and more preferably no more than about 91%. - Referring now to the embodiment shown in
FIGS. 8-10 , in some cases it is desirable to provide a verticalflat segment 80 at the bottom portion of eachside wall 16. The vertical flat 80 facilitates the use of blocking structure (e.g.,wooden blocks 82 with corresponding vertical surfaces) in combination with the keyway/channel 84 inconcrete footing 85 to hold the culvert sections in place, preventing the bottom ends of the side walls from moving outward under the weight of the culvert section, until the bottom ends are grouted/cemented in place. - As shown in
FIGS. 11-14 , each end unit of the plurality of concrete culvert sections includes acorresponding headwall assembly 90 positioned on the top wall and the side walls of the unit. As shown, in one implementation, eachheadwall assembly 90 includes atop headwall portion 92 and side headwallportions 94 that are formed unitary with each other and connected to the top wall and side walls by at least onecounterfort structure 96 on the top wall and at least onecounterfort structure 98 on each side wall. The counterfort structures may be consistent with those shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,451 (copy attached). In another implementation, as suggested by dashedlines 100, headwallportions line 102 the headwall assembly may be formed in two mirrored halves.Wingwalls 104 may also be provided in abutment with the side headwall portions and extending outward therefrom as shown. - Although
FIGS. 11-14 shows a fairly standard footing system for use in connection with the inventive culvert sections of the present application, alternative systems could be used. For example, the culvert sections could be used in connection with the foundation structures shown and described in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/505,564, filed Jul. 11, 2011 (copy attached). - As shown in
FIG. 15 , the concrete culvert section typically includes embeddedreinforcement top wall 14 andside walls 16. - As reflected in
FIGS. 5 and 6 above, in one embodiment concrete culverts of varying rises can be achieved by maintaining the outside corners of the top wall in the same position, but pivoting the outside surface of each side wall outward for larger rises, or inward for smaller rises. In an alternative embodiment perFIGS. 16-18 , different rises may be achieved by shifting the outside corners of the top wall outward for larger rises and inward for smaller rises. In particular, as shown inFIGS. 16 and 17 , for the rise shown in solid line form the outside corner is located atposition 32 and theouter surface 22 of the side extends downward slightly toward theinner surface 20 producing a certain degree of side wall taper. When a lower rise is desired the outside corner is shifted inward tolocation 32 a and when a higher rise is desired the outside corner is shifted outward to alocation 32 b. Thus, the width of the upper portion of the side wall is greater for higher rises and lower for smaller rises. The horizontalbottom part 50 of each side wall may be the same as between the different rises, and likewise the vertical part or flat 80 of the bottom of each side wall may have the same height dimension as between the different rises. -
FIG. 18 reflects a form system for achieving the above embodiment, where the form system includes a top wall outersurface form unit 150, a top wall innersurface form unit 152, a haunch interiorsurface form unit 154, a side wall innersurface form unit 156, a side wall outersurface form unit 158 and a side wallbottom surface unit 160. To achieve different rises using this form system, theform unit 158 is moved along the surface of the form unit 150 (per arrow 162) to the needed location and bolted thereto, and theform unit 160 is moved to the appropriate location along the space betweenform units 156 and 158 (per arrow 164) to the appropriate location and bolted thereto. During this movement theform unit 158 slides across the top of the form seat orbase structures form unit 158 maintains its relative angular orientation with respect to theopposed side face 172 of theform unit 156 regardless of where theform unit 158 is positioned, thus maintaining a similar degree of leg taper as between different rises. Theform units form units base structures - Referring now to
FIGS. 19-21 , in one embodiment the culvert sections are supported atop a foundation system having precastfoundation units 200 with a ladder configuration as shown. The units have spaced apart and elongatedupright walls cross-member supports 206 extending transversely across the channel to connect thewalls foundation units 200 lacks any bottom wall, such that open areas orcells 208 extend vertically from the top to bottom of the units in the locations between the cross-members 206. Eachcross-member support 206 includes an upper surface with arecess 210 for receiving the bottom portion of one side of the bridge/culvert sections 214. The side wall portions of thebridge units 214 extend from their respective bottom portions upwardly away from the combination precast and cast-in-place concrete foundation structure and inward toward the other combination precast and cast-in-place concrete foundation structure at the opposite side of the bridge unit. Therecesses 210 extend from within the channel 205 toward the innerupright wall member 204, that is the upright wall member positioned closest tocentral axis 212 of the bridge system. Thus, as best seen inFIG. 35 , theupright wall member 202 has a greater height than theupright wall member 204. - The spacing of the cross-members 208 preferably matches the depth of the bridge/
culvert sections 214, such that adjacent end faces of the side-by-side bridge units abut each other in the vicinity of therecesses 210. Eachcross-member support 206 also includes one or more larger throughopenings 216 for the purpose of weight reduction and allowing concrete to flow from one open area orcell 208 to the next. Each cross-member support also includes multiple axially extendingreinforcement openings 218. Anupper row 220 and lower row 222 of horizontally spaced apartopenings 218 is shown, but variations are possible. Axially extending reinforcement may be extended through such openings prior to delivery of thefoundation units 200 to the installation site, but could also be installed on-site if desired. Theseopenings 218 are also used to tiefoundation units 200 end to end for longer foundation structures. In this regard, the ends of thefoundation units 200 that are meant to abut an adjacent foundation unit may be substantially open between theupright wall members continuous cell 224 in which cast-in-place concrete will be poured. However, the far ends of theend foundation units 200 in a string of abutting units may typically include an end-locatedcross-member 206 as shown. - The
walls reinforcement 226 that includes aportion 228 extending vertically and aportion 230 extending laterally into theopen cell areas 208 in the lower part of thefoundation unit 200. At the installation site, or in some cases prior to delivery to the site, opposingportions 230 of the two side walls can then be tied together by alateral reinforcement section 232. - The
precast foundation units 200 are delivered to the job site and installed on ground that has been prepared to receive the units (e.g., compacted earth or stone). The bridge/culvert sections 214 are placed after the precast foundation units are set. Thecells 208 remain open and unfilled during placement of the bridge units 214 (with the exception of any reinforcement that may have been placed either prior to delivery of theunits 200 to the job site or after delivery). Shims may be used for leveling and proper alignment of bridge/culvert sections 214. Once thebridge units 214 are placed, thecells 208 may then be filled with an on-site concrete pour. The pour will typically be made to the upper surface level of thefoundation units 200. In this regard, and referring toFIG. 35 , due to the difference in height of the respective sides of thefoundation unit 200, the bottom portion 240 of the bridge unit will be captured and embedded within the cast-in-place concrete 242 at the outer side of bottom portion 240. After the on-site pour, the cast-in-place concrete at the outer side of the bottom portion 240 of the bridge unit is higher than a bottom surface of the bottom portion 240 to embed the bottom portion at its outer side, and the cast-in-place concrete at the inner side of the bottom portion of the bridge unit is substantially flush with the bottom surface of the bottom portion 240. In this manner, the flow area beneath the bridge units is not adversely impacted by embedment of the bottom portions 240 of the bridge units. - It is to be clearly understood that the above description is intended by way of illustration and example only and is not intended to be taken by way of limitation, and that changes and modifications are possible. For example, while haunch sections with curved inner surfaces and exterior corners are shown, variations are possible, such as flat inner surfaces and/or a chamfered or flat at the exterior corner. Also, embodiments in which the side walls are not tapered are possible. Moreover, twin leaf embodiments are contemplated, in which the each concrete culvert section is formed by two halves having a joint (e.g., per dashed
line 180 inFIG. 16 ) at a central portion of the top wall of the culvert section. Various joint types could be used, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,994. While one embodiment of a foundation system is shown, the culvert assembly could be placed atop any suitable foundation, including foundation systems with pedestal structures. Accordingly, other embodiments are contemplated and modifications and changes could be made without departing from the scope of this application.
Claims (9)
1-14. (canceled)
15. A method of manufacturing a concrete culvert section having an open bottom, a top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder, each of said side walls having a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface, the top wall having an arch-shaped inner surface and an arch-shaped outer surface and a substantially uniform thickness, each side wall having varying thickness that decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall, first and second haunch sections, each haunch section joining one of the side walls to the top wall, each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than the thickness of the top wall, the method comprising:
providing a form system in which, for each side wall, an interior form structure portion defines the position of the inner surface of the side wall and an exterior form structure portion defines the position and orientation of the outer surface of the side wall, the exterior form structure portion arranged to pivot or to move along a surface of a top wall form structure portion;
based upon an established bottom span or rise for the culvert section, pivoting the exterior form structure portion or moving the exterior form structure portion to a position that sets a relative angle between interior form structure portion and the exterior form structure portion; and
filling the form structure with concrete to produce the culvert section.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the exterior form structure portion for each side wall includes a downward facing side arranged to slide over a corresponding side wall form seat structure.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein a bottom form structure is positioned between the interior form structure and the exterior form structure to define the intended width for the bottom surface of the resulting side wall.
18-24. (canceled)
25. A concrete culvert assembly for installation in the ground, comprising a set of spaced apart elongated footers, a plurality of precast concrete culvert sections supported by said footers in side by side alignment, each of said concrete culvert sections having:
an open bottom, an arch-shaped top wall and spaced apart side walls to define a passage thereunder, each of said side walls extending downward and outward from the top wall, each of said side walls having a substantially planar inner surface and a substantially planar outer surface, first and second haunch sections, each haunch section joining one of the side walls to the top wall, each haunch section defining a corner thickness greater than a thickness of the top wall, each side wall being tapered from top to bottom such that a thickness of each side wall decreases when moving from the top of each side wall to the bottom of each side wall, a bottom portion of each side wall having an exterior vertical flat extending upward from a horizontal bottom surface thereof, wherein the exterior vertical flat is between about 3 inches and 7 inches high.
26. The concrete culvert assembly of claim 25 wherein each concrete culvert section is formed in two halves, each half formed by one side wall and a portion of the top wall, the two top portions secured together along a joint at a central portion of the top wall of the culvert section.
27. The concrete culvert assembly of claim 25 wherein each culvert section is seated atop a foundation system and the exterior vertical flat of each culvert section abuts lateral supporting structure of the foundation system.
28. The concrete culvert assembly of claim 27 wherein the foundation system includes precast concrete units and cast-in-place concrete, the lateral supporting structure is cast-in-place concrete.
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- 2013-01-31 MY MYPI2014001979A patent/MY170100A/en unknown
- 2013-01-31 PE PE2014001226A patent/PE20142177A1/en active IP Right Grant
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Also Published As
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BR112014018805A2 (en) | 2017-06-20 |
BR112014018805B1 (en) | 2021-01-26 |
KR101919749B1 (en) | 2018-11-20 |
CL2014001875A1 (en) | 2014-11-14 |
PL2812491T3 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
CO7010813A2 (en) | 2014-07-31 |
MX357333B (en) | 2018-07-04 |
CN104160093B (en) | 2017-02-22 |
EP2812491B1 (en) | 2016-05-25 |
ES2584179T3 (en) | 2016-09-26 |
AU2013217639A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
EP2812491A1 (en) | 2014-12-17 |
JP2015510059A (en) | 2015-04-02 |
CA2860640A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
CA2860640C (en) | 2018-06-12 |
KR20140132356A (en) | 2014-11-17 |
PE20142177A1 (en) | 2014-12-29 |
CN104160093A (en) | 2014-11-19 |
CR20140317A (en) | 2014-08-28 |
AR089901A1 (en) | 2014-09-24 |
MX2014008229A (en) | 2014-08-08 |
MY170100A (en) | 2019-07-05 |
EP2812491A4 (en) | 2015-09-09 |
WO2013119448A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
AU2013217639B2 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
SV2014004776A (en) | 2018-02-05 |
US8523486B2 (en) | 2013-09-03 |
NZ627455A (en) | 2015-04-24 |
JP6080179B2 (en) | 2017-02-15 |
US20130202359A1 (en) | 2013-08-08 |
BR112014018805A8 (en) | 2017-07-11 |
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